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Research Objectives: Definition of regular editors and their types. And knowing what is required to protest it. And to highlight the strength of its authority in the Saudi system and Islamic jurisprudence. Research Methodology: I adopted the pairing approach between the original and comparative approaches, by extrapolating the largest possible number of research sources and their advanced and late references. And the obligation to present issues in the Saudi system, then in Islamic jurisprudence, and then compare them. When dealing with controversial issues, the subject of dispute is edited, then the sayings are presented in proportion to their utterers according to the chronological order of the four schools of thought with their evidence, then the weighting and its reason. The most prominent results: The Saudi system is very much in agreement with what is stated in Islamic jurisprudence. Moreover, the editors are a systematic term that corresponds to the papers written in Islamic jurisprudence. The Saudi system of ordinary papers that are not prepared for proof and whose authenticity is confirmed are proven authentic before the competent authorities with conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study basically aimed to identify how the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers dealt with phenomenon of child abduction in Egypt in terms of form and content, and to identify the issues raised by the newspapers in the context of their discussion of phenomenon of child abduction. The problem of the study lies in the main question: How do the Egyptian paper and electronic newspapers deal with the phenomenon of child abduction during the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD? The study is one of descriptive studies, it used the survey method, the comparative method, and the content analysis tool to collect data, and it represents the community of the analytical study in All the issues issued by (Al-Ahram & Al-Wafd) newspapers as samples of newspapers, and (Mesr al-Arabiya, alMesreen) newspapers as representatives of e- newspapers, In the period from January 2013 AD to January 2018 AD, in order to represent one of the most stages which the cries gone through, however, the total study sample of the newspapers reached (240) per newspaper, and one of the most important reasons for choosing this period of time is spread of phenomenon of child kidnapping in this period. The study found that the journalistic treatment to the problem, provided by the study newspapers for the phenomenon, was far away from ethics and standards of professional Journalistic practice. The study recommended giving attention to treatments of an explanatory and investigative nature and strengthening the status of opinion writing in Egyptian newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

confiscation and expansion of settlements left no lands for another “state” solution. Hence resistance was a necessity. The paper adopts a comparative approach based on the assessment of wills between the resistance and those who support it versus the American ruler and the Zionist agent and the Western colonialism and their “Arab” cohorts. The paper also monitors and analyzes perceptions of the Al-Aqsa Flood process in terms of intellectual potential and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers of Omani literature unanimously agree that the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the foundational stages of fiction writing in the Sultanate of Oman with the first story collections published in the early 1980s. However, there is no consensus yet on the title of the first published collection5 due to the absence of documentation of the printing history of these collections. The evolution stage as seen by Aziza AlTa’ei took place in the decade subsequent to the 1990s (i.e. 2000- 2010); the first ten years of the second millennium of the twenty-first century. The year 2010 is viewed as a pivotal year for the Omani novel because it witnessed the publication of the “Celestial Bodies”6 novel by novelist and academician Jokha AlHarthi. After this event, history can document a new stage for the Omani novels, one that can be said to be mature enough to start experimenting on creative writing. Thereafter, the Omani literature, started to contribute substantially to the world, reflecting on a deep-rooted history of humankind. In this paper, a comparison is made between the foundational stage and the maturity stage in novel writing by examining two works from each stage. The researchers sought to make selections based on variations of gender and styles so as to objectively examine how elements of structure and narration techniques were leveraged at every stage. This paper raises a very critical question: what are the significant and palpable features that defined and framed the development of narrative writing in the Omani novel? The answer to this question may explain how numerous Omani novelists and writers, from both genders, were successful recipients of prominent pan-Arab and international prizes in novel writing over the past five years. Study Samples From the foundational stage – which is divided by Aziza Al-Ta’ei into two phases –the researchers selected the novel authored by Abdulla Al-Ta’ei “Angels of Al-Jebel Al-Akhdar” which was published in 1956 to set a starting point for the early stages of fiction writing in Oman. Aziza Al-Ta’ei dubbed this novel as ‘the novel of the beginning’, a phase that continued up to 1987. The next stage, which is identified by Aziza as the foundational stage, spans the time between 1989 to 1999, and is represented by the novel “Wandering Around the Burning Wood” – written by Badriya Al-Shihhi and published by the Arabic Institute for Research & Publishing, Beirut. For the maturity stage, the researchers examined “Dilshad – Story of Hunger and Satiety” 7 authored by Bushra Khalfan and released in 2021 by Takween Publishing, along with “Exile of the Water Divider” by Zahran AlQasmi to add diversity to the samples and perspectives. Objectives of the Study The study is intended to achieve several objectives including: To compare between novels of the foundational stage and novels of the maturity stage based on elements of the narrative structure – characters, time and space, narrative techniques in terms of style, perspective and reflection on 7Dilshad was earlier shortlisted for the 2022 International Prize for Arabic Fiction (AKA Arab Booker Prize) and won the 2022 Katara Prize for Arabic Novel alongside the Algerian Ezzedine Jalaouji for his novel “Embrace of Snakes” and history or myths from a special philosophical angle. To identify the features of development and maturity in contemporary novels through the selected samples. To describe the elements of the narrative structure by examining the novels representing the two stages. To illustrate the role of experimentation and mechanisms in the evolution of the narrative structure in light of the models selected for the study. Methodology of the Study The comparative approach is used to compare foundational novels against contemporary novels based on description and analysis of the samples selected for the study. The researcher leveraged the structural studies founded by the Russian formalists toward the study of narration, in particular Gérard Genette’s and the techniques set forth by the narratological studies as feature of post modernity novels and experimentation mechanisms that seemed modern in the contemporary narratives. Conclusions The study draws several conclusions. It found that the narrative structure of the Omani novel evolved and developed significantly compared to the traditional narrative approach. The Omani novel is found to venture into unknow territories, go deeper with experimentation and demonstrate creativity in the narrative techniques that lend the novel a depth and philosophical existential perspective. The study also found that the Omani novel is not confined to a sole protagonist who is typically extravagantly celebrated, but encompassed several divergent voices and overlapping stories in a manner that sets the novel into a philosophical interpretation reflective of the existential time and memory. They further employ civilizational and mythical history in a way that charms the reader with its seamless narrative flow and poetic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Milal wa al-Nihal, a dignified piece of writing by Shahrastani. It serves as his introduction to the field of Ilm-al-Kalam (Muslim Dialectical Theology). This paper aims to highlight Shahrastani's methodologies on the five Jewish schisms and their shortcomings. Shahrastani's primary goals in writing about non-Islamic religions were in line with the objectives of the modern western approaches to the comparative study of religion. Shahastani maintained objectivity while discussing five Jewish traditions. As a pioneer in the field of comparative religion, he established proper canons for the narration of different religious traditions. His study of Judaism is based on readings from their sacred texts. The distinctions of his methodology are academic language, content arrangement and correct information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper included the issues of compensation for damage caused due to the termination of the agency by one of the parties to the contract in jurisprudence and law. The issues of the study was determined in clarifying the exceptional cases necessary in the agency contract and the termination of the agency contract if it resulted in damage and the impact of that on compensation.The researcher has mentioned what was adopted by the Kuwaiti civil law Moreover, the study used the analytical, comparative and deductive method in addressing the issues of the study and reached results, the most important of which are:1-That the agency contract is necessary if it has a right to another person, and the Kuwaiti civil law has taken that the agency is necessary if the right of the agent or a third party is attached to it without the principal, then the agency is terminated with compensation for the damage. 2-The agency contract, if its termination would cause harm to one of the contracting parties, compensation for this damage is required, and this is what the Kuwaiti Civil has adopted.3- Furthermore, the agency contract that was concluded in the capacity of leasing is governed by the rule of the lease contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A debate took place in modern age between naturalists and idealists with regard this question: is the world a machine governed by blind physical laws or is it governed by spiritual forces? This debate expanded to include morality and free will: is morality relative or absolute? Does man have free will or is he a mere gear in a machine? This paper aims to reveal Walter Stace’s attempet to reconcile between the above mentioned points of views through answering these questions: how can the eternal order (religion) intersect the natural order (science)? Is it possible to reconcile the relativity of morality and its absolutism? Is it possible to reconcile determinism and free will? In answering these questions, the researcher followed an analytic comparative method. In answering these questions, we came to the following conclusions: First, the possibility of meeting or intersecting the eternal order (religion) and the natural order (science). Second, the term “experience” does not refer only to sensory experience, but also to metaphysical propositions and religious experience. Third, morality is absolute and relative at the same time. Fourth, man has free will and there is no contradiction between freedom and determinism. Fifth, the reason why there are quarrels and disagreements among philosophers on various philosophical subjects is due in large part to the ambiguity and equivocation of words. Sixth, Stace looked at mysticism as a fact, and he tried to make it a way of knowledge and of saving mankind from evils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to discuss on the influence of the Arabic and English in Malay. The initial influence was from Arabic evidently from the numerous loan words it took from it in addition to the Arabic scripts known as Jawi due to influx of Malay scholars who learned Arabic and religious studies in the Arab world that enable them to write the Quran in Arabic that would subsequently Islamic terms and other loan words to enter the Malay word stock. The paper follows descriptive and comparative methods to explain the extent of influence of both traditions. Among the conclusions of the paper are: Islam played a very significant role in constructing the Malay culture and this is apparent in the strong presence of its influence in Malay that is was once written in the Arabic scripts. The Western influence was seen negatively by some Islamic scholars as many considered it to be in contradiction to the Islamic teachings. This had initiated the efforts to clean up the society from this negative influence and revert to the Arabic Islamic culture that once had its strong foothold in the Malay culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methodology: The historical, critical and comparative method were used in this paper. Objectives: This study aims to identify the types of ancient and modern technical devices that were used in archeology in Kuwait, and to measure its feasibility. Results: The study finds that modern technologies increased the speed and the accuracy of archaeological work, and gains a tremendous of archaeological sites information, and archaeological information has become more linked to the government development plans. Conclusion: Archaeology is always consistent with scientific development, so we recommend to use the modern devices that will increase the speed and the accuracy archaeological work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synecdoche falls under the category of semantic change since it refers to a meaning which is transferred from its original to the other meanings due to a certain relation, occasion and other than the relation of similarity. It seems obvious that the Quranic synecdoche has received a great deal of interest and study among linguists, rhetoricians and interpreters. The western experts in translation studies also emphasizes the importance of an understanding of the extent of equivalence in relation to synecdoche as well as suggesting the method of translation that may attain the nearest connotation intended by the original text. As the Quranic synecdoche illustrates the mentality and environment in which the Arab society live, it is impossible to translate all of these synecdoche based solely on its literal translation due to the role of the translation of the meaning of the Quran itself is to transfer its purposes and meanings, not the words and constructs. Bearing this in mind, this paper aims to study and analyse the translation of Quranic synecdoche in Malay translations. The purpose is to understand the extent of equivalence between the methods of translation and the intended meaning as well as to suggest a better alternative method that may attain the nearest connotation intended by the original Arabic text even if not necessarily its perspicuous meaning. This study employs descriptive, analytical and comparative methods on selected Quranic translations in Malay language by Mahmoud Younis, Abdullah Basmeih and Zaini Dahlan. Based on a number of examples, the study concludes that the translators sometimes cannot deliver the precise intended meaning in their translation texts due to the sole reliance on literal translation method that cause the loss of figurative meaning in the Quranic synecdoche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]