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Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the national level and as a means of reducing poverty, bringing about real development, and raising the standard of living of the rural population, which is the main hypothesis that pointed to the need to monitor what is happening in the microfinance sector, in particular the role of the Local Development Fund, since it is mainly located within the countryside through local units in the provinces. This leads us to a question: What is the real impact of the microfinance services provided by the Local Development Fund in alleviating poverty and economic opportunities for clients? This paper aims to identify the role of microenterprises in alleviating rural poverty and to study the economic and social impacts of micro-enterprises on borrowers. The results show that the total volume of microfinance lending is 29.5 million L.E for 8,471 projects in 2009/10, but real prices show that there is a significant decline in the value of financing directed against current prices. The real funding volume was 9.7 million L.E in 2020/21. It turns out that there are moral differences between the sample members of the borrowers who own. It was found that there were significant differences between the sample members of micro- enterprises and non-borrower sample members of economic variables, with the calculated value of (T) estimated at 10.9, 8, 4.6, 5.8, and 1.8 per monthly income, savings, asset ownership, increased employment opportunities, and development of productive behavior respectively. This compares with the T-rated values where the T values calculated were greater than their scheduling counterparts, and those differences are in favor of borrowers from local development fund clients. About 69% of the sample of micro-entrepreneurs explained that there has been an improvement in their standard of living, as evidenced by the improved level of the food they receive and their interest in educating children and following up on the state's health care initiatives to maintain their health. The research recommends reviewing the distribution of funding to the provinces to target the poorest provinces, in addition to not repeating the same projects in the same places and diversifying activities, focusing on agricultural, rural, and environmental productive activities and moving away from consumer, and service activities that are not fully sustainable and do not increase real employment opportunities. Increasing the value of the loan where it is contrary to the value of microfinance described by the definition of the micro-project with the micro-financing strategy prepared by the state, and the financing rules announced by the Financial Supervisory Authority and funding provided by other official bodies in the country such as the SME Development Authority and micro, which contributes to the movement of customers from projects that meet their basic need to the level of effective microprojects, and thus the final impact of microfinance becomes useful, which It allows borrowers to break out of poverty and contribute significantly to sustainable economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is the main component of sustainable and integrated development in Egypt, and the horizontal expansion in agriculture is related to the state's ability to procure the water necessary for this expansion. The main problem with water resources is the imbalance between the increase in water demand and the availability of obtained quantity. Also agriculture occupies the largest share in the use of water resources and the economic return is not proportional with this use, where it consumes about 76.7% of the available water resources in 2017. Also, the study illustrate the current state of water resources, whether traditional and non-traditional water resources. Estimate the productive and economic efficiency of the water unit in agricultural use by estimating the productivity of m3 water, returning to m3 water. Study of some indicators of sustainable development of water resources. Therefore, the paper relied on the study of the water use efficiency index and the water stress index, also descriptive and quantitative analyses methods through estimating the annual growth rate, percentages and averages to achieve its goals using published and unpublished data in economic publications of Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Planning, Follow-up and Administrative Reform and Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. Among the most important results obtained is that the annual growth rate of available water resources reached about 1%, while the annual growth rate of agricultural use of available water resources reached about 0.4% during the period (2005-2017). It was also found that sugar cane and rice crops have a relatively high water rating, and it was clarified that the crops of persistent alfalfa, aground alfalfa and full-ripe onions have a relatively high productivity advantage, and it was found that onion crops, ripe garlic, chickpeas and persistent alfalfa, are relatively highly economical compared to the rest of the crops in 2017. It was also found that the efficiency of water use reached its maximum in 2016 (about $ 3.9/m3), while it was found that water stress reached 117.5% in 2016, and it rose to about 120% in 2018, which greatly affects resource sustainability. This study recommend the necessity of spreading water awareness among the members of society to achieve the optimal use of the available water resources, also expansion of crops with high productivity and economic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]