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This research paper which is titled “Effect of Changing Values of Scales and Currencies on Commercial Ships Taxes in Egypt during the 1st Persian Era (525-404 B.C.)” tackles interest of the Persians in marine commerce. In addition, this paper scrutinizes the taxes imposed on exporting and importing as well as tackling influence practiced on such taxes by the change of scales and currencies that were widespread in the region of Far ancient near East not only Egypt. The current study has found out that the Persian Government in Egypt imposed multiplied tax on Ionian commercial ships because of several political and economic factors which were not sufficiently mentioned or analysed in its sources. Additionally, the Persian Government distinguished the Phoenician commercial ships and made them distinctive by a type of tax lowering. This coped with the numerous exemptions granted by the Persian Empire for inhabitants of this region. Throughout this research paper, it has been found out that the increasing taxes of ships during this period were based on the additional tax on the constant tenth of its value. Accordingly, this additional tax had come to be an extra burden on owners of such ships. On the other hand, such ships were also regarded as a source for bringing precious metals particularly silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to identify the theoretical foundations of the Egypt Government Excellence Award, and to diagnose the current situation of the Faculty of Education, Benha University by diagnosing the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses), and diagnosing the external environment (opportunities and threats) for it, and to reveal the reality of applying the standards of the Egypt Award for Government Excellence in the Faculty of Education. Education, Benha University through a field study, in addition to developing a proposed strategy for the development of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, in the light of the criteria of the Egypt Government Excellence Award. Its strength is (116) from the academic staff, and (69) from the administrative staff at the Faculty of Education, Benha University. The research concluded in its results that: The college provides training programs commensurate with the needs of human capital. papers, fuel, printing inks, chemicals, etc.), the college works to a certain extent on the security and sustainability of its property through maintenance programs, there are objective and declared criteria for selecting academic and administrative leaders, and there are some problems it suffers from: lack of holding workshops or special awareness seminars The national indicators contributing to the realization of Egypt's vision 2030 and related to the college's activity or its announcement, the college's lack of projects related to sustainability in the economic and environmental fields, the lack of cooperation protocols with the sectors of society to provide technological support, the college's lack of applying future-looking tools in its various fields of work, The college's lack of application of innovation management policies in all its activities, the college's weakness in achieving job satisfaction for its human capital, the college's low level of interest in developing precautionary measures to face potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the existence of studies that confirmed that the quality of Built Environment (BEQ) is the most important factors that affect the quality of life, and In light of the absence of quality in the Egyptian built environment in one or more of its aspects and its repercussions on the behaviors of people living in it, which led to a decrease in the quality of life in general, this research paper seeks to present a model for a comprehensive framework for assessing the BEQ in general. To achieve this goal, a deductive approach is adopted by analysing built environments rating systems, identifying the concept of quality generally and BEQ, starting with the concept of quality, its aspects, and methods of measurement, and to analyse the current methods of assessing BEQ to check its comprehensiveness, followed by the proposed conceptual framework for assessing BEQ and its basic pillars. As a result, a conceptual framework for assessing the BEQ including its pillars and the mechanism of work was proposed. It could be a base for establishing a system for assuring and assessing the quality of the built environment in Egypt as the paper recommend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific paper sheds light on the "image of time" in the poetic texts of the poet Ibn Daniyal (1249-1311 AD), to reveal the "structure-function" in his poems, by employing the meaning of "understanding" as one of the basic and primary research tools in the structural-formative approach that was founded by the French critic, Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970 AD). The argument of the research is that Ibn Daniyal's use of temporal structures in his texts did not come arbitrarily, but it is rather out of awareness of the dialectical relationship between time as a historical period and time as a source of inspiration; where Ibn Daniel mixes between the two concepts to create poetic themes, with expressive contents about the reality of a relived life. From this perspective, the study aims to prove a relationship of mutual influence between the moment of creative creation of Ibn Daniyal’s temporal structure and its social contexts of living by the class of workers and craftswomen in particular. This is to prove its impact in creating temporal concepts related to the temporal and spatial eras that appeared in the Mamluk era particularly in Egypt. This study also investigate impact of this "spatio-temporal" in creating the structure of the perceptions of his poetic themes and their motives manifested from the structure-function, revealing the vision of the creator of the work for his world. The methodology of this study adopts the descriptive analytical approach. The study concluded that his line of poetry was formed by multiple standards. Ibn Daniyal used it to express the image of time in his mind, to which he gave contradictory features, such as: The absence of viability and presence of annihilation, deserted reality and fertile imagination, unity in utopian society and abandonment in dystopian society, and the psychology of alienation and the psychology of stability. The minor structure of work in the texts of Ibn Daniyal came in perfect harmony with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's construction sector faces enormous challenges related to the construction phase, the most important of which is a considerable waste of effort, time, and money that may result in increasing the risk of losing projects. Indeed, eliminating such a waste will certainly improve the project performance, thereby enhancing the value of the project stakeholders. The researcher assumes that adopting lean construction (LC) approach is necessary to reduce waste, improve performance, and enhance the performance of the Egyptian construction sector at large. The research relies on a simplified methodology that has several positive outcomes: (1) saving time and cost; (2) boosting quality and safety; and (3) improving management process control, resource management, and relationships between project team members. Therefore, the main objective of the current paper is to examine and analyse the ability of wasteless construction principles to reduce waste in the construction process through an applied case study of a large construction project in Egypt. The study employs lean construction (LC) methodology and utilizes its technologies and tools to reduce waste in construction, particularly at the finishing stage, measuring their effectiveness in achieving the desired goals. The study assumes to have two major contributions: (i) determining the main causes of waste in the Egyptian construction industry; and (ii) applying LC methodology to prevent and eliminate the causes of waste inherent in the construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to uncover the impact of Al-Zuhūr Magazine - which was issued in the second decade of the twentieth century in Egypt - on the Arab literary renaissance. It sheds light on the magazine special attention to literature, which distinguished it from most of the magazines that appeared at that time. The paper also attempts to reveal its role in the renaissance, as well as its prominent literary and poetic contributions to the transformation of poetic styles .The paper highlights the magazine's efforts in drawing interest to innovative attempts in modern Arabic literature in both poetry and prose. It illustrates this new style in poetic structure and prosody in a poem written by Khalil Muṭrān, and in a prosaic text by May Ziadeh with a poetic style. In addition, the paper would also highlight the magazine's interest in translating modern European literature. This illustrates to what extent the magazine had contributed to changing the literary taste at the beginning of the twentieth century by providing a literary horizon that allowed for renewal attempts in later stages, as happened with the al-Diwan and Apollo poetry schools and what came after them . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this working paper was to identify the concept of the digital age and technical and industrial secondary education and the twenty-first century skills of technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age, and recommendations and proposals to activate the development of the twenty-first century skills of technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age. The Cores topics of the working paper were as follows: The first Core: the concept of the digital age and industrial technical secondary education in Egypt The second Core: twenty-first century skills for technical secondary education students in Egypt in the digital age The third Core: recommendations and proposals to activate the development and skills of the twenty-first century for students of technical secondary education in Egypt in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professor Ahmad Okasha is a pioneer in the history of psychiatry worldwide and in the Arab world in particular. He has been inspiring many people to become psychiatrists and has made significant contributions to the development of psychiatry in Egypt and around the world. The paper is a summary of his literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of Arab-Arab alliances at present, and with the circumstances that Arab countries are going through, including economic crises and a state of political instability, not to mention security risks and threats, has become an urgent necessity. Hence, the idea of the "new Levant alliance" between the three countries (Iraq, Jordan, and Egypt), which is important regionally and Arabian, to promote partnership relations and concepts of joint defense, economic integration, and structural stability in the light of balanced cooperative/reciprocal relations among them. And by an approach that is supposed to serve the present and benefit in developing the future to achieve the goals and objectives of these strategic countries . This paper focused on five axes, looking at the features of this alliance and the challenges it will face, in addition to the role of the external factor (international and regional), which varied between supportive or afraid of it. depending on the chronology of the formation of the blocs between the three countries, and the nature of the relations that governed them, leading to the "New Levant Alliance", which can reorganize the relationship between its parties to be able to modify the rules of international and regional relations and policies in the Arab region in particular, and the Middle East in general, in a manner that serves its higher interests and major issues. The paper concluded that Arab-Arab alliances remain a vital issue that has its positives for the Arab people. They are established on correct, logical, and studied foundations to ensure their sustainability. There should be a study and evaluation of these alliances to alert them to the potential risks that they may face. The paper also stressed the need for the three countries to alert the alliance's expansion to include other Arab countries that would strengthen it to achieve continuity. These projects should be linked to the Arab interest and stay away from attaining foreign agendas. Most importantly, the coalition countries should reduce their ties to the United States as the main supporter and ensure independence in making decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric design is called many meanings, including boundary design, modelling, standard design or variable design all lead to parametric meaning. Parameter design is an architectural approach that uses vocabulary in the light of a set of rules and design patterns that achieve design objectives in the presence of a design idea And research finds that the problem is that such a contemporary approach to design is rarely used in Egypt, although it is widely used around the world and in countries that share with Egypt the cultural heritage, nature and environmental condition, But the complexity of using programming techniques in design without studying or knowing the vocabulary on which the parameter and the associated formation rules depend directly affects design thinking and, in turn, affects the cost because it needs various and modern implementation techniques.. Therefore, the research aims to derive the vocabulary of the parametric approach and to identify the rules and patterns of this contemporary design approach. The paper addresses the different concepts of parameter design, the main principles on which it relies and the basic patterns on which the architect can identify the features of the parameter building. The study found that the parametric approach has been proven to be efficient using various modes of formation and various architectural vocabulary in achieving all design objectives. The research recommends using the benchmark for architectural design equation in identifying and analyzing parametric buildings in light of patterns and rules to reach the parametric vocabulary to achieve different design Features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to identify the reality of integrating the mentally handicapped in general education schools and to identify the most important difficulties and obstacles that prevent the achievement of the goal of integrating them with the ordinary and to put some proposals based on building on the positives and avoiding difficulties and obstacles. And the mentally handicapped were taught for long periods within a special system called schools of intellectual education, provided they passed codified intelligence tests, and they were the ones who were called the educators, and the chances of them coming into contact with the ordinary were almost non-existent except within the family, and soon the world turned to a policy of gradual integration as it began The so-called attached classes, which are classes for the mentally handicapped, are attached to general education schools, and the precedence was in the Arab world for the Gulf states, by virtue of the researcher’s work, and that was in 2003. However, the opportunities for integrating with the ordinary people were very limited and were limited to sports activities, artistic and agricultural education and other activities, and after the end of the activities classes, everyone returns to his class, the mentally disabled, to their class as well as the ordinary. Then the global trend of educational integration of the mentally disabled began under the umbrella of comprehensive integration and Egypt took Serious steps towards this direction and the enactment of many legislations that contribute to the integration of people with special needs, including the mentally handicapped. However, the comprehensive integration adopted by the Ministry of Education faced many difficulties that prevented the optimum and great benefit from the idea of inclusion, and this is the problem of the current study that the researcher is dealing with. Where the researcher monitored the reality of integrating the mentally handicapped into public education schools after a series of decisions issued by the Egyptian Ministry of Education, which at the end of which made all the schools of the Republic inclusive schools that allow the mentally handicapped close to those schools to apply to them after fulfilling the papers and conditions, and the researcher found in these studies There are many difficulties and obstacles in the method of integrating the mentally handicapped into public education schools, and these difficulties are multiple, some of which are due to human cadres and others are due to buildings and equipment, including to legislation and decisions. At the end of this study, a proposed scenario can be avoided according to which those difficulties and obstacles that face the integration of the mentally disabled with the ordinary ones can be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach to investigate demand for the most important sources of animal protein in Egypt throughout the period (1997-2019) considering individual incomes and their associated expenditure level. However, animal protein in this study is composed of red meat (Candoz), poultry meat (farm chicken), fish meat (tilapia), eggs and buffalo milk. In addition, it aims to explore their price seasonality. The results suggest that demand price elasticity for red meat, poultry, fish, eggs and milk is inelastic, whereas for income elasticity, it shows that the above mentioned protein sources are necessary goods. Meanwhile, complementary and supplementary relationships haven been revealed among the five sources for cross elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]