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This research paper which is titled “Effect of Changing Values of Scales and Currencies on Commercial Ships Taxes in Egypt during the 1st Persian Era (525-404 B.C.)” tackles interest of the Persians in marine commerce. In addition, this paper scrutinizes the taxes imposed on exporting and importing as well as tackling influence practiced on such taxes by the change of scales and currencies that were widespread in the region of Far ancient near East not only Egypt. The current study has found out that the Persian Government in Egypt imposed multiplied tax on Ionian commercial ships because of several political and economic factors which were not sufficiently mentioned or analysed in its sources. Additionally, the Persian Government distinguished the Phoenician commercial ships and made them distinctive by a type of tax lowering. This coped with the numerous exemptions granted by the Persian Empire for inhabitants of this region. Throughout this research paper, it has been found out that the increasing taxes of ships during this period were based on the additional tax on the constant tenth of its value. Accordingly, this additional tax had come to be an extra burden on owners of such ships. On the other hand, such ships were also regarded as a source for bringing precious metals particularly silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the existence of studies that confirmed that the quality of Built Environment (BEQ) is the most important factors that affect the quality of life, and In light of the absence of quality in the Egyptian built environment in one or more of its aspects and its repercussions on the behaviors of people living in it, which led to a decrease in the quality of life in general, this research paper seeks to present a model for a comprehensive framework for assessing the BEQ in general. To achieve this goal, a deductive approach is adopted by analysing built environments rating systems, identifying the concept of quality generally and BEQ, starting with the concept of quality, its aspects, and methods of measurement, and to analyse the current methods of assessing BEQ to check its comprehensiveness, followed by the proposed conceptual framework for assessing BEQ and its basic pillars. As a result, a conceptual framework for assessing the BEQ including its pillars and the mechanism of work was proposed. It could be a base for establishing a system for assuring and assessing the quality of the built environment in Egypt as the paper recommend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to identify the theoretical foundations of the Egypt Government Excellence Award, and to diagnose the current situation of the Faculty of Education, Benha University by diagnosing the internal environment (strengths and weaknesses), and diagnosing the external environment (opportunities and threats) for it, and to reveal the reality of applying the standards of the Egypt Award for Government Excellence in the Faculty of Education. Education, Benha University through a field study, in addition to developing a proposed strategy for the development of the Faculty of Education, Benha University, in the light of the criteria of the Egypt Government Excellence Award. Its strength is (116) from the academic staff, and (69) from the administrative staff at the Faculty of Education, Benha University. The research concluded in its results that: The college provides training programs commensurate with the needs of human capital. papers, fuel, printing inks, chemicals, etc.), the college works to a certain extent on the security and sustainability of its property through maintenance programs, there are objective and declared criteria for selecting academic and administrative leaders, and there are some problems it suffers from: lack of holding workshops or special awareness seminars The national indicators contributing to the realization of Egypt's vision 2030 and related to the college's activity or its announcement, the college's lack of projects related to sustainability in the economic and environmental fields, the lack of cooperation protocols with the sectors of society to provide technological support, the college's lack of applying future-looking tools in its various fields of work, The college's lack of application of innovation management policies in all its activities, the college's weakness in achieving job satisfaction for its human capital, the college's low level of interest in developing precautionary measures to face potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's construction sector faces enormous challenges related to the construction phase, the most important of which is a considerable waste of effort, time, and money that may result in increasing the risk of losing projects. Indeed, eliminating such a waste will certainly improve the project performance, thereby enhancing the value of the project stakeholders. The researcher assumes that adopting lean construction (LC) approach is necessary to reduce waste, improve performance, and enhance the performance of the Egyptian construction sector at large. The research relies on a simplified methodology that has several positive outcomes: (1) saving time and cost; (2) boosting quality and safety; and (3) improving management process control, resource management, and relationships between project team members. Therefore, the main objective of the current paper is to examine and analyse the ability of wasteless construction principles to reduce waste in the construction process through an applied case study of a large construction project in Egypt. The study employs lean construction (LC) methodology and utilizes its technologies and tools to reduce waste in construction, particularly at the finishing stage, measuring their effectiveness in achieving the desired goals. The study assumes to have two major contributions: (i) determining the main causes of waste in the Egyptian construction industry; and (ii) applying LC methodology to prevent and eliminate the causes of waste inherent in the construction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric design is called many meanings, including boundary design, modelling, standard design or variable design all lead to parametric meaning. Parameter design is an architectural approach that uses vocabulary in the light of a set of rules and design patterns that achieve design objectives in the presence of a design idea And research finds that the problem is that such a contemporary approach to design is rarely used in Egypt, although it is widely used around the world and in countries that share with Egypt the cultural heritage, nature and environmental condition, But the complexity of using programming techniques in design without studying or knowing the vocabulary on which the parameter and the associated formation rules depend directly affects design thinking and, in turn, affects the cost because it needs various and modern implementation techniques.. Therefore, the research aims to derive the vocabulary of the parametric approach and to identify the rules and patterns of this contemporary design approach. The paper addresses the different concepts of parameter design, the main principles on which it relies and the basic patterns on which the architect can identify the features of the parameter building. The study found that the parametric approach has been proven to be efficient using various modes of formation and various architectural vocabulary in achieving all design objectives. The research recommends using the benchmark for architectural design equation in identifying and analyzing parametric buildings in light of patterns and rules to reach the parametric vocabulary to achieve different design Features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) approach to investigate demand for the most important sources of animal protein in Egypt throughout the period (1997-2019) considering individual incomes and their associated expenditure level. However, animal protein in this study is composed of red meat (Candoz), poultry meat (farm chicken), fish meat (tilapia), eggs and buffalo milk. In addition, it aims to explore their price seasonality. The results suggest that demand price elasticity for red meat, poultry, fish, eggs and milk is inelastic, whereas for income elasticity, it shows that the above mentioned protein sources are necessary goods. Meanwhile, complementary and supplementary relationships haven been revealed among the five sources for cross elasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study gives an ideal vision for developing the internal environment of health buildings in line with the state's vision in developing health buildings for the year 2020 AD, as the health sector in Egypt needs to keep pace with modern trends at the level of health architecture, or what is known as hospital architecture, which is related to the efficiency of the performance of health buildings, especially at the level of Interior design and its impact on the physical and psychological aspects and on the mechanisms of transforming the user experience and its interaction with reality through realizing the vocabulary of interior design. The problem of the research is that there is ambiguity in the relationship between the colors used in hospital rooms and the psychological comfort of patients and their improvement in their health condition, feeling of safety and the effectiveness of employees as well, which reflects the lack of awareness of the indications and the functional effects of colors and the extent of their impact on the users of those spaces. The research paper aims to research the role of colors represented in the interior design elements of floors, ceilings, walls, furniture, lighting, and architectural supplements and their association with patients' well-being and improvement in their health status and the behavior and well-being of the staff of doctors and nurses, which represents the main component of the health performance efficiency "user satisfaction". The research is limited to investigating the visual effect variables only and ignoring other perceptual factors such as acoustics (language, noise), smell (hygiene materials), and taste (food, medicine). The research also deals with focusing on the impact of architectural variables on the color organization of the well-being and behavior of the staff It does not include their health condition. The research ends with determining whether there is, in fact, evidence that different colors make a difference in the patient’s health and the effectiveness of the staff as factors that influence the efficiency of health performance in spaces, and then the possibility of developing a color philosophy or a scheme for choosing colors in the residence rooms depends on certain standards and specifications and scientific reasons that do not take only Considering the psychological and physiological effects, but also the aesthetic effects on the concerned persons in order to achieve the user's satisfaction and thus the efficiency of the performance of those spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of developing professions in society begins with the development of education, and to bring its outputs in line with the changes in the labour market, and the requirements of the labor market have become significant pressures, as the preparation and qualification of graduates in various branches of science and knowledge has become an important requirement for all the professional areas necessary for the labour market, and architectural education is affected as one of the academic and vocational education programs with these changes and developments, where the architectural labour market suffers from the inappropriateness of the architecture graduate in the engineering faculties for his functional Requirements; This paper aims to develop architectural education courses in the Department of Architecture at Al-Azhar University to suit the functional Requirements, so the research conducted a field study (job description form) to account for the functional Requirements of the architecture profession by identifying the career tasks of the architect in Egypt and the knowledge and skills required by using the "DACUM" methodology, and then developing and designing the educational objectives That the graduate needs to qualify for the labor market, the research concluded a series of results to contribute to the development of architectural education courses at Al-Azhar University, in addition to a set of recommendations that can promote architectural education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of red meat consumption in Egypt is one of the important goals of achieving Egyptian food security and which matters that contribute to producers making the decision to increase investment or not in this vital sector, Especially in light of the inability of local production to meet the consumption requirements of the population, and this deficit is covered through imports, As the amount of the domestic product of red meat reached about 792 thousand tons in 2017, While the amount of consumption of it amounted to about 1202 thousand tons in the same year, and the amount of the food gap reached about 410 thousand tons in the same year, which is compensated for through the import, which amounted to about 412 thousand tons for the same year. The paper mainly aimed to study the consumption of red meat based on targeted sample of red meat and its alternatives consumers in Alexandria Governorate the number of sample reached about 60 families, with average of each family was 5 members. This sample was collected during year 2020 The most important results of the research were the following: 1- The number of local cows slaughtered increased at an annual growth rate of about 7.3%, Meanwhile, the number of imported cattle calves increased at an annual growth rate of about 24.4% during the study period. 2- The decrease in the number of slaughtered buffaloes, at an annual rate of about 3.5%, While the number of slaughtered local sheep and goats increased at an annual growth rate of about 4.3% and 11.1%, respectively. 3- Retail prices for Canadian meat increased at an annual growth rate of 11.9%, Retail prices for veal also increased at an annual growth rate of about 12.6%, It was found that retail prices of mutton increased at an annual growth rate of about 11.1%. 4- The amount of red meat consumed in Egypt increased at an annual growth rate of about 1.6%, while the amount of Egyptian imports of red meat increased at an annual growth rate of about 6.5%. 5- The consumption expenditure of red meat, poultry and fish in the research sample in Alexandria Governorate is affected by the price of the commodity itself, the prices of the substitute commodities, and the total expenditure on those three commodities under study. 6- The demand for red meat, poultry and fish is flexible, as the change in spending on these commodities is greater than the change in their prices, Poultry and fish are also considered substitutes for red meat due to the substitution relationship between them, The research revealed that the aforementioned commodities are necessary for the consumer in the research sample in Alexandria Governorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term of sustainability goes beyond applying green architecture strategies. Sustainability refers to techniques which conserve resources, preserve the natural environment, protect local population, and support the principle of justice and equity. Therefore, the achievement of sustainability in the field of construction requires great and multi faces effort to solve the social, economic, and environmental problems. At the local level (Egypt), although there are serious steps toward more sustainable construction industry, many research studies confirmed that the already used system currently in Egypt to rate the sustainable buildings (Green Pyramid Rating system, GPRS) needs to be developed in order to be more effective and usable. There is a great need for developing a rating system for sustainable hotels which can classify hotels in Egypt in terms of sustainability in a comprehensive way starting from early design stages and continue to evaluate the building during and after the construction stage. Therefore, it is necessary to benefit from the systems which are used globally for rating sustainable buildings in order to create a local system by modification of the already existed criteria and to add new criteria in order to achieve a system which meets the local requirements. This research paper suggests a sustainability rating system which classifies hotels in the southern region of Upper Egypt based on improving the local system (GPRS) to be used for classifying hotels particularly because hotels are considered from the most energy consuming buildings and they generate a huge amount of wastes in addition to the increasing awareness of users who consider the sustainable and environment friendly hotels as preferred destinations. The suggested rating system which is Green Pyramid Rating System for hotels, (GPRS-H) is based on using the criteria of the German system (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen, DGNB( by modifying them to be more suitable for the local environment in Egypt in addition to excluding certain criteria which are not consistent to the local context. Additionally, the principle of participation has been applied here to help in determining logic relative weights for the criteria and indicators of the suggested system through conducting a questionnaire for the experts in the field of sustainable buildings. The suggested rating system includes six categories of criteria. The environmental quality occupies the first rank in terms of relative weight, then the economic quality, social and cultural quality, technical quality, planning and construction quality, and site quality. Each category includes some criteria which can be evaluated by using certain indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the next decade, an expected urban acceleration will occur in Egypt. The urban population will be increased by 34% more than 2006 ratio. Demographic pressures, rapid urbanization lead to more issues. While cities are growing rapidly in population, their development model is quite different from the Sustainable model. Egypt's 2030 vision for sustainable development has defined the future of Egyptian cities. The urban economy would be grown in more competitive and diversified manner. Therefore, an urban transformation should be taking place to induce the desired sustainable urban development. Our urban areas are in an urgent need for an advanced governance that is able to improve the socio-economical and environmental sustainability. At recent decades, policy-makers and academics, either in developed or developing countries, have focused on smart city concept. ICT addresses challenges and problems related to resource management, sustainable development, climate change, quality of life and improved performance of the city as a whole. This route will present the concept of the Smart City as a radical solution to many urban issues. Such concept is considerd as a revolution in the design and management of urban areas. This paper developped guidelines to manage the urban transformation of Egyptian cities with the drive of Smart City concept to help decision-makers and city managers to prioritize and to develop strategies to achieve the smart and sustainable development of existing Egyptian cities. The study depended on the inductive approach to define the concept of smart sustainable city and related information and concepts. literature review as well as a case study analysis were the methodology to reveal success's factors of urban transformation towards smartness to achieve the desired sustainable urban development. To deduce most important opportunities and challenges as well as to conclud guidelinese, the mental syllogistic reasoning approach was used. The study concluded that urban transition of Egyptian cities towards smartness is possible but its roadmap has many obstacles and challenges. The efforts of all decision makers, governors. academics and stakeholders have to be integrated to suggest and embrace our own initiative smart sustainable city as a prompt and costlyeffective solution towards sustainability. This critical situation demand a self evolution and reconstructuring for municiplities - the key actor. municiplities have to launch smart applications and encourage the participation of all stakholders, in developing goals, priorities, plans, policies, strategies and actions. Municiplities have to look for ingenious ideas to financ the smart city’s intiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt's agricultural land is limited to about 3.8% of its total area, However, it faces a problem of encroachment and conversion to non-agricultural uses, in particular, construction, The study aims to assess the negative /positive impacts of agricultural land conversion via construction on the social and personal levels, However, the results reveal the following:- The main negative impact for agricultural land lies in its area loss that amounted to about 10.517 feddan in Menoufia governorate compared to about a total loss of about 145.213 feddan during the period from 1983 to January 2018, In addition, the costs required for Menoufia governorate to reclaim new land to compensate for this loss is estimated at 2.3 billion pounds compared to about 32.5 billion pounds for grand total construction conversion. For irrigation water, the negative impact in Menoufia governorate is estimated at 161.8 million cubic meters of water that needed to new lands reclamation to compensate for the loss in old agricultural lands compared to about 2.9 billion cubic meters of water for grand total construction conversion allover Egypt. For agricultural crops, the negative effect embodies the loss of about 287,63 thousand tons from various crops in Menofuia governorate compared to about 3.475.7 thousand tons all over Egypt, In other words, there is an annual forgone income in Menofuia governorate estimated by LE 387,5 million compared to about 4.9 billion all over Egypt. For agricultural employment, the negative effect embodies the loss in agricultural employment opportunities in encroached land area, That is estimated by about 0.86 million men/working days in Menoufia governorate compared to about 11.73 million men / working days all over Egypt. On the other hand, the positive impact is confined to: (1) About the cultivated land area will be increased by the equivalent area size which converted to construction activity (2) The notable increase in average market value per feddan due to its construction activity transformation that reaches about 33 fold of its value in villages (rural area) compared to about 100 fold to its value in cities (urban area), (3) Cultivating in new virgin lands free of polluted chemical residuals compared to polluted old lands (due to over use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides) (4) Reducing the population density in countryside, thus reducing agricultural land demand for construction activities. For irrigation water, the positive effects are: (1) saving the amount of water that was used to irrigate the agricultural before construction conversion, In which is estimated at about 84.94 million cubic meters for Menoufia compared to 1.434 billion cubic meters for grand total construction conversion allover Egypt, (2) Reducing and rationing irrigation water consumption via employing modern irrigation methods developed by sprinkling and drip, saving about 40% of conventional irrigation water consumption. While, the positive effect constitutes the increasing of agricultural production from different crops by about 984.6 thousand tons compared to about 8.098 thousand tons all over Egypt as due to the increase in reclaimed than the encroached land by its equivalence area, In addition, the possibility of using agricultural mechanization and extension technological packages, Thus, the estimated annual increase in revenues for Menoufia governorate could reach about LE 984.3 million compared to about LE 11.4 billion all over Egypt, Moreover, producing of healthy crops free of chemical residuals due to employing bio agricultural technologies in reclaimed land, Thus, maintaining of the citizens health and increasing farmer’s income due to high bio products prices. On the other hand, the positive effect constitutes the increase in employment opportunities in newly reclaimed areas by about 2.2 million men/working days in Menoufia governorate compared to 27.33 million men/working days all over Egypt. The paper also addressed the most important reasons that encourage encroachment on agricultural land via construction, Moreover, it suggested some proposals for overcoming encroachments on agricultural land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt depends on the Nile River as a major source of water, it provides about 76.3% of its water requirements, other water sources provides about 23.7% of total water requirements. Agriculture sector is the main consumer of water in Egypt as it consumed about 85.9% of the total actual consumption of water in 2009. The main problem of the present paper is the decrease in the efficiency of water use in Egyptian agriculture. The objective of paper is to assess the efficiency of water use in agriculture in the old and new land Egypt through the use of partial efficiency measures. Results showed that inaverage of the cost of irrigation per feddan during the period (1998-2009), that was for winter crops in the old lands as follows: 85.3, 105.8, 119.3, 127.3 pounds/feddan for faba bean, sugar beet, alfalfa sustained, wheat at a cost of irrigation per feddan of which respectively. For summer crops in old land cost was about 114.7, 129.5, 139.8, 156.2, 217.8, 606.1 pounds/ feddan at a cost of, sesame, soybean, peanut, corn, rice, sugar cane, respectively. For the winter crops in the new lands irrigation cost per feddan was about L.E 99.3, 169.0 for garlic and onion respectively. Summer crops in the new lands irrigation costs for watermelon, cucumber, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes were as follows: L.E 92.4, 133, 138.7, 139.8, 157.7, 194.3 pounds/feddan respectively. The results of the statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures showed that, according to the criterion of net revenue from the water unit - winter crops on the old land as follows: alfalfa, wheat, faba bean, and sugar beet. As for the summer crops of old land the results showed of the statistical estimate of the partial-efficiency measures that peanuts, corn, sesame, sugar cane, rice, soybeans respectively. In the new lands the results of statistical analysis for the partial-efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit for winter crops were garlic followed by the first crop of onions. As for the summer crops, the results of statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit came summer crops in the new lands, were as follows: potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, pepper. The results in general indicated the necessaries of reconsidering the present structure of cropping pattern to increase the efficiency of irrigation water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]