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This paper aims to investigate a linguistic issue related to Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori (d. 1066 A.H), a renowned Arab linguist in the 11th century of the Islamic calendar. Despite being relatively unknown to modern scholars and researchers, this linguist has left behind a valuable knowledge legacy and held a significant scientific standing among his contemporaries. The focus of this study is on 'Baiti A-Raqmatain', a topic that has been subject to various interpretations by Arab linguists, including grammarians. In this paper, the author presents ten different perspectives addressing the problems in 'Baitia A-Raqmatain'. Additionally, the author introduces a syntactic interpretation and meaning, along with three new opinions that have not been previously discussed in the literature. I was inspired to write on this topic after reading several valuable manuscripts by renowned Arab scholars covering various areas of knowledge. Among them, I came across the works of Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori, an Arab intellectual who, in my opinion, has not received the recognition he truly deserves. Sari Al-Deen Al-Durori was a prominent scholar of the 11th Hijri century and has left behind a scientific heritage that is worthy of study and research. The study is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on discussing the author himself, including his background, birth and death dates, his jurisprudential and doctrinal school, scholarly reputation, influential teachers, disciples, and written works. Within this section, I also delve into the manuscript itself, examining its attribution to Sari Al-Deen, the author's methodology, language and style, as well as its form. I conclude this section with a comprehensive systematic review of the investigation. The second section of the study is dedicated to the transcription and documentation of the analyzed texts, including commentary, following commonly accepted investigation rules. I wrap up this section by providing a list of references used throughout the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture was initially defined as the functional art specialized in the concept of shelter. However, over time, deeper ideas emerged emphasizing the importance of producing creative and distinctive architecture that possesses beauty and humanity. Architecture became the material embodiment of a manifested message. With the advent of the digital revolution, a new thought and philosophy known as digital forms emerged, spreading widely across various fields, aligning with the requirements of the present era and its evolving trends. The research problem revolves around the insufficient awareness of different patterns in architecture and their relationship with architectural form. The paper aims to enhance this relationship by integrating digital architectural mechanisms into the design process, utilizing this connection to creatively produce architectural forms. The research assumes that establishing a relationship between pattern, form, and digital architectural mechanisms, harnessing them to generate architectural shapes in different ways, may contribute to creating innovative architecture. The research paper is grounded in the primary goal of identifying methods for deducing architectural form and its relationship with architectural references. This is achieved by presenting various patterns and mechanisms used in deducing form and their impact on creating distinctive architecture. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, exploring different concepts and analytical examples to reach results and recommendations. One of the key recommendations is the necessity of revisiting the essence of architecture as a cognitive source containing a vast number of principles adaptable to the era's variables. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing the concept of pattern and its relationship with other architectural elements to enrich architectural thought and produce more distinguished architecture. The utilization of digital methods in producing architectural forms is highlighted to achieve more distinctive shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to activate the role of university students in confronting extremist ideas through social media platforms. This manuscript is deemed as a contribution to the theoretical studies within the field of educational sciences. The paper includes the problem statement, the significance, the objectives, the definition of terms, and then the theoretical framework of social media networks. It explores the positive and the negative impacts of social media sites, shedding light on the concept of terrorism, the psychological reasons that cause terrorism, extremism, and the significant damage it causes across various aspects of societal life. The paper also addresses the educational reasons for extremism, leading to proposals and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal interest in this paper revolves around investigating the metadiscourse of memory in the experience of the Tunisian novelist and critic Mohamed Bardi. This line of inquiry has been motivated by the ingenuity and attractiveness of 'memory talk' within this experience. It is a talk that is plotted in a narrative text replete with aesthetic overtones. It is equally corroborated by a critical perspective that is never devoid of originality and exquisiteness. This paper is built around five research axes ranging from the investigation of memory and ideology, memory and existence, memory and writing, memory and forgetting culminating into probing the relationship between memory, imagination and fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Engineering Systems (MEP) Play a Major Role in Enabling Hospitals to Perform their Functions, and in the Comfort, Safety, and Security of their Occupants. They Affect each other and Influence the Design and Execution of the Building’s Architectural and Structural Elements, including the Layout, Elevations, and Plans, in addition to Aspects Pertaining to Structural Systems or Shafts, and Interior Finishes. The Paper Problem is Apparent through the lack of knowledge Relating to the Requirements of different Engineering Service Systems, and the Unawareness of their Impact on each other or on the Architectural and Structural Elements of the Building. This limits Fully Benefiting from such Systems due to Conflicts between them and the Architectural and Structural Elements, in addition to Hindering Making Appropriate Design Decisions related to Operating them causing Deficient Coordination. This Paper Aims to Develop a Methodology for Achieving Integration between Types of Engineering Service Systems and the Architectural and Structural Elements of Hospital Buildings, Leading to Design Decisions that can Attain the Highest Benefit from such Systems and Ensure their Operational Safety according to their Types, Internal Components, Functional Requirements, and their Impact on the Design Decisions for all the Structural Elements of the Building. This is Performed based on a Theoretical and Analytical Study of the Types and Components of Engineering Service Systems (MEP) and Determining their Impact on the Structural Elements and Architectural Components of the Building. The Paper proposes a Methodology that Comprises 12 Stages to Achieve Integration between Engineering Systems and the Structural and Architectural Elements of the Building, according to the Types and Requirements of each System and its Impact on Design Decisions. A set of Tables are also Developed that Represents a Guideline and include Alternatives to the Different Types of Engineering Systems, their Requirements, and Highlight their Impact on the Structural and Architectural Elements of the Building, including the Layout, Plans, Elevations, and Interior Design Elements, in addition to their Relation to other Engineering Systems. The Results also Highlighted the Large Diversity of Types of Mechanical Systems, and the Significant Influence of Electrical Systems on all other Systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

confiscation and expansion of settlements left no lands for another “state” solution. Hence resistance was a necessity. The paper adopts a comparative approach based on the assessment of wills between the resistance and those who support it versus the American ruler and the Zionist agent and the Western colonialism and their “Arab” cohorts. The paper also monitors and analyzes perceptions of the Al-Aqsa Flood process in terms of intellectual potential and events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors aim to outline a selection of theories within the field of Islamic marketing. However, it should be noted that this list is not exhaustive nor does it offer comprehensive descriptions of all attempts made towards establishing a theory of Islamic marketing. The primary objective of this paper is not to explore such detailed aspects. Instead, this commentary serves as a call to action, urging researchers to investigate Islamic marketing in a manner conducive to the development of a more refined theoretical framework. It underscores the fact that the subject of Islamic marketing remains significantly under-researched, highlighting the need for scholarly attention and inquiry in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper discusses the reality of electoral governance in Algeria, after the issuance of law No. 21-01 regulating elections, which was issued on March 10, 2021, and the subsequent legislative and local elections in the same year. The paper questions the extent to which governance indicators are applied in the electoral affairs in Algeria through the aforementioned past election entitlements, and the extent to which they are free from aspects of corruption or fraud. The integrity and credibility of elections is considered essential in the democratic process of any country, given that it produces future elites capable of managing people's concerns and hopes, and formulate development strategies that are in the interest of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to clarify the concept of “crisis” and investigate its descriptive capacity in light of events and developments on the Libyan scene. It aims to provide a clearer understanding of this concept and proposes theoretical approaches to understand the Libyan crisis and test its current and future effects, including traditional and non-traditional approaches such as the Marxist conflict approach, the organic functional approach, and Edgar Morin’s crisis science approach. One of the main concerns of this paper is considering the Libyan crisis as interconnected stages through a long chronological sequence. This attempt represents an implicit approach to unraveling the Libyan situation, albeit not in-depth, considering the nature of complexity and branching that the Libyan crisis suffers from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany seeks to gain the approval of Israelis as much as possible, even if it means doing so on the ruins of a genocide being committed against the Palestinian people, exposing Germany’s contradiction as it tries to atone for its Nazi past by supporting “Semites”. This paper provides a narrative of the historical relationship between Germany and Israel, as Germany contributed to the establishment of the state of Israel and enabled it to possess the necessary power to maintain its existence. Germany has consistently sought to appease Israel, going so far as to link Germany’s existence to Israel’s security, without neglecting the influence of the United States in shaping this relationship between them as it stands today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work dusts off a poetic experience that has not had the chance to be studied. Perhaps the fame of its author, Tunisian novelist Muhammad al-Aroussi al-Matwi, has obscured his poetic experience. It is, in our view, an important experience, as it witnessed the first moments of the birth of modern poetry in Tunisia and the conflict that accompanied that birth between the supporters of the modern poetry and the supporters of the old one. We decided, therefore, to draw a general introduction to al-Matwi’s poetic experience in two prominent sections: the first is concerned with artistic forms as they waver between the long-standing and the neoteric. The second deals with the poetic “objectives” when connected with, or separated from, the poetic scheme. And we adopted, in this paper, the descriptive analytical approach as a method of study and reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that al-Matwi was an advocate of renewal without denying the old and that his poetry, though revolving around the three pillars of politics, symbolism, and love, ultimately wavered between two currents: the emotional current and the social nationalist one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-cultural sustainability represents one of the important pillars of sustainable development. As one of the fundamentals targeted by Saudi Vision 2030, it aims to achieve sustainable development that enhances the living standards of citizens and improves the quality of their lives. This necessitates the provision of Saudi housing that achieves socio-cultural sustainability, to ensure it reflects the culture of the Saudi society, its social characteristics, and fosters a sense of stability and belonging, while also strengthening community ties. Especially since the contemporary Saudi housing model, heavily influenced by the social and cultural backgrounds of the places from which it was imported, is an adopted model. Therefore, there is a need for socio-cultural sustainability criteria in Saudi housing, which should serve as a reference for all design, review, and evaluation work. However, establishing these standards requires initially identifying the fundamental factors from which the criteria will be derived, through a conceptual framework that includes all elements, components, references, and applications necessary for building the model. The study aims to identify the most important factors influencing the derivation of criteria for socio-cultural sustainability in Saudi housing. Hence, the paper is based on a methodology that combines the analysis of current literature and the study of elements of socio-cultural sustainability, and how they are applied in the Saudi context, particularly in the city of Riyadh. It reviewed all concepts of socio-cultural sustainability in housing, its principles, and objectives, deduced its general characteristics and attributes, and reviewed their compatibility with the characteristics of Saudi society. It also identified the pillars of socio-cultural sustainability in Saudi housing (both traditional and contemporary), to then integrate the findings to arrive at the fundamental factors for deriving standards of sociocultural sustainability for use in planning and designing housing in the city of Riyadh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the developments witnessed by the concept of security in strategic studies, based on the insights of the Egyptian thinker Bahgat Korany, who formulated the concepts of high and low politics. The former is linked to traditional military and security domains, while the latter is associated with social, economic, and cultural spheres, which current historical contexts have highlighted the importance of, particularly for countries described as lagging behind. The study adopts the cultural security model through analyzing the contemporary Arab world's reality, demonstrating that cultural security plays a fundamental role in securing various other sectors, especially in preserving identity and cultural distinctiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper deals with “The Impact of the Conditional Style Denotation on the Context Formation in the Debt Verse—Surah al-Baqara 282”. The significance of this study arises from the reasons for choosing it which are based on: first, demonstrating the effect of the conditional style patterns in constructing the denotation of the debt verse context, keeping in mind the diversity of the conditional style, i.e. direct or indirect, and the immediate connection of the debt issue with the life of the individual and the society; second, showing the achieved impact of the conditional style on the structures of this verse and its denotations and the consequently implied legislative provisions that regulate the life of the Muslim society. The paper is divided into three sections of two parts each and a conclusion. The first section discusses the syntactic and semantic functions of the conditional style and the value of the debt verse in the context of its surah, focusing on the denotation of the verse’s internal structure within the framework of its relationship with the general context of the surah. The second section explores the effect of the direct conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially the effect of the two if devices, itha and en, in the denotative construction of this context. The third section explains the contextual effect of the indirect conditional style in the construction of the verse’s context denotation, especially those patterns which are based on request to construct the condition denotation in the context of the verse in question. The most important findings of the paper can be summarized in the following three points: • The conditional style with its variant patterns fits semantically in the context of the general meaning of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which makes it denotatively very miraculous. • The semantic integration between the patterns of the conditional style created a semantic harmony within the context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) which helps to communicate the legislative semantic purpose to the addressees. • The intense presence of the conditional style denotation in the structural context of the debt verse (Surah al-Baqarah 282) came to serve the basic goal for which its context was built. This is integrated with the reciprocal serving of the structures connotations that serve the legislative purpose for which the Wise Lawgiver, Glory be to Him, revealed this verse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous changing in house prices very rapid and observed in last years which depends on many factors like position, area, population in the city and another requirement for individual house price, there is a lot of articles studied and adopted traditional ways for machine learning in house price prediction accurately but few of them focused on individual performance for complicated models. To explore effected factors in prediction way in this paper we applied traditional machine learning theory to investigate many models due to many limited we take some of techniques like (random forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting and stacked generalization model) and applied on several models to obtain more accurate results for house price prediction. We take Baghdad as a sample for house price and impact factor on difference cities, services, population, area, building age and others we mentioned in our paper by taking and applying machine learning house price prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the foundations of colonial knowledge in the Maghreb countries during the colonial era, and the complications carried by its epistemological legacy in the present Maghreb and Arab- Islamic societies in general. The paper examines the French and Italian colonial cognitive experience in Libya and Tunisia, and its present influence on political thinking and defining events of which these countries are experiencing today. To test this proposition, the paper focuses critical observation on the “anthropological eyes” with which the French viewed the Fezzan in Libya between 1943 and 1947, and the complications of concepts such as tribe and farmer society with their colonial and ethnocentric cognitive content. The paper concludes with sculpting the methodological features that define the conditions for a critical cognitive position that should be taken regarding this legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the Zionist narrative and the changes that have occurred over time ever since the emergence of the Zionist movement. The study starts with a theoretical section on comparative colonial settlement models, definitions of the novel, and its changes between the Zionist novel and others. In the second section, the study discusses the main components of the Zionist narrative, as classified by Bar-On, which are: gathering exiles in the Land of Israel, creating a regional space for Jews there, creating a contemporary reality for the Jewish community, achieving political sovereignty, and finaly the achievement of peace and international acceptance. The paper analyzes the intersections and differences in the novel between political Zionism, labor Zionism, revisionist Zionism (Iron Wall Zionism), and religious Zionism, and across time. The study ends with a summary of its findings, wondering about the possibility of the Zionist narrative continuation in light of the cracks it is exposed to, both internally and externally. The study is heavily based on Zionist references, and Jewish ones in particular, in order to deconstruct the narrative from within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tracks the rise of German dominance since Bismarck’s unification of Germany in 1871 and during the 20th century, when the Germans used their economic, demographic, and military power in addition to geopolitical theories, particularly the vital space theory, to support expansionism. The «German question» evolved in the wake of the two world wars as the European States’ main concern was how to maintain a peaceful, powerful Germany. Following the Ukrainian war, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz declared Germany’s goal to have the greatest army in Europe, modernize military industries, and allocate 100 billion Euros for the defense budget. Accordingly, as strong Germany, historically, has always sought to dominate its neighbors, the paper examines the possible scenarios for the rise of Germany and its dominance over the European Union. What will be the repercussions of Germany’s rise on the future of the European Union and its institutions, and the potential incentives for cooperation and collaboration among European nations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Realism theory, this paper provides an explanation of the importance of power in International Relations, by analyzing the behavior of China and Japan in the East Asian region, and also the behavior of the United States of America towards them as the dominant superpower under the current international system. It answers the problem of the transfer of power from the West to the East, and in return supports the assumption that the Great Powers seek to possess relative power as much as possible. The paper also emphasizes that the State should not undermine or renounce its offensive power, as with Japan, because that will put it in front of a dilemma of the growing the power of neighboring States that seek to achieve regional hegemony, such as China. Therefore, all of these transformations show that international relations are a complex field and should not be reduced to a specific ideal field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1787 witnessed the birth of two eminent Arab scholars who left their intellectual and literary marks on the reform currents in the Arab World as well as on Western Orientalism: Muhammad bin Ali al-Sanusi (d. 1859) and Hussein Saleem al-Dajani (d. 1858). Both spearheaded local resistance movements against French occupation at opposite ends of the Arab World and, at the same time, engaged European intellectual currents. They later became the subjects of study of famous Orientalists including the French polymath Constantin de Volney (1757-1820), French explorer Henri Duveyrier (1840-1892), Scottish historian H. A. R. Gibb (1895-1971), and the English anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902-1973). This paper examines how cultural contact and conflict, especially that springing from European political designs, shaped al-Sanussi and al-Dajani’s respective contributions to Arabic literary and intellectual life in the 18th century. Their lives and work show both the absorption of values associated with the European enlightenment and the assertion of a religious and intellectual identity which resists the European hegemony. The author builds largely on the work of the eminent Arab scholar, the late Ahmed Sedki Dajani, and his compilations of Arab-European intellectual exchanges about that period. This paper contrasts al-Sanussi and al-Dajani’s ideas as expressed in their own words with their significance as presented by European writers. It aims to bring to life a literary era where ideas flowed between Western and Arabic cultures without erasing the power dynamics therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of changing the currency was addressed by the ancient jurists according to what the situation was like in their time. This change was simple and did not constitute a serious danger to the economy at that time, due to their reliance in the first place on gold and silver, which were often characterized by stability. Today, however, it has become an issue of change. There is no value Money poses a serious threat to the economy, because banknotes are not characterized by stability, but by change, and this is what makes the problem of changing the value of banknotes difficult. In my research, I talked about the definition of money, its importance, types and functions, and the change in the value of money and its impact on repaying debt in the light of Hanafi jurisprudence and Afghan civil law, using the deductive approach, by collecting the opinions of Hanafi jurists regarding issues of changing money. According to jurists, there are two types of money: natural money and legal money, and the forms of money change according to political and economic facts and events, including commodity money, paper money, and bank money. The importance of money is highlighted through the number of functions it performs to facilitate transactions between individuals, and perhaps one of its most important functions is that it is a measure A For value, this function requires money to have a degree of constancy and stability. Also, changing the currency and its invalidation by the state has effects on obligations and debts that require treatment, so this issue needs to be investigated. Through this research, I have come to the conclusion that if the loan is of real money, such as gold, silver, or commodities, then it must be returned in kind, no matter how the prices change. However, if the debt is of banknotes, then its value must be paid, even if the value of the currency inflates in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to uncover the opportunities available for the success of the "modern tradition" model included in Qatar's Vision 2030, and whether legislative and educational leaderships in Qatar grasp this concept. The study reveals a legislative trend in Qatar to combine Qatari traditions, jurisprudential schools, and modernization. Similarly, there is a parallel trend in the educational sector to align Qatari traditions with Islamic values and modern behavioral patterns. The paper also indicates that the trend towards "modern tradition" is not limited to Qatar. It suggests that the primary concern should not only be the continuity of social cohesion but also the establishment of a middle class that believes in the "modern tradition" model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic currencies went through three basic stages. The first stage included paper money carried by electronic means such as the cash on the credit card, the prepaid card, and the debit card issued by the bank to enable the customer to withdraw from his current account via automated teller machines, as well as electronic checks and the like, and they are represented by electronic services that are provided by banks and credit cards to international companies (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, etc.). The second phase witnessed electronic money produced by accredited financial institutions in their countries, which bore the responsibility of naming it, determining its value, and creating special laws related to it in accordance with the state's financial laws. It has its own media that carries it, such as magnetic cards or electronic storage devices, and the financial institutions that produce it control and monitor it. The operations that take place through it. While the third stage witnessed electronic currencies that are produced by electronic programming without human intervention, and this type of currency is the subject of research, and perhaps the largest that represents it in the present era is the first electronic currency that is produced in this way, which is called Bitcoin, as encrypted virtual currencies have many and varied, and most of them are based on the principle of the Bitcoin currency and its clones. Alternative digital currencies have now reached a large number of (711) virtual currencies. Among the most prominent and famous of these currencies is Bitcoin, which was created in 2009 AD, and is the most famous currency in the world, and the Litecoin currency, which was created in 2011 and is One of the first alternative cryptocurrencies, which is distinguished from Bitcoin in that the mining process is easier and cheaper, and the Nemcoin currency, which was established in April 2011, and is based on open source Bitcoin technology, and is characterized by high scarcity, decentralization, security and privacy. Then the Bitcoin currency appeared in August 2012, and it is characterized by an increase in mining efficiency and improved security and guarantees, to avoid abuse by miners, and it ranks fourth among virtual currencies in market value. Then the Novacoin currency appeared in 2013, and it differs from most alternative digital currencies to Bitcoin due to the fact that its protection programs are integrated into the core of the currency, which prevent attacks by mining and prospecting groups . This study seeks to monitor and analyze the developments that the global monetary system has witnessed recently with the emergence of virtual and encrypted currencies, most notably Bitcoin, and how they have affected the mechanisms of institutions' management of their commercial and marketing activities within digital marketing campaigns, especially as they have shed a shadow on the consumer behavior of users and the means of obtaining goods. and remote services, and how the payment and collection mechanisms through electronic payment and money transfer systems that global markets witnessed with the emergence of cryptocurrencies and virtual currencies affected the confidence of some business users and from the point of view of industry owners, despite the mounting volume of concerns associated with their sharp fluctuations. Besides, the risks of the lack of cybersecurity and not being subject to the authority of central banks and monetary authorities, and highlighting the positives and negatives resulting from trading operations in these currencies and their impact on the management of digital marketing campaigns . The study concluded that Bitcoin cannot be considered a legal currency of fulfillment, and according to the legal conditions that must be met for the validity of the electronic fulfillment process, we find that this is not achieved for several reasons, including that many central banks require that commercial banks wishing to issue electronic fulfillment methods to be monopolized on the national currency in order to maintain monetary policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah - may Allah have mercy on him - was not only a prominent figure in society, but also an eminent and knowledgeable scholar who produced and continues to produce extensive knowledge that is admired by leading scholars and intellectuals in the fields of thought, literature, and art, regardless of whether they are Muslim or non-Muslim. He closely observed their contributions and gained much from them, despite his rigorous scrutiny of their work. He was a prolific writer, with a clear and concise style, deep insights, and a meticulous approach. He was one of the few scholars who stood out in this era, enriching Islamic thought and spirituality, contributing to the intellectual and spiritual heritage, and studying the reality of his community, including its backwardness, injustice, and aggression. He discussed the reasons for these issues and, through their profound thinking and farsighted vision, outlined the way forward. Therefore, I decided to write this research paper, highlighting the most important persuasive techniques in his famous book "Al-Kashaf". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that social history in general and the history of the oppressed social classes in particular are among the obscure corners in the history of the Islamic West during the Almoravid and Almohad eras, which are evident in the historians' works especially on the royal sultan's history. Its bitterness is even more evident when the dialectical relationship between Sufi men and the general public is meticulously investigated and thoroughly studied as it represents a number of issues that can unveil many other societal issues and problems during that era. In this context, this research paper aims at contributing constructively and soberly in shedding light on some forgotten aspects of the dialectic relationship between these two uncherished, ignored social groups, as a result of a set of societal factors in Morocco and Andalusia during the Almoravid and Almohad eras with more focus on the miserable living conditions of the common people due to the oppressing reign of the Almoravids. The ruling regime pushed the common people to embrace the Sufis in an attempt and hope to escape both the awful social situation and the tyrannical ruling regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the topic of al-muqassah (offsetting) and its forms in Hanafi jurisprudence, in terms of its definition, classification, conditions, and applications. The researcher has defined offsetting linguistically and technically, then classified offsetting in Hanafi jurisprudence into two main categories: lawful offsetting and unlawful offsetting. The lawful offsetting is then subdivided into obligatory and optional. The researcher then mentions the conditions of obligatory offsetting in four conditions, which are: the existence of two reciprocal debts, identical description and genus between the debts, the debts being currently due, and equal strength and weakness between the debts. The researcher then proceeds to list fifteen application cases of offsetting in some contracts and transactions, including: sarf (currency exchange) contract, salam (deferred delivery) contract, borrowing contract, usurpation, guarantee, alimony, and others. In each case the ruling and its reason are explained from a jurisprudential perspective. Finally, the researcher summarizes the main points of agreement and disagreement between the offsetting cases in sarf and salam contracts, pointing out that the cases of obligatory offsetting are similar, while there are differences in some respects such as offsetting on the debt in both contracts and transforming the offsetting to the prior debt. Thus, the article has been able to present a detailed explanation of the subject of offsetting, in terms of concept, rulings and practical applications in Hanafi jurisprudence. The methodology used in the article is the descriptive methodology, also known as the literature review methodology, which is commonly used in writing Islamic academic papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is contains on sum of the mean points related to the social effects of the war on the Libyan society, it takes logical steps to view this case. At the beginning concentrate on the concepts of war generally, then give some information about the war, its properties, programs, indications, which it gives to the families and children which suffering from the destroy of war, throw light on the difficulties of the social life which the members of the community face as a result of war, in this kind of societies with some examples to this problems. In addition, identify the concepts of the cultures war factors and its impact on the level of services which the social institutions give to this countries during the war, finally view the challenges which facing Libya to replace this consequences and begin give the people the development, knowledge, fun in this countries to change the position of retardation from war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report reviews the proceedings of the scientific symposium held by the Middle East Studies Center on Tuesday and Wednesday, 21-22/11/2023, entitled "The International Status and Role of the Arab World, Reality and Future." It presents the most essential conclusions in the opening speeches and scientific papers presented by academics, politicians, and experts from the Arab world in the different symposium sessions. The first session was titled The International Status and Role, political and Civilizational Elements and Tools in the Arab World, the second session was on the Repercussions of the Economic and Social Reality and Arab-Arab Relations, and the third session discussed the regional and international Transformations and their implications for the global status and role of the Arab world. The fourth session forecasted the potential of a renaissance in international status and role: opportunities, capabilities, and challenges, while the fifth session sought to present the Arab vision for achieving international status and role and its strategies. In the end, the report presents the most important conclusions and recommendations of the symposium and its discussions, including essential transformations at the Arab national levels in the political and economic structures to achieve geopolitical power capable of supporting international standing for Arabs. It also includes the necessity of adopting a new and advanced Arab vision in dealing with the ongoing regional and global transformations with depth and investment. The Arab world should have a role in influencing the outcomes of these transformations in a way that serves the highest interests of the Arab people. It calls for the crystallization of an Arab renaissance, a humanitarian and civilized vision that communicates with the countries and peoples of the region. And reconsidering the Palestinian issue as a central issue for the Arabs, as it is an element of consensus between peoples and official regimes. It called for reconsidering Israel as the primary source of threat to the security and stability of the region, especially after the battle of the "Al-Aqsa Flood." It called for adopting a new approach to support the Palestinian people in confronting the Israeli occupation, liberating their land and establishing their independent state on their land, achieving the return of refugees, and exercising their right to selfdetermination. It is to recall the need to formulate a comprehensive, global civilizational vision to achieve international status and role during 2024-2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a historical sociological approach that closely links analysis to common trends in development or the application of sociology to problems by describing history as a field of inquiry and reflection, focusing on what calls for comparison. Addressing such a topic requires a paleontological analysis to determine the geostrategic background of the alliance between imperialism and Zionism: “To think well on political and social fields, one must read well into the historical field.” This study adopts a forceful high-pitched tone, that showcases aggression instead of war, especially since war is related to the use of force between two or more countries, according to Karl Clausewitz, while what Gaza is witnessing is an aggression of a military state against a liberation movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the Al-Aqsa flood process, how it renewed the Palestinian cause by achieving shock and fear, revealing that the two-state solution is based on evasion and deception, due to the lack of an honest partner and mediator. Not to mention, the policy of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at studying the benefits and cost of e-health. In order to find an answer to the questions of the study, asocial survey method is used by researcher, the data of the study are collected according to some methodological Techniques represented in an Interviewing Schedule The findings 0f study show that the degree of awareness of e-health is medium, it also revealed that the degree of using e-health is medium, the study proved also that the cost of e-health is medium, While the study found a low degree of trust in e-health, the study ended with revealing the preference of health service recipients for paper transactions and the resistance of technology to obtain health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have tried, through this research paper, to define the theoretical definition of Islamic banking, its products and conditions for its practice. After familiarizing with the theoretical aspect of it, we tried to give a picture of the reality of the adoption of Islamic banking in Algeria, which is governed by the bank of Algeria regulation No. 02-2020.The study concluded that the inclusion of Islamic banking in the legislative framework of the delay in its issuance. However, he encouraged the generalization of the adoption of Islamic banking within banks, by allowing traditional banks to open windows Islamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the phenomenon of state failure in general, and the Libyan state in particular, by studying the legacy left by Gaddafi regime and its impact on the institutions, which are believed to have become more fragile during his rule. The study discusses how the historical legacy of the Gaddafi regime played a role in the failure of the Libyan state after 2011, and assumes that personal authoritarian regimes such as the Gaddafi regime are the most harmful to state institutions. Given the inability of the ruling elite to restrict the behaviors and decisions of the authoritarian leader, which often aim to prevent the existence of any real institutions that might limit his ability to exercise power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of demonstrating the connection between the image and imagination and its cultural connotations, this research paper revolved around a complex research problem that hinged upon two hypotheses. The first investigated the role of imagination in providing knowledge while the second explored the possibility of yielding cultural knowledge to fictional experiments. In order to confirm the first one, we examined the concept of imagination through different cultural strands that ascertained the fact that it was more than mere shapes decorating a painting. It was rather another insight to unveil the invisible side of the world. We tried to affirm the second hypothesis through exploring the existing cultural tools in artworks. The research findings showed that when the artist abstained from the figurative image, he ventured an unfamiliar world to offer an artistic lesson. This later called for other knowledge areas to analyze, interpret and infer the conceptual connotations of artworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researcher studied in these papers an issue related to the sayings of the interpreters put by Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir - may God have mercy on him in - his interpretation with strangeness, and the research was organized in the introduction and three detectives and a conclusion. As for the introduction, it dealt with the problem of research, previous studies, research methodology and procedures. Then the researcher deliberately explained the method of Al-Hafiz in his statement of strange sayings, and then added to explaining the reasons for the strangeness on which Al-Hafiz Ibn Katheer leaned in describing the explanatory saying with strangeness. He then went to the statement of the status of the strange saying by Ibn Kathir. His research then concluded with the most important findings and recommendations, including: First: The personality of Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir is evident, especially in his description of explanatory statements with strangeness, and the urgent need to study that personality and highlight the critical approach. Second: Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir distinguished in presenting strange interpretative sayings, and explaining the reasons for the strangeness, whether related to the transmission and effect or to the evidence and the reasons for the descent, and the urging to collect these sayings and study them thoroughly. Third: The disparity in the description and judgment of the strange explanatory saying when Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, and the call to compare this with the words of interpreters and investigators from the scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questioning the concepts and clarifying their internal problems is a common matter between theologians and the Arabs before the Islamic Daʿwah. It is the basis of the Almighty’s revelation. It is to work with meanings in a way that reflects the characteristics of thought amongst the Arabs, indicating that Arab-Islamic philosophical discourses regarding boundaries are not simply due to the exposure to Greek philosophy or others. Second, it indicates that the Arabic language was fully mature and ready when called upon to contain the concepts of the new religion in general, and the concept of God at its highest levels of abstraction in particular. This is what the paper addresses by looking at the science of theology as a whole, and at the concept of time transformation according to Al-Kindi, in order to clarify the relationship between before and after the Daʿwah in terms of thought and its mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the faltering experience of democratic transition in Morocco, by recalling the historical contexts in which constitutional deliberation was raised, especially after announcing that human rights violations will be overlooked and a “rotation government” will be installed. The paper will identify the weaknesses that prevent the completion of conditions necessary for reforms and the establishment of democratic institutions. The study is mainly concerned with tracking the stages of political and constitutional reforms, the progress of demands since independence until the amendment of the 2011 Constitution, reciting the turning points in the history of political conflicts between the royal authority and the opposition forces, and analyzing the major outcomes that resulted, whether in terms of the specificity of the approaches and the proposed exits to liquidate the legacy of the authoritarian past, towards adopting institutional consensuses and approaches to implementing transitional justice and a controlled democratic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent development and social justice in any country is linked to the nature of the ruling class in it and the economic and social policies that this class usually adopts as an expression of its interests, and the extent to which these policies contribute to the productivity of the economy, providing job opportunities, the optimal use of natural and human resources, and ultimately in the equitable distribution of national wealth. This paper discusses development trends in Arab countries, the economic and monetary policies on which these trends are based, the major imbalances that Arab economies suffer from, and the economic and social effects that have resulted from them, which have created a clear disparity in various development indicators between one social group and another in these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the formation of the modern Libyan state and the political, economic, and social transformations that accompanied it, from its independence in 1951 up to the period just before the disintegration of the state and its institutions due to the repercussions of the 2011 uprising. It focuses on the role played by the choices made by the ruling national elites in shaping the modern Libyan state during the two political regimes that governed Libya before the 2011 uprising: the Senussi Kingdom (1951-1969) and the Jamahiriya State (1969-2011). This study aims to test a fundamental hypothesis that the current crisis facing the Libyan state is deeply rooted in the manner in which the modern Libyan state was formed. This process was characterized by the inherent contradiction arising from the imposition of a modern nation-state on Libyan society through colonialism and a long historical trend of weakening the state’s institutional structure at the hands of the ruling political elites within both the monarchy and the Jamahiriya state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]