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ملخص عاش رجال قبيلة الخصم في أنحاء مختلفة من الجزيرة العربية وكانوا في كثير من الأحيان مشركين قبل الإسلام. ومع ظهور الإسلام أسلموا تدريجياً وأخيراً في السنة التاسعة للهجرة، فآمنوا بالنبي وشاركوا مع النبي في الغزوات وحج الوداع، وبعد وفاة النبي شاركوا في معارك وفتوحات مختلفة، وكان لكل منها دور كبير في أحداث التاريخ. إحدى طرق التعرف على المشاهير هي تقديمهم على شكل نص لأن كل قبيلة تُعرف باسم مشاهيرها في التاريخ. المشاهير دائمًا يحتفظون بأسمائهم في التاريخ وتساعد سيرهم الذاتية على تعزيز ثقافتهم الأصلية والقبلية. تعزز مراجعة سيرتهم الذاتية الثقافة الأصلية والقبلية. وتوضيح دورهم في الماضي يساعدنا على تقسيم المشاهير إلى ثلاث فئات: مشاهير سياسيون، مشاهير ثقافيون ودينيون، مشاهير سياسيون عسكريون كانوا في الغالب قادة حروب وأيضا كان لديهم القدرة والموهبة الحربية. وكان مشاهير الثقافة من الشعراء والكتبة. والثالث هم مشاهير الدين والمحدثون في ذلك الوقت. جميع الفئات الثلاث من هؤلاء المشاهير تشاهد بين رجال قبيلة الخصام الذين اختلف أداءهم حسب اختلاف الرؤية والعائلة ومكان الإقامة واهتماماتهم الاجتماعية

Situational prevention seeks to identify the external factors contributing to criminal behavior, separate from the characteristics of the perpetrator. Similarly, environmental prevention focuses on designing suitable living, working, and social environments to deter criminal acts. Violence against women is an area of significant concern that can benefit from these preventive measures. This study aims to investigate the presence of situational and environmental preventive measures addressing violence against women in international instruments, Iranian law, and legal doctrine. By examining and analyzing these measures, the article proposes practical and implementable recommendations derived from the aforementioned instruments and theories. The research methodology employed is a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library research. The findings highlight that Iranian law, reputable international instruments, and legal doctrine exhibit a strong commitment to protecting women's rights, preventing various forms of violence against women, and mandating actions to address such violence. As a result, specialized forums have taken steps to address this global issue through the formulation of regulations and the proposal of practical and implementable measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Dyspnea and respiratory problems are the most common complications of the covid-19 disease. On the other hand, an effective solution to reduce respiratory complications and prevent weakness caused by hospitalization is respiratory rehabilitation. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to determine the effect of breathing exercises on the respiratory symptoms of patients with covid-19. Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial study that was conducted on 72 patients with covid-19 after being discharged from the hospital. Patients were randomly assigned into two intervention groups (36 individuals) and a control (36 individuals). The intervention group received a booklet of breathing exercises and training on how to perform diaphragmatic breathing and lip bud breathing through WhatsApp software. For a period of six weeks, telephone follow-up was done twice a week (in the first four weeks) and once a week (in the second two weeks) to perform breathing exercises and to receive a self-reporting checklist of breathing exercises. The control group received routine care and education after discharge. Demographic information questionnaires and the Borg Dyspnea Scale were used to collect data. Two groups completed the data before and after the end of the intervention. Results: Findings revealed that the mean and standard deviation of the severity of dyspnea before the intervention in the intervention group was 4.61 ± 0.9 and in the control group was 4.14 ± 0.83. After the intervention, it was 2.47 ± 0.56 in the intervention group and 3.67 ± 0.75 in the control group, which shows a decrease in shortness of breath with an average difference of 2.13 between the two groups. Therefore, the effect of breathing exercises on the improvement of respiratory symptoms was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Breathing exercises play an important role in improving the rate of dyspnea in discharged patients with covid-19. Therefore, it is recommended to teach breathing exercises before discharge to patients with covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungemia is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in immunocompromised patients. Currently, blood culture is the gold standard method which used to detect the fungemia and identify the causative pathogen. Isolation of pathogens from blood is very important for doing antimicrobial susceptibility tests and prescribing the appropriate drugs. From the past until now, several new blood culture systems for detection of fungemia have been introduced. In the past decades, aerobic venting broth based media was the best way to isolate yeast from blood. After that, biphasic medium include enrich media such as brain heart infusion broth and agar used successfully to increase yield of yeast from blood. The next significant step to isolate thermally dimorphic fungi from blood as well as yeast, was using of lysis-centrifugation system. In this system blood placed into a tube with anticoagulant and lytic agent, and after centrifuge, the pellet culture on several appropriate solid media. Recently several continuous monitoring blood culture systems developed. In some of these systems including BACTEC series system, growth of organisms causes decrease in oxygen concentration and detect by a sensor which is at the bottom of each vial. In some blood culture system, growth can detect by fluorescence caused by shining UV light on the sensor at the bottom of the bottle. This review will focus on the several strategies to improve recovery of fungi from blood in blood culture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen responsible for health-care-related infections. This study was done to determine the prevalence of Meticilin - resistant Staphylococcus isolated from hand and nasal of hospital health worker. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 148 health workers in teaching hospitals in Sari, northern Iran during 2011-12. Samples were collected from fingers and noses and were cultured on mannitol salt agar immediately. Suspected colonies were identified using Gram staining, catalase and coagulase tests. Susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Methicillin resistant strains were determined using micro dilution broth method. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was observed in 24 (16.2%) of individuals. 9.5% of population was resistant to Methicillin. The high portions of Staphylococcus aureus carreier were in the operation room, angiography and internal pediatric ward health worker. Methicillin Staphylococcus aureus resistanat were more common in nasal samples of the operation room personal and angiography ward health worker. All strains were sensitive to Vancomycin and Chloramphenicol and resistant to Penicillin and Amoxicillin. Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of the Staphylococcus.aureus in teaching hospitals health worker was low while Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin was higher than other reports in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes and late complications of open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in the treatment of morbid obesity. Methods: Over a 15 year-period between May 1997 and May 2012, we reviewed our experiments with 39 patients who underwent open gastric bypass for morbid obesity. The weight of the patient and surgical complications were recorded. Ideal weight, body mass index, weight loss and excess weight loss were calculated. Results: The follow up period ranged from 6 to 180 months with a mean of 100 months after operation. Average weight loss was 3.9 and 0.28 kg per month during the first and second years after operation weight loss was slower from the third year onwards. Weight loss generally was stabilized between 12 and 18 months after operation. Only one patient (2.6%) had a weight loss failure criterion. Concomitant condition existed in 14 patients (48.2%) of our series. These included hypertension in 3 cases (10.3%) that was resolved in 100%, diabetes mellitus in 4 (13.7%) that was resolved in 75%, cholelithiasis in 7 cases (24.1%) that was resolved by cholecystectomy during the operation. There was no early postoperative death. Early complications occurred in 2 patients (5.1%), including pulmonary embolism (2.6%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (2.6%). The late complications occurred in 7 patients (17.9%) involved 2 patients with anastomotic stricture at the gastrojejunostomy (5.1%), One patient with symptomatic cholelithiasis (2.6%), three patient with anemia (7.7%), and one patient had Wernicke 's disease who died of this complication (2.6%). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery is an effective procedure in the treatment of morbid obesity with minimal late complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the time man observed his picture in the water, mirror has entered both man's spiritual and material life. The role of mirror has undergone a lot of changes, ranging from foretelling to its use by barbers in different situations, to its use as warfare, mystic allegories, literal metaphors and historical narrations such as Alexander Mirror located in Alexandria. The present study aims to investigate the application of mirror in medicine in the past. Based on authentic traditional medical texts such as the Canon of Medicine (Avicenna) and Zakhireh (Treasure of) Kharazmshahi, a specific kind of mirror, called copper mirror or china (Chinese) mirror, was used to cure Bell palsy. In this article, we have investigated this specific type of therapy and have shown that china (Chinese) mirror, which has been referred to in some newer texts for the treatment of Bell palsy and some think it is made in China or maybe made of china, is, in fact, the very copper mirror mentioned in the older texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may been associated with higher risk of cardiac events during this procedure. The goal of this study was to compare high dose atorvastatin therapy with low dose atorvastatin therapy 24 hours before PCI to a reduction in Peri- percutaneous coronary intervention myocardial infarction. Methods: One hundred ninety patients with stable angina were enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial study. All patients received low dose atorvastatin. The patients scheduled for elective PCI were randomized to atorvastatin (80 mg/d, n=95) or placebo (n=95) within 24 hours before the procedure. Creatine kinase-MB, troponin I, and high sensitive C- reactive protein levels were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 hours after the procedure. PCI related myocardial infarction was defined as increasing of Creatine kinase-MB or troponin I three times compared with values before procedure. Results: Myocardial infarction was detected after coronary intervention in 4.2% of patients in the atorvastatin group and in 13.7% of those in the placebo group (P=0.022). Mean of changed levels of Creatine kinase-MB (0.7±0.5 versus 3.3±1.9 ng/mL, P<0.001), troponin I (0.1±0.2 versus 0.4±0.7 ng/mL, P=0.052) and hs-CRP (0.1±0.5 versus 1±0.9 ng/mL, P<0.001) were significantly lower in the statin than in the placebo group. Conclusion: Pretreatment with high dose atorvastatin within 24 hours before elective percutaneous coronary intervention significantly reduces procedural myocardial infarcttion in elective coronary intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. The relationship between ABO blood groups and main risk factors of CVD is unknown. So this study was designed to investigate whether there is an association between ABO blood groups and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy population. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, risk factors screening for CVD on 2920 healthy individuals of Golestan province in 2005 were estimated by a questionnaire that aimed to extract information about age, sex, physical activity, smoking, blood group type, weight, height, blood pressure and family history of CVD. Data were analyzed with SPSS13 and by using Chi Square and ANOVA tests. Results Out of the total number of 2920, 57.4% were male, 70% inactive, 14% smoker, 25% hypertensive, 23% obese, and 21% had family history of CVD with the mean age of 41.52 ± 12.317. Blood groups O (32.9%), A (30.1%), B (23.3%) and AB (13.7%) were the most frequent ones, respectively. Amongst cardiac risk factors, it was only the frequency of family history of CVD that varies across different blood groups, and individuals with A blood group reported to have a more frequent family history of CVD as compared with other blood groups. Conclusions These findings illustrate amongst cardiovascular risk factors only family history of CVD as having a significant correlation with ABO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With human society developments, health systems encounter with new needs that should be met. Considering the fact that customers compare the quality of services with their expectations, we conducted this study to find out the gap between client expectations and perceptions from the quality of primary health services in Gorgan health center. Material and Methods: In this analytical survey, 225 primary health services recipients in Gorgan were studied via stratified random sampling. SERVQUAL questionnaire was used for measuring expectations and perceptions about the quality of services in five dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 16 using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test. Results: The client's age ranged between 14-57 years and the females formed 89.7 present of the participants. The difference between expectations and perceptions about the quality of primary health services was statistically significant (P<0.05). We found the maximum gap in reliability dimension (-1.47) and minimum gap in tangibles dimension (-1.11). In 22 items of the questionnaire, the maximum and minimum gaps were found in the staff's belief about the effectiveness of services and staff appearance, respectively. Conclusion: There was a considerable quality gap in all dimensions. Because of the shortage in equipment and resources, recognition of the customer's expectations and perceptions could help managers to improve the quality by revising the organizational processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative ileus after appendectomy causes gas storage, distention, nausea, vomiting, and even pain. Gum chewing is one of the ways that can reduce the duration of temporary ileus. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of gum chewing on bowel movements following appendectomy. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was done on 46 patients undergoing appendectomy that were divided into equal treatment and control groups. The treatment group chewed gum three times, each time for 20 minutes, 4, 10 , and 18 hours after recovery from anesthesia. The control group, however, did not receive any special treatments. The bowel sounds were monitored every two hours using stethoscope. Also, through running interviews with two hour intervals, data were collected regarding the first passage of flatus and defecation. Data were analyzed through SPSS and t-test. Results: On average, the first bowel sounds in treatment and control groups were, respectively, heard at 2.08±0.41 and 3.13±1.45 hours, whereas gas passage in treatment and control groups was reported at 26.8±14.59 and 50.08±13.92 hours, respectively. Also, the first defecation in the treatment group occurred at 18.91±10.77 hour but in the control group this happened at 29.21±12.11 hour. Based on these observations, a significant difference was seen between the two groups in terms of the test results (p=0.002). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that chewing gum can help bowel movements after appendectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lead (Pb) brings about a variety of cognitive, mental, renal, and blood system disorders by inducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to compare blood and urine parameters in the workers exposed to Pb and zinc (Zn) with those in the control group. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a total number of 134 subjects. The case group included 67 male workers with the age range of 22-65 who had at least worked a minimum of one work shift for two years in the Zn-Pb mine located in the southwest of Arak, Iran. Control subjects consisted of 67 farmers of a village near the mine who had no history of occupational exposure to Pb, Zn, and other metals. Mental disorders were evaluated through the standard Scl-90-R while cognitive disorders were evaluated via the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Results: The mean level of blood and urine parameters did not reveal significant differences between the two groups. The mean scores of physical complaints, anxiety, and aggression scales were significantly higher in the case group than the control (p<0.05), whereas the mean scores on MMSE did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The oxidative stress of Pb led to mental disorders; as a result, the mine workers suffered from more psycho- pathology and are in need of greater care. Due to the impacts of Pb and Zn, the proper use of safety equipments and taking daily showers can reduce the risk of absorption of toxic agents and their subsequent hazards for workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inappropriate feeding is one of the major causes of malnutrition in children. This study was carried out to get an insight into mothers' views and beliefs about the role of complementary feeding in children under the age of two. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, data were collected through 11 focus-group discussions (FGDs) with mothers, who had children under the age of two, in urban and rural areas of Damavand in 2007. Each FGD was held in the presence of a moderator, two note takers, and an observer. At the end of field work, all notes were collected and coded according to the objectives of the study. Then the subgroups for each objective were obtained, and emerging themes were extracted and reported. Results: In the study, six general themes were identified:(1) The mothers viewed complementary feeding as simple, soft, light foods which are especially made for children; (2) the best time for introducing complementary feeding was 6 months of age; (3) there were no complementary local foods in Damavand; (4) for children under the age of one, a different type of food was separately prepared; (5) home-made complementary food was preferred over the ready made type, and (6) children were fed with table food from the first year of life. Conclusion: Despite their sufficient knowledge about the advantages of complementary feeding, the majority of mothers, due to some socio-cultural limitations, had a weak performance. In this regard, in addition to making revisions in current training programs and protocols, providing effective and goal-oriented educational programs for mothers and others who take care of children is strongly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: One of the most important part of management and modification of CAD risk factor is to control the level of plasma lipid profile. Application of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patient with CAD could decrease the level of CHL, TG, LDL and increasing of HDL .There are a lot of studies that discuss the effect of rehabilitation on different people with different races and life style. Material and Methods: Thirty six patients with the age (40-75) who were referred by cardiologist participated in this study. Fast walking on treadmill, biking on stationary bicycle and cycling with upper body ergometer were chosen as aerobic exercises. For assessing the short term and long term effects of this protocol, blood sampling were taken at three stages; before exercise initiation, after 12 and 24 sessions of exercise. Results: Following the cardiac rehabilitation protocol, the level of CHL, LDL and the ratio of LDL/HDL and CHL/HDL decreased significantly. Conclusion: Cardiac rehabilitation could be used as means to improve lipid profile level in blood serum, prevention of cardiovascular disease and reducing mortality and morbidity rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high number of criminal dossier due to the limitations of the judiciary, both in terms of manpower and credit, and in terms of time, leads to inflation of the dossier and double pressure on judicial authorities and issuing wrong decisions, which prolongs the investigation process. Thus, in the legal systems of different countries, alternatives to criminal process have emerged over the last three decades to control the overcrowding and speed up the criminal response to petty crimes. In these alternative processes, the prosecutor enters into negotiations directly with the perpetrator, and after admitting their guilt and taking certain actions specified by the prosecutor, leads to the cessation of the public prosecution and the resolution of the case at the stage of the prosecution. In this regard, the leading research with a descriptive-analytical (critical) approach has examined the position of alternatives to public prosecution in the two legal systems of Iran and France. In the end, it was conclude that the Iranian legislature does not have a systematic and clear position on alternatives to public prosecution of natural and legal persons. According to the comparative study, it has been suggested that, considering the principle of the necessity of prosecution, more trust be placed in the prosecutors and that the mentioned alternatives be enacted in a separate chapter with the goals predetermined in the criminal code.

Background and purpose: Widespread use of pesticides in public health and agriculture has caused environmental pollution and increased risk of acute human poisonings. Diazinon is one of the most prevalent organophosphate pesticide (OPCs) in the world. Several studies suggest that organophosphate compounds cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Materials and methods: This study was performed on male Wistar rats weighing 200-250gr. The animals were randomly divided into 15 groups. Then, IP injection of diazinon, L-carnitine, and selenium was done for four weeks. Twenty four hours after last injection, the animals received ketamine anesthesia and liver tissue was removed and glutathione (GSH) levels were determined using Elman method. Results: The findings showed that diazinon decreased glutathione level, while L-carnitine in a dose-dependent manner increased GSH levels. Selenium at a dose of 0.5 mg /kg resulted in a significant increase in GSH level compared with diazinon alone (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Selenium and L-carnitine improve the body's antioxidant status against OPCs such as diazinon. Moreover, through increasing GSH levels they could have a role in detoxification of free radicals caused by diazinon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]