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his research analytical study aims to explore the linguistic levels in Arafah sermons, In light of Ducrot and Anscombre's theory, and examines how these sermons address the argumentative ladder. The study began with an overview that defined the topic, its significance, and its inquiries, followed by an explanation of Ducrot and Anscombre's theory. The first research was about the linguistic levels of argumentation in the contexts of Arafah sermons, then the second research was about the contexts of Arafah sermons through the logical levels of pilgrims, and the third research was about the argumentative scale of Arafah sermons, then the conclusion, which included results and recommendations, then a list of sources and references. The research has adopted the deliberative approach to analyze the speeches of Arafah. The research uncovered the key findings: argumentation is a foundational theory used in variousdisciplines like jurisprudence, logic, rhetoric, language, etc. Ducrot and Anscombre's argumentation theory emphasizes that language is primarily used for argumentation and secondarily for conveying information, with speakers intending to inform. And that argumentation occurs through interconnected linguistic sequences that create semantic blocks that are capable of producing argumentation.. The study revealed that Arafah's sermons were full of reasoning, questions, and outcomes, He also showed the use of the argumentative ladder by the preachers on the Day of Arafah, and their interest in it to perform the persuasive function. The researcher urges researchers to conduct corresponding studies on major blogs such as holiday and Friday sermons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research to include a statement of the link between the science of the origins of interpretation and the science of the origins of jurisprudence through three sections that were the subject of extracting the sources of the relationship between them. On one hand based on terms of a scientific title of the origins of jurisprudence and origins of interpretation. Then through the point of view of the concept and scientific purposes of origins of jurisprudence and origins of interpretation. The last one through the point of view of the scientific construction of the origins of jurisprudence and origins of interpretation. In the introduction we started with the origins of jurisprudence before the origins of interpretation do to the precedence of the science of jurisprudence in blogging over the origins of interpretation. The aim of the research was to answer a basic question: What is the relationship between origins of jurisprudence “Usul al-Fiqh” and origins of interpretation “Usul al-Tafsir”? The answer was according to the aforementioned investigations. By knowing this relationship, the science of the origins of interpretation may be liberated in its subjects and topics. The method used in the research was the inductive-analytical method, including the descriptive method. One of the most prominent results of this research was that the emergence of the science of origins of interpretation was consistent with the emergence of origins of jurisprudence. Another important result is that the relationship between the science of the origins of jurisprudence and the science of the origins of interpretation is not a part relationship with each of all sides. But, on the fact, that the Qur’an is the first guide studied by the origins of jurisprudence. As for the investigations, objectives, and topics, the science of origins of interpretation is broader and more general than the science of origins of jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Alama / Al-ՙalāmaẗ is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research attempted to investigate the semantic effect resulting from the synergy or merging of the lexical and contextual meanings to clarify intents. With the aim of reaching the intent of the analyst, the book Sharh Al-Radhiy ‘alaa Kaafiat Ibn Al-Haajib as a linguistic reading blog was used. The objective of the study was determined by tracing the two lexes (meaning) and (denotation) besides their derivatives in the book in a pursuit to elaborate the different meanings contained in it. To this end, the research was divided into a general introduction and a brief preface that talked about the debatable relationship between lexis and meaning, in addition to two parts where the first section is concerned with meaning and its derivatives (I mean, it means...), and the second which is concerned with denotation and its derivatives (signifier, signification, it signifies). At the end of the study, a number of results were reached at, with the most important being that Al-Radhiy made use of the word (meaning) in different usages, some being lexical and the others being contextual, in which the intents of speech and the aims of the discourse are clearly manifested. These usages carry the following meanings: signification, the lexical meaning, manifestation of terminology, and interpretation. Further, he used the word (denotation) in the book having the sense of (meaning) to some extent, implying (indication) often, and inferring (evidence) rarely. Moreover, the research refuted the use of the ancient Arab grammarians of denotation as being the meaning, and to their view of the former as synonymous to the latter. This is due to the fact that their use of it in the sense of (meaning) on the one hand, and on the other hand in the sense of the denotation causes a lot of ambiguity and vagueness. And perhaps it does not at present conform with the rules of terminology that stipulate the use of a single term to denote a single concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The scholars of Islam have many books on the subject of the t Beautiful Names of Allah. These books dealt with the topic of the Beautiful Names with different approaches. In this article, we will seek to classify them with reference to the most important features of them. It has become clear that the most important works on the subject of the Beautiful Names of Allah, which were written by the pens of previous scholars, were written according to main three approaches that we can call: the approach of the people of language, the approach of the people of narration, and the approach of the people of behavior. In our present age, most of the writings on the subject of the Beautiful Names of Allah have followed the same methods as the predecessors. But we can exclude one of the blogs written by a contemporary thinker, for it was written with a method that we can call the Qur'anic method. The article will discuss as well the most important issues that were mentioned in the books of kalam on the subject of the Beautiful Names of Allah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research paper examines the problem of the enemy and the Internet, with an explanation of the concept of the enemy and its characteristics and identification of its forms and mechanisms in light of the technological revolution that clearly contributed to the change that occurred in the concept itself. And the developments that took place at the level of freedom of opinion and expression, especially after the Arab Spring revolutions that erupted in order to demand freedom, justice and democracy in the Arab region. Therefore, the researcher focused through this study to highlight the dialectic of the relationship between the Internet as a communication medium on the one hand, and the enemy or network ghost, on the other hand, For this purpose, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, where the study reached substantial results, the most important of which is that the Internet has a strategic role in the emergence of the hidden face of the enemy and in destabilizing the foundations of the existing political systems. On this basis, we can explore the role of the Internet and its applications in changing the concept of the enemy in the media of Arab countries, and this requires the formulation of new concepts and approaches in the context of political reform, the democratic margin and the relative freedoms available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Dawat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Dawat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Bahith Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Magazine of Historical Studies & Archaeology is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Thi Qar Arts Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The history of Mosul’s Jews remains mysterious, and this comes due to the scarcity of what was reported about them in history books, translations, and other blogs. This research attempts to shed light on some religious and economic aspects of Mosul’s history in the light of a book you judge for Judah bin Suleiman Al-Harizi, who visited the city of Mosul in the beginnings The seventh century AH / thirteenth century A.D., and the researcher's attempt to track the information he provided in his book came, and the study was divided into two topics, the first focused on the definition of the life of Judah bin Suleiman Al-Harizi, and talking about his books with a focus on a judgment book, while the second dealt with the religious aspects and In response to the Mosul Jews, the researcher decided to follow the method of analysis, comparison and criticism, and the study relied on many studies related to the subject of the research written in English, Hebrew, Arabic and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Other One in the Iraqi Novel " Lalish's Daughters" as an Example This paper tries to investigate the Iraqi novel after the American invasion and ISIS occupation to the Northern Iraq, to portray the Yazidi ego: its struggle and the loss of identity against the other one represented by ISIS (Daesh). The relationship between the ego and the other one in this study is not of that type of binaries such as heritage and modernism, east and west . The novel tells us the pains of the Yazidi ego. It is a witness narrating that period of occupation. The struggle in this novel is not balanced against the question " who am I?" because the other one doesn’t recognize the Yazidi ego. Moreover, the Yazidi ego speech is closed to the Yazidi community and isolated from its surroundings represented by other communities. The novel under investigation represents a good example of Iraqi novel . It is a source of inspiration, a blog to record events and situations that the Yazidi community has undergone. Moreover, it is a portrayal of the Yazidi ideology. It also describes the brutality of the other one against the Yazidi community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Raa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Al-Qadisiya In Arts & Educational Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Languages & Literature / Magallat Gami'at Al-Anbar Li-Lugat Wa-al-Adabl is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journals Eduction for Girls is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The digital media is one of the most important means of information that university students use in their daily lives, whether in the field of study or in the process of communicating with others, knowing news, events and obtaining information, as it is easy to use and accessible to all at the lowest cost. This study sought to know the motives for the use of the Saudi universities’ students of the digital media and the repletion that have been achieved, where I reached a number of results, among the most prominent among them is that the paper journalism did not have a presence in the opinion of the study sample and was not among the uses of university students, where the result (8.5%). This result indicates the loss of the paper journalism to the most important segment of its readers is the universities’ students. The Facebook ranked last in their preferences in the digital media, it is the opposite in previous studies in some Arab countries that have found that college students prefer Facebook more than other social media. I concluded that the digital media meets their needs and that the most important repletion achieved for them is that they made them more educated and with 81% of the sample population, and that it introduced them to various events and issues, and allowed them to acquire new skills that would benefit them in their studies. The most positive advantages were the ease of obtaining information, with a large percentage of 84.4%, and 82.6% felt that its most significant disadvantage is spreading rumors, spreading extremist ideas and imaginary information, and wasting time and spreading racism and leads to laziness. This study found a correlation statistically significant between the intensity of universities’ students use of the digital media and between Twitter, WhatsApp, Snap Chat and Blogs; And the presence of a statistically significant correlation between the motivations of universities’ students using the digital media and the repletion obtained from them, also the absence of a statistically significant correlation between the universities’ students use of the digital media and scientific disciplines, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the ritual motives for the use of the digital media and scientific disciplines, regarding the repletion, the study revealed the absence of a correlation of statistically significant between universities’ students use of the digital media and the type of respondents. This study belongs to the field descriptive research which is interested in the phenomenon's by describe and analyze them. It relies on audience study to reach reliable and accurate results. The study was applied to a simple random sample of its quantity. By 390 students from King Abdul-Aziz University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Qadisiya In Arts & Educational Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study is to illustrate the various challenges facing research in the field of new media, mainly content analysis, sampling, validation of questionnaires, the difficulty of measuring impact, and highlighting the reasons for these difficulties that linked to the specifications of new media compared to conventional media, such as the speed of modification of content, the nature of hypertexts and virtual identities. Finally, the study presents some ways to overcome these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alustath is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Al-Qadisiya In Arts & Educational Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Adab Al-Basrah is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Human Sciences (19922876) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)