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In southern Iraq, the local buffalo holds significant importance as a domestic animal. This study aimed to contribute to the documentation and preservation of buffalo by examining the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the tongue and lingual papillae in adult buffalo aged 1-1.5 years. Six tongue specimens from each buffalo were analyzed to investigate both anatomical and histological features, including the comparison of statistical data between the tongues. The study delineated various lingual papillae on the tongue, revealing the presence of five identifiable types on the tongue surface. Among these, three were categorized as mechanical papillae (filiform, conical, and lenticular), while two were identified as gustatory papillae (vallate and fungiform). Although certain morphological features of the buffalo tongue resembled those of other ruminants, the lingual prominence in buffalo was notably higher and more developed. Notably, there were more mechanical papillae, covered by a thicker, keratinized epithelium. The research concluded that the buffalo's tongue exhibited strength, highlighting its crucial role in food prehension. The buffalo's tongue, characterized by a gray or blackish color, a rounded margin without a median groove, and a sharp, rounded anterior edge, was found to possess distinctive properties contributing to its efficient grasping of food. Overall, the study identified key attributes of the buffalo tongue, shedding light on its potency and its role in facilitating the buffalo's feeding behavior.

This study aimed to determine and evaluate the effect of the g4467 G>A SNP on the expression profile of IFN-γ and miRNA 125b in dairy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with and without hemoparasites. Molecular diagnosis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on 145 buffaloes for Babesia spp., Trypanosoma vivax, and Anaplasma marginale. All buffaloes were investigated for the presence or absence of the polymorphism and genotyped using the restriction enzyme. Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) quantified the expression of IFN-γ and miRNA 125b. All buffaloes were negative for Babesia spp. and A. marginale, and only 12 were positive for T. vivax. The genotypes GG, GA, and AA were found in proportions of 3.4%, 2.1%, and 94.5%, respectively. The A allele was the most frequent (95.5%). The SNP showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P

Interferon-gamma is an important innate immunomodulatory inflammatory cytokine, whose molecular characterization can demonstrate how this gene may or may not be conserved in populations throughout the evolutionary process. Thus, the study aimed to characterize the 3'-UTR of the Interferon gamma gene and determine its expression profile in the ocular conjunctiva of Amazon buffaloes. For this, blood and ocular conjunctival tissue samples were collected from two hundred and five healthy slaughtered buffaloes in the State of Amapa, Brazil. For the conventional polymerase chain reaction, primers for the 3'UTR region of the Interferon-gamma gene were used and the products were purified, sequenced and edited by comparing the corresponding sequences from buffalo species and other domestic, wild and human mammals. They were aligned and compared using genetic similarity analysis and phylogenetic analysis, using Network 5.0 program and MrBayes, version 3.1.2, respectively. Conjunctival samples were submitted to mRNA quantification of the interferon-gamma to profile gene expression relative to the endogenous gene GAPDH and β-ACTIN. The study demonstrates high-level interferon-gamma genetic similarity between ruminants, with a network of haplotypes forming groups of ruminants, primates, carnivores, bats, cetaceans and isolated individuals such as suiformes and rhinos. Ruminants and cetaceans have a close phylogenetic relationship, while there were different evolutionary distances between buffalo and other mammalian species. The interferon-gamma gene was expressed in all animals in relation to endogenous genes. The results served to better understand the immune system of Amazonian buffaloes and to determine the evolutionary profile in relation to other mammalian species.

Objective Advances in next generation sequencing technologies have created the ability to efficiently and economically sequence the whole genome more than ever and provide the opportunity to discover and introduce multiple polymorphisms throughout the genome of organisms. Azeri buffalo is one of the most important breeds of Iran and it is scattered in the north to the northwest of the country and is completely adapted to the environmental conditions of this geographical region. The main purpose of this study is to introduce the genomic diversity of Iranian buffaloes and categorize them. Also, introducing the effects of these variations on different genomic regions of Azeri buffaloes have potential applications in breeding programs. Materials and methods In this study, whole genome sequencing of 5 heads of Azeri buffaloes native to Iran was done by Illumina sequencing platform. Data quality was measured by FastQC software. BWA-MEM software was used for alignment with the reference genome. Finally, the variants were identified using freebayes and the SnpEff program was used to calculate the effects of the variants by mentioning their type, location and number. The alignment result of high quality reads with the reference genome showed that the alignment percentage for all 5 samples was over 97.5%, which indicates the high quality of short reads. The coverage in the sequenced samples was determined between 4x and 12.8x. Results Finally, 76,298,858 million variants were identified, including 57,921,822 SNPs, 6,162,328 indels, 10,534,042 MNPs, and 1,680,666 MIXEDs. Small deletions and insertions with a minimum length of 1 bp, a maximum length of 28 bp and an average of 1.39 bp were identified. From the total number of variants, the highest frequency of variants was observed in intergenic regions, 53,789,879 (62.022 percent), intron 24,003,682 (27.677 percent), respectively, and the variants detected in exons had the lowest number. Conclusions Identification of genome-level variations such as snps, small insertions and deletions, and multinucleotide polymorphisms in different populations are a valuable resource in genetic research and can be useful in locating genomic segments responsible for important economic traits. Also, the large volume of SNPs enables genome-wide association studies in animals. In addition, the genomic variations identified in the present study can be used to develop high-density SNP arrays in Iranian breeds for genetic and breeding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to compare the performance of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Draminski Mastitis Detector (DMD) for monitoring udder health in lactating buffalo. A total of 647 milk samples collected from 145 apparently healthy lactating buffalo cows during the first three months of the lactation period were used in this study. Both DMD and CMT were performed on-farm directly after sampling of the milk. The diagnostic accuracy of CMT and DMD was evaluated by estimating the area under the Receiver-Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) based on a value of 200,000 somatic cells per mL as a cut-point value for an infected quarter detected by direct microscopic somatic cell count. Data analysis showed that 63.76% of CMT results were “Trace” and 99% of DMD readings were greater than 300. The accuracy of CMT and DMD was close to each other; the AUC was 80.1% and 81.4% for CMT and DMD, respectively. The optimal cut-point value for CMT was Trace (T), and 515 for DMD. In conclusion, both CMT and DMD are practical on-farm tests for identifying infected udder in buffalo cows, and the suggested cut-point value for DMD is 515 for buffalo’s milk testing instead of the 300 that was assigned by the manufacturer for cow’s milk.

The study's objective was to investigate the incidence and predisposing factors of mastitis in lactating buffalo cows in the Nineveh governorate. A total of 160 recently calved buffalo cows were followed up in a prospective study during the first three months of lactation. Cases of clinical mastitis (CM) were investigated, and milk was sampled to identify the increase in somatic cell count (SCC) as an indicator of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Several epidemiological factors that can predispose to mastitis were also investigated. The incidence of CM was 9.4%, mostly recorded during the first ten days (4 days on average). The average CM duration per case was 35 ± 4.9 days. Different changes and clinical findings were revealed in milk and affected udder. The incidence of SCM (i.e., SCC > 200,000 per mL) was 83.75%, mostly recorded during the first month of lactation. Furthermore, the odds of SCM were high in winter. The study concluded that the incidence of CM in buffalo cows is very low. The chronic form characterizes CM, SCM is more common than CM, and winter is a predisposing factor for the infection. Examination of several control measures of mastitis is important to improve the production and hygiene of buffalo milk in Nineveh governorate.

The purpose of this study was to investigate bacterial contamination and heavy metal concentrations in 80 samples of raw milk (cow:40 and buffalo:40) gathered from local markets in Baghdad, Iraq. The culture results were classified into ten categories: E. coli was 100% in each cows and buffaloes, Enterobacter Spp 23.75% (25% cow, 22.5% buffalo), Pseudomonas Spp 13.75% (15% cow,12.5% buffalo), Klebsiella Spp 15% (17.5% cow, 12.5% buffalo), Staphylococcus aureus 12.5% (15% cow, 10% buffalo), Staph. epidermidis 5% (for each cow and buffalo), Proteus spp. 10% (12.5% cows, 7.5% buffaloes), E. coli O157 15% (25% cow, 5% buffalo), Yersinia enterocolitica 3.75% (5% cow, 2.5% buffalo) and Salmonella 13.75% (25% cow 2.5% buffalo). The averages of heavy metals concentrations in cow milk samples were (0.62±0.25), (0.25±0.22), (0.31±0.20) and (21±2) mg/kg and in buffalo milk samples were (0.60±0.3), (0.33±0.15), (0.27±0.11) and (18±2.5) mg/kg for Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) respectively. The high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria and metals found in the milk products is a sign of inadequate hygiene and sanitation during milking and post-milking operations, as well as excessive levels of heavy metal pollution in the environment which will affect meat and milk produced by these animals.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease affects all cloven- hoofed animals. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of FMD in Egypt during 2017 and 2018, based on antigenic and genetic characterizations of FMD virus (FMDV). Thirty oral epithelia were collected from vaccinated animals (14 native cattle and 16 water buffaloes) showed clinical signs of FMD in four Egyptian governorates having outbreaks. In all collected samples the antigen detection was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the genetic characterization was done by using conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were constructed for genetic characterization. The obtained results of FMDV antigen detection ELISA indicated that 50% of the examined samples were positive for FMDV and serotyped as serotype O 40%, serotype SAT2 33% and serotype A 27% respectively. RT-PCR confirmed the results of FMDV antigen detection by ELISA. Six amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed for viral protein 1 (VP1) of FMD. Results demonstrated that genotype O was related to East Africa-3 (EA-3) topotype with 12.7% difference from vaccine strain O-IRN-8-2005-Pan-Asia-2. Furthermore, genotype A clustered into Asia topotype with 6% difference from vaccine strain A-IRN-1-2005. Meanwhile genotype SAT2 in 2018 was related to VII topotype but it was in close relation with strains isolated from Libya in 2012 with 94.3% amino acid identity that differ from the previously circulated SAT2 since 2012 and recorded recently in Egypt. The presented results confirmed the circulation of a new topotype of serotype SAT2.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various postpartum disorders on subsequent reproductive performance in Iraqi cow buffaloes. The data were collected from 172 buffaloes within private dairy buffaloes herd. In this study, the diagnosis and treatment of the affected cases with postpartum disorders (Retained placenta, puerperal metritis, uterine prolapse and vaginal prolapse) contributed in the data collection based on the parity, calving time and reproductive parameters (days to first estrus, open days, service per conception, intervals between estrus and calving interval). Cow buffaloes were divided according to their postpartum disorders into 5 groups: first group (healthy), second group (retained placenta), third group (puerperal metritis), forth group (uterine prolapse) and fifth (vaginal prolapse). The results of this study showed that a total of 74.42% of the cow buffaloes had normal post-partum and open days 121.9 days with resumed ovarian cyclic activity within 77.41 days, increased incidence of G2, G3, G4 and G5 were 9.88, 6.97, 6.97, 5.23 and 3.48%, respectively. Open days were significantly longer in buffaloes in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 compared to healthy group. In conclusions, early postpartum disorders manifested by increased days to first estrus, calving interval, days open and service per conception were longer than healthy cases in the Iraqi cow- buffaloes.

The heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) has important roles in protecting cells and keeping them alive when exposed to different stress conditions. The polymorphism of the hsp 70 gene could be linked with the ability of stress tolerance. This study aimed to determine the polymorphism of the hsp 70 gene in Iraqi buffaloes and study bits effects on the resistance to stress. This study was conducted during from November 2018 to February 2019. The number of buffalo females used was 35 at the age of 4 - 6 years, which belonged to the local farmers from Basra city, Iraq. The DNA was extraction from the blood samples then the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed. The DNA sequences were analyzed by using bioinformatics analysis. The results of the molecular analysis showed that there were two groups of the hsp 70 gene as a compare with the same genes in GenBank due to silent and missense mutations. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Iraqi buffaloes have adapted to the surrounding environmental conditions as a result of the action of HSP 70 proliferation. The hsp 70 gene was a useful biomarker of stress tolerance in buffaloes.

Babesia is one of hemoprotozoan parasite transmitted by arthropod vectors which responsible for causing of Babesiosis disease in bovine worldwide. The present study was designed for microscopic identification, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia species in buffalo from slaughter house in Al-Najaf city of Iraq. The study performed in three months of summer season (August into September 2017) and animals ages and sex were included in this study. The direct microscopic prevalence results were show highest prevalence of haemoprotozoa prevalence at Babesia sp. 45.74%. The prevalence of Babesia sp. related to animal sex, were show in male 43.48% and female was 52%, with non-significant differences. The Prevalence of Babesia sp. related to age were show 12.50%, 92.86% and 30% in young, adult and old age respectively with significant differences (PBabesia sp. related to month of study were show. 28.57%, 62.50% and 42.86 in August, September and October respectively and with non-significant differences. Molecular study results were based on PCR and DNA sequencing method by phylogenetic tree analysis (MEGA 6.0) and NCBI-BLAST Homology Sequence Identity to differentiation Babesia species typing. The Babesia species prevalence results were show identified two Babesia species, high prevalence of Babesia bovis (38.30%) were closed related to NCBI-Blast Babesia bovis (HQ264126.1) with homology sequence identity 97-100% and Babesia bigemina 7.45% were closed related to NCBI-Blast Babesia bigemina (KU206291.1) with homology sequence identity 95-99%, then 43 Babesia species includes (B. bovis and B. bigemina) were submitted into NCBI-Genbank and provided accession numbers (MH503811-MH503853). In conclusion, this study concluded that Phylogenetic tree and homology sequences identity was show accurate in differentiation of Babesia species, and these species can be isolated at from local water buffalo from slaughter house in Al-Najaf city, of Iraq.

Contributing to bridging the food gap and achieving food security for animal protein from red meat is a priority, especially in light of the increased demand for red meat, the low percentage of bank financing for livestock activities in Egypt, the high bank interest rates on livestock loans, and the problems of subsidized interest lending. In addition to an increase in the number of imported calves. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the productive farms for fattening calves financed by the Agricultural Bank of Egypt, and the study relied on two main data sources: the first is secondary data published by the central agency for public mobilization and statistics, the ministry of agriculture and land reclamation, and the data of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations FAO, And others unpublished from the governorate information and decision-making center and other sources closely related to the subject of the study, and secondly: initial data from a questionnaire that was collected through personal interviews with educators. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis, and the ex-post evaluation approach was used, the calculation of indicators of economic efficiency and productivity, the benefits and costs of the project, the sensitivity analysis, the calculation of commercial costs and the calculation of the added value of these production capacities. The total costs per kilogram reached (LE/kg) 44.74, 46.29 and 46.77, respectively, as it was found that the lowest cost is the large farm. This may be due to the increase in the net weight of the head in this capacity, and the net profit/head was(LE/ head) 2230, 2405, 458, and the net profit/kg was (LE/kg) 5.44, 6.11, 1.21 and the product incentive reached 11.6.%, 12,4%, and 2,6% for each capacity, respectively, while the product margin amounted to (LE/farmer) 2,26, 2,21,-0,77, respectively. By measuring the impact of risks on the values of economic efficiency and productivity indicators, in terms of an increase in the purchase price of calves by 5%, an increase in the purchase price of corn by 10%, a decrease in the average live weight of calves by about 5%, and an increase in the interest rate on external financing by 14% for the first and medium capacity and by an increase of 7%. 5% for the small capacity, and a 5% decrease in the sale price of calves. It was found that one of the highest impacts of these risks is the increase in the interest rate on external financing by 14% on the value of the total cost index/live kg by about (LE/kg) 48.82, 50.48, 48.96, with a change rate of 9%, 9.06%, 68.4%, and the impact on the value of the net profit index by about (LE/head) 555, 727, 68, -373, 78, with a change of -75.11%, -69.74%. It affected the value of the net profit index / kg live weight by(LE/kg) 1.35, 1.82, -0.98, with a change rate of -75.11%, -69.74%, - 181.53%, and an impact on the value of the product incentive index by about(LE/ kg) 2.88%, 3.75%, -2.14% with a change rate of -75.11%,-69.74%). -181.53%, and an impact on the value of the product margin by(LE/ kg) -1.82, -1.98, -2.96 with a change rate of -180.65%, -190%, -282.64%, for the three capacities, respectively. By measuring the social return resulting from the added value achieved, which is represented in the amount of safe national live meat produced, which contributes to self-sufficiency and limitation of import and its impact on the national economy, providing job opportunities and other benefits, the effect of which appears in the form of a material addition to these projects, affected by it. Society and the environment. By measuring the potential for expansion, which represents idle capacity estimated at about 301,572 thousand head, and the amount of meat is estimated at about 119,724 thousand tons of live weight, and the job opportunities that operate until the quantity produces about 3,451 million working days, represent annual job opportunities estimated at about 9,455 thousand job opportunities and t he added value of this number is estimated at (billion LE) 5,166. Among the obstacles facing the producers of the field study sample are: the frequency of more than once with the bank, the length of time to obtain the loan, the lack of seriousness of insurance on the heads, the unavailability and high prices of concentrated feed, the high cost of veterinary supervision, especially for breeders with small production capacity, and the difficulty of obtaining fattening heads with high food conversion rates, and difficulty in selling and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal & Poultry Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present work was design to study the anatomical features and radiographic appearance of auricle and external acoustic meatus of cattle and buffalo, collected from (12) sample of heads were used in this study, there were equally divided into three groups: first group to study the shape, position and relation of cartilage, muscles and ligament of auricle in both animals, second group to study the measurements of external acoustic meatus, and the third group study morphological and radiographical of external acoustic meatus in both animal, the study revealed that the auricle is a flapy flashy appendage attached to the side of the skull by muscles and ligaments, the auricle is funnel shape, distally is wide open, but more proximally, it is rolled up to form a tube that bend medially to be connected to the external acoustic meatus, the auricle in both animals is composed of three cartilage: the part auricular, scutiform and annular cartilage also auricular muscle and ligament which support the external ear. The result of this study shows that intrinsic auricular muscles is more developed in buffalo, while the greater parts of the extrinsic auricular muscles are developed in both animals. The present work shows that the frontoauricular muscles are distinguish into two parts in buffalo and cattle on the other hand the interscutularis muscle thin fibers and attached with scutuloauricularis prefunds muscle in buffalo, also the parotidauriculares narrower and thicker in cattle, but a ribbon -like muscle thin and wide in buffalo. The external acoustic meatus begins where the rolled up part of the annular cartilage narrows and ends, the meatus has cartilaginous and osseous parts it is lined with skin the study provided that acoustic meatus about 5.667±0.0816 cm of length in cattle and 6.500± 0.126 cm in buffalo, the aim of present work is to report more detailed information about the auricle and meatus in both animal for value importment can easily examined by the speculum the shortness of the meatus should be courses of the risk of injuring of the tympanic membrane and to be able to pass the otoscope tube through the external meatus and to recognize the eardrum when it is seen, to know the surgical anatomy of auricle and acoustic meatus and to know the relationship of vessels and nerve that must be avoid during surgery and to be able to recognize all parts of the temporal bone on radiographs.

Ninety-three of grossly normal buffalo genital tracts were under taken in this study. The mean length, width, thickness, and weight of the ovary devoicing functional Corpus Luteum (CL) were 2.39±0.77 cm, 1.55±0.46 cm, 1.19±0.31 cm and 3.12±2.11 gm, respectively, and 2.139±0.65 cm, 1.23±0.3 cm and 3.14±1.86 gm, for the left one respectively. The mean length, width, thickness and weight of right ovary containing functional CL were 2.61±0.52 cm, 1.59±0.45 cm, 1.53±0.24 cm and 4.79±1.59 gm respectively, and 2.88±0.60 cm, 2.34±0.38 cm, 1.48±0.15 cm and 5.54±1.23 gm for the left one respectively. The mean diameter of the largest six follicles located on the right ovary was 1.42±0.19 cm, and 1.41±0.1 cm of six follicles on left ovary. The mean length of prominent part of the 15 functional CL found on the right ovary was 0.57±0.17 cm and it was 0.57±0.21 cm on the left one, while the mean length and weight of those 15 functional CL of the right ovary were 1.151±0.18 cm and 1.31±0.52 gm, and on the left ovary they were 1.73±0.93 cm and 1.7±0.57 gm. The mean length, diameter and number of caruncles of the right uterine horns were 23.76±8.14 cm, 2.12±0.6 cm and 84.63±13.62 respectively, and they were 23.34±7.96 cm, 2.10±0.58 cm and 84.12±13.27 of the left horns respectively. The mean length and numbers of uterine body caruncles were 1.37±0.75 cm and 6.27±1.92 the mean length, diameter and number of annular rings of cervix were 5.33±0.96 cm, 2.58±0.64 cm and 4.7±0.61, respectively.