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This research studies the legitimacy of a phenomenon that has spread a lot nowadays and becomes a profession for many people: that is selling currencies and other commodities in the black market. This topic is of great importance since it sheds light on an issue closely related to people's economic relations they experience in their daily lives. The research aims to know the rules and regulations that govern the black market trade in Islamic jurisprudence. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method. The study consisted of a preface dealing with the definition of the concept of the black market, and two topics, the first topic deals with the decisions (by a judge) on currency exchange in the black market, and the second topic included the decision (by a judge) on selling goods in the black market. The research concluded that the black market is prohibited by the authorities, and that trading of currencies should be subjected to the law, the government decisions and Sharia rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to highlight the role of Algerian economic diplomacy through the agreements concluded by Algeria in this field and its contribution to diversifying the partners with which it deals. The performance of the foreign trade sector during the period from 2012 to 2018 in terms of exports, imports, and the geographical distribution of these exchanges, based on the statistics of the National office of Statistics. The study showed a number of results, the most important of which was that the role of Algerian economic diplomacy in diversifying the partners it deals with in the field of commercial exchanges is very weak, as the European Union countries control the total commercial transactions of Algeria by rates of more than 50%, whether in terms of exports or imports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administration & Economics (57942221) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al- Mouhakiq Al-Hilly Journal for Legal & Political Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al- Mouhakiq Al-Hilly Journal for Legal & Political Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Economics & Social Sciences is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The change has a direct impact on currency exchange rates, as the stability of the exchange rate which is one of the priorities of pricing policy in different countries in world oil prices, To avoid the drop in oil revenues when low dollar exchange rate should be adopted as the basis of a basket of currencies for oil pricing guarantees the relative stability of the exchange rate of the currency and maintain the real exchange rates. Find ways to the importance of origins and evolution of the currency basket and the advantages and disadvantages of linking the basket and the reasons for the adoption of Kuwait basketball system to system Therefore touched types of drainage systems and pricing policies and economic factors change and its impact on exchange rates, oil prices. The research found that the currency basket system that provides relative flexibility in determining the exchange rate at the high price of oil, there is a significant drop in the currencies of countries that link their currencies to the US dollar value of what a runner Kuwait, Modern approach to drainage systems in developed countries towards flexible policy or flotation resulting from the continuing difficulty fixed drainage systems, power and prestige of the dollar globally expect higher exchange rate in the medium and long term . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business exchange has a very prestigious position in trade exchange , and also it has a significant influence on the level of commercial life, because it is renewable,, various and developed. Its importance becomes more significant due to the traveling and alienation accompanied by financial transfers and exchange of foreign currencies. This study aims to show the most important legal rules related to money exchange in Yemeni law comparing to some laws in comparison. It also indicates the leading role of money exchange facilities in commercial, economics life, and legal justifications for their business activities, taking care of challenges, sanctions facing money exchange for violating law provisions, introducing some important views on some issues to clarify their ambiguity. These issues have been discussed in this research through two main topics which are divided by a number of demands and branches. In the first section , it showed what the exchange companies and institutions are, the nature of their business , their characteristics, and the difference between these entities and the work of the banks. As well as the way of monitoring of money exchange ,whether the previous oversight for making sure of the availability terms of its establishment and licensing or With regard to the executive control and follow-up , such as office and field inspection by appropriate, trained inspectors for the competent authorities in each country. Then the researcher moved to the second topic, through which he has reviewed the reality of money- changing profession , its future, systems evaluation, factors influencing performance, challenges facing and penalties for violation of its provisions. The importance of this research lies in tackling topic that has utmost importance day by day in field of commercial, and economic life, in addition to some visions and concepts supported by evidence along with tackling some issues in relevant. These issues can be later adopted by researchers , particularly in field of legislative and practical inadequacies. This research was concluded with success , including the most significant findings and recommendations which I hope to be considered by legislator, lawman and Judges alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Egypt pays great attention to foreign trade. In this respect, boosting exports primarily comes as a means of reducing the deficit in the Egyptian trade balance, which increased from about 11.5% in 2015 to about 12.2% in 2016, which resulting that the Central Bank took the decision of liberalizing the Egyptian pound exchange rates against foreign currencies on 3 November 2016, where market forces control the daily trading prices according to demand and supply conditions. Although the liberalization of the exchange rate aimed at reducing the deficit in the Egyptian trade balanceand reducing the value of imports and increasing the value of exports, it was noted that the deficit in the Egyptian trade balance increased in the period following the decision of liberalization and the increase in Egyptian exports was not as expected or targeted before the liberalization of the Egyptian currency. The aim of this research is to analyze the current situation of Egyptian foreign and agricultural trade and measure the impact of exchange rate liberalization on the most important Egyptian agricultural exports and imports. The main results of the study revealed that the average coverage rate of total foreign trade during the period (2007-2018) was about 38.9%, and the average coverage rate of agricultural foreign trade during the study period was about 37.5%, which indicates that the inability of country to cover its total agricultural imports from the total agricultural exports, and also revealed the existence of a gap between Egyptian total and agricultural exports and imports. The study also showed that exchange rateliberalization led to an increase in the value of total exports, and a decrease in the value of imports. There was also a decrease in the deficit in the trade balance in the second period (December 2016- September 2018) at a rate of an average change between the two periods decreasing by about 20.4%. It was also found that exchange rateliberalization led to an increase in the value of agricultural exports, and an increase in the value of agricultural imports in the second period after exchange rateliberalization. The results also indicated an increase in the value of the agricultural trade balance in the second period with a rate of change between the two periods increased by about 0.2%. The results of the study illustrated some positive effects of exchange rateliberalization on major agricultural exports of Egypt, namely the high in quantities and values of orange, graps and potatoes exports, and lower in values of maize imports in comparison to the period before exchange rateliberalization. The study also revealed some negative effects of exchange rate liberalization on important agricultural imports of Egypt, namely, higher values of imports of wheat and soybeans compared to the period before exchange rate liberalization. The study concluded with a recommendation of focusing on agricultural commodities in which Egypt has achieved a competitive advantage, rationalizing imports with local counterparts and replacing the imported products with their local counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administration & Economics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Dananeer is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Dananeer is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administration & Economics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)