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Copyright of Journal of Al-Qadisiya In Arts & Educational Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Surra Man Ra'a is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriya Journal of Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientific achievements are one of the faces of human culture in every nation. Therefore, sciences should have a history documenting its march and men. It does not emerge apart from efforts of the previous nations and cannot develop without the participation of the first pioneers. The scientific tower of West today indebted to Muslim scientists east and west in the fields of knowledge and science. Therefore, it was necessary for us to refer to the most important achievements of Andalusian scientists in the field of astronomy. A lot of astronomers were famous of their writings recorded their achievements and built observatories to watch stars and study them. They proved the roundness of earth and its turning around its axis. They put tables to specify positions of some stars.They counted the calendars, moderations, movement of the moon, and the length of the calendar year and others.They also have contributions in the study of a lot of phenomena like eclipse of sun and moon.They invented the tools of observation and classified them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]