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Tea, this popular drink, is produced in several ways; one of the methods used in Iran for tea processing is the orthodox method. In this method, the tea is first added and then rubbed, and after passing through the fermentation period, it enters the dryer. This research evaluated two parameters To check the quality of tea in the rubbing section: the speed and the distance of the cylinder from the bottom of the machine. To investigate the effect of the speed and distance of the cylinder on the quality of the final tea, first, using Solidwork software, a device similar to rubbing tea in an orthodox way with a capacity of 10 kg was designed and built. After weighing, the samples were divided into 10 kg parts and rubbed 27 times with speeds of 20, 30, and 40 rpm and distances of 2, 3, and 4 cm and with a 10 kg household tea rubbing machine. The rubbed samples were examined in terms of failure percentage and rubbing time. According to the analysis of the results and the analysis of the average comparison tables, it was observed that there is a significant difference between the values of percentage of failure and time in the constant cycle among all the distance levels, and the lower the distance of the cylinder from the bottom of the machine, the higher the percentage of failure and the rubbing time. It will be shorter. At a fixed distance between some levels of rotation speed, there is no significant difference between the time values, which varies according to the distance. Still, the failure percentage values at a fixed distance are significantly different, and the higher the rotation speed, the higher the percentage of failure. Due to the need for speed, while maintaining quality, the recommended speed and distance is 20 RPM, and the distance is 3 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus(B) cereus is regarded as a major foodborne pathogen which is widely distributed in the nature. In addition, it plays an important role in the contamination of ready-to-eat and dairy products. B. cereus causes the two different types of food poisoning in human: the diarrheal and the emetic type. The aim of this study is detection of hbl complex genes in B. cereus isolated from cow raw milk in Northwest of Iran. In the present study, the number of the samples collected from cow raw milk were 120. All the isolates already had been identified phenotypically, and they were assessed for molecular confirmation by using the PCR method. B. cereus isolates were determined by detecting the hbl genes complex in the isolates. The result of this study showed that B. cereus were found in the raw milk samples 117 (97.5%) from the 120 samples. The frequency of the hblA, hblC, and hblD genes found in B. cereus isolates were 105 (89.7%), 102 (87.1%), and 102 (87.1%) , respectively. 99 isolates (84.6%) harboured 3 tested genes simultaneously. 12 B. cereus isolates (10.3%) lacked these genes. The results of current study showed that B. cereus isolated from raw milk have high potential in causing food poisoning and therefore the use of the procedures to reduce the bacterial contamination during the processing of dairy product is required.

The need to decentralize government at the local level can guarantee the participation of rangeland beneficiaries. So, the present study has analyzed the perceptions of rangeland beneficiaries of participatory governance in Incheh salt marshes in Golestan province. The research is descriptivesurvey and statistical population consists of 120 beneficiaries, 92 of whom were selected as the sample size. The questionnaire was the main tool of data collection and participatory governance was evaluated with 32 items in the form of 9 components. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained by experts and its reliability was obtained by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Statistical calculations based on SPSS25. The results showed that the "implementation" and "conflict resolution" with the highest and "planning" and "coordination" with the lowest were at the highest and lowest levels of governance index, respectively. On the other hand, according to the average obtained in the participatory governance index (3.58), the tendency of governance is toward community-oriented management. There was a positive and significant relationship between the variables of livestock history, number of livestock, age, annual income and the tendency to rule in the rangeland. According to the obtained results and also the importance of rangeland governance, the involvement of beneficiaries in the preparation of rangeland plans and projects and the use of their rich native knowledge, holding classes in line with the cooperative activities of beneficiaries with the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management as a representative of the government are the most important suggestions of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this investigation is to analyze the content of first grade elementary textbooks based on the degree of attention to gender equality. The method used in content analysis is Shannon entropy and the Declaration of Human Rights emphasizing the unit of page analysis (images, text, questions and exercises) with 6 indicators and 26 sub-indicators. In the study of the content of the first grade textbooks, it is observed that among the six indicators studied, the highest frequency and importance coefficient belong to the social index.) Men: wj=0.731 & wo-men: wj=0.671) and the lowest frequency and importance coefficient belong to the political index (men: wj=0.039& women wj=0.00).In addition, the results indicate the roles of women in different political situations; health and life chances compared to men have little expression in the textbooks of this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metal oxide nanoparticles have long been challenged as a candidate for cancer treatment. In the present study, for the first time, biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was performed by Zataria multiflora extract and then their antimicrobial, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on colon cancer cell lines were investigated. Materials and Methods: The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were biosynthesized using an aqueous extract of Z. multiflora shoots. The shape, size and structure of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by EDS, XRD, FE-SEM and FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial effect of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated by the MIC method and their cytotoxic effects against two colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 and normal HEK-293 were evaluated by the MTT method within 24 hours. The expression of p53 and Casp3 gene in cells treated with IC50 dose was then evaluated by Real-time PCR. Also, the type of cell death was determined by flow cytometry. Results: Findings showed that ZnO nanoparticles were star-shaped and were synthesized with a size of 35-95 nm. MIC of ZnO nanoparticles was reported for the studied bacteria between 100-200 µg/ml. The results of MTT showed that the IC50 of nanoparticles was 282.4 µg/ml and in this concentration, the expression of p53 and Casp3 genes increased by 1.22 and 3.81 fold, respectively, which in terms of it was statistically significant. In addition, flow cytometry results showed an apoptosis rate of 76%. Conclusion: ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through Z. multiflora plant extract showed antimicrobial effect and can be used as part of antitumor drug formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Drug resistance to tuberculosis and especially multiple drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) variants are a serious problem in tuberculosis patients and make difficulties in controlling the disease. This study was coducted for detection of common mutations causing drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among tuberculosis patients using line probe assay method. Method: In this descriptive study, fifty four sputum samples of tuberculosis patients were randomly selected in health centers of Mazandaran, northern Iran during 2012. After culturing of sputum samples on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, genomic DNA was extracted from colonies using CTAB method. Molecular analysis of mutations causing resistance to five different antibiotics including Isiniazide, Rifampin, Sterptomycine, Amicasin / Canamycine, Kinolon were performed using long probe assay (LPA) method. Results: Out of 54 sputum samples, three (5.5%), three (5.5%), four (7.4%) were resistance to Kinolon, Amicasin / Canamycine and Sterptomycine, respectively. Mutation in KATG was seen in 2 samples resistant to Isiniazide. Mutation in rpoB 516 was seen in 3 samples resistant to Rifampin. Four samples (7.4%) were resistant to the two anti-tuberculosis antibiotics, while three samples were resistant to Sterptomycine and Kinolon and one sample was resistant to Rifampin and Canamycine. Conclusion: 7.4% of sputum samples were resistant to the two anti- tuberculosis antibiotics. Line probe assay is a rapid and suitable method for detecting tuberculosis drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bone is a hard and dynamic tissue, which continually undergoes remodeling process. Longitudinal growth of bone is mediated by growth plate that is a cartilage structure at the end of long bones. During puberty, along with the closure (ossification) of growth plate, the longitudinal growth of bone will stop. Diazinon is one of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides that have been known to cause damage to the cells and tissues of the body by enhancing oxidative stress. Due to the dynamism and active process, bone and growth plate tissues are suitable models to investigate the effect of diazinon on bone development and bone growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diazinon on the epiphyseal growth plate width (including the proliferating cells zone and hypertrophy cells zone) of immature rat. Methods: This is an experimental study. This study was performed on 12 immature male in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in May 2014, Wistar rats that randomly divided into 2 groups: control group and diazinon group. All treatments were done by oral gavage during 28 days. The animals were sacrificed on day 28 and left femur bones were removed for histomorphometric studies of epiphyseal growth plate width. Assessments were done by ImageJ software, version 1.40g (Wayne Rasband, NIH, USA) and the significance of the results were performed by ANOVA analysis and Tukey's test. Results: Epiphyseal growth plate width of diazinon group was significantly reduced (P=0.0126) in compared to control group. This reduction was associated with reduced of width of the proliferating zone (P=0.0001) and increased width of the hypertrophy zone (P=0.0166). Conclusion: Diazinon leads to reduction in the Epiphyseal growth plate width of immature male rats. Therefore it could be a factor in the impairment of bone longitudinal growth and premature closure of the growth plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship of the base of appendix to the cecum remains constant, whereas the tip can be found in a retrocecal, pelvic, subcecal, preileal, or right pericolic position. These anatomic considerations have significant clinical importance in the context of acute appendicitis. The knowledge about the correct anatomical position of appendix may facilitate in generating an accurate diagnosis of appendicitis as well as assist in achieving a better prognosis and early treatment. The present study aimed to determine the anatomical location of the appendix in Iranian cadavers. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 cadavers who were referred to the Forensic Center of Tehran from March to September 2013. The data including age, sex, weight, and appendix length and position were collected and analyzed using SPSS software, version 16 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: In the present study, 200 cadavers were evaluated accidentally, of which 173 (86.5%) were males and 26 (13%) were females, and the mean age was 39.96 years±16.31 (SD). The mean wall thickness of the appendix was 9.78 cm±16.31 (SD). The mean appendix length was 9.86 cm±1.79 (SD) in men and 9.30 cm±1.56 (SD) in women. The appendix height was long in 20 cadavers (10%), short in 3 cadavers (1.5%), and moderate in 177 cadavers (88.55%) cadavers. The appendix position was posterior in 120 (60%), ectopic in 32 (16%), and pelvic in 48 (24%) cadavers. Conclusion: Majority of appendices examined in the present study were positioned at the posterior (Retrocecal) of pelvis. According to different positions of appendices in different populations and different races, the knowledge of appendix position in various populations is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment and fewer complications for related disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environmental signals have an essential role in the maturation of neural circuits during critical period of brain development. It has been shown that, change in visual signals during critical period of brain development changes structure and function of glutamate receptors in the visual cortex. After processing in visual cortex, part of visual signals goes to the hippocampus and makes memories. The aim of this study was evaluating effects of visual deprivation during critical period of brain development on AMPA receptor subunits expression in rats' hippocampus. Methods: This experimental study was done in Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences at winter 2014 on male Wistar rats. Animals were divided to 2 groups (n= 36 for each) were kept in standard 12 hours light/12 hours dark condition (light reared, LR) or in complete darkness (dark reared, DR) from birth to the end of the experiments. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and Western blotting techniques respectively, expression of mRNA and protein of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits was evaluated in rats' hippocampus at ages 2, 4 and 6 weeks in both groups. After quantification of the expressions, the data were compared by two way analysis of variance. Results: The relative expression of GluR1 subunit decreased about 24% (P=0.004) in the hippocampus of 6 WLR rats in comparison to 2 WLR ones. The relative expression of the other AMPA receptor subunit, GluR2, also increased about 190% in the hippocampus of the 6WLR animals when compared to the 2 WLR rats (P< 0.0001). Dark rearing increased the relative expression of both subunits of AMPA receptors, GluR1 and GluR2, about 20 percent (P= 0.01) in the hippocampus of 6 WDR rats in comparison to 2 WLR animals. Conclusion: Dark rearing of rats during critical period of brain development changes the relative expression and also arrangement of both AMPA receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR2 in the hippocampus, age dependently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori vacA (vacuolating toxin A) gene is comprised of mid- (m), intermediate- (i) and signal-regions. Recently, the vacA-i region genotype has been suggested to be a better predictor of disease severity than either the s- or m-region. The main aim of the present study was to determine the associations of i region polymorphisms of vacA gene with gastric cancer (GC) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in Azerbaijan Province patients. Methods: A number of 89 patients were enrolled. The biopsy samples were taken from patients referring to the endoscopy units of Imam Reza and Shahid Madani Hospitals, Tabriz, Iran from August 2012 to May 2013. The genotype frequencies of vacA-i1 and i2 in were studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The frequency of vacA-i1 and i2 was 51.68% and 48.31%, respectively. The genotypic frequency of vacA-i1 in patients with GC (21/24, 87.5%) was significantly higher than in those with non-atrophic gastritis, NAG (19/48, 39.58%). In contrast, the genotypic frequency of vacA-i2 in patients with NAG, PUD, and GC was 60.42%, 64.70%, and 14.28%, respectively. The results of multiple linear and logistic regression analyses confirmed the intensity of correlation of vacA-i1 allele with GC compared with control group (NAG). No significant correlation was found between the vacA-iregion alleles and PUD risk. Conclusion: We have proposed that the H. pylori vacA-i1 genotype could be an important biomarker for predicting the gastric cancer risk in Azerbaijan Province in Iran. However, due to the difference in the allelic frequency of this gene in H. pylori strains from different parts of the world, the vacA-i1 genotype usefulness in predicting the gastrointestinal diseases is dependent to the geographic origin of the strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and Objective: Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness in worldwide and trabeculectomy is the gold standard surgical treatment in these patients. Materials and Methods: In this study the medical recordings of the patients who underwent trabeculectomy surgery reviewed and patients recalled for examination. Results: Records of 209 trabeculectomy surgery were evaluated. Most of patients (96%) before their surgery had been received antiglaucoma medications and preoperative mean deviation in perimetry was -12±6.3 and mean cup to disc ratio was 0.79±0.2. Mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 30±9.7 mmHg which was decreased to 13.6±5.2 mmHg (P=0.001) after surgery. We re-examined 78% of patients and in theses patients mean intraocular pressure were increased to 16.8±4.3 mmHg (P=0.001). Conclusion: Most glaucoma patients underwent trabeculectomy in more advanced stage of disease; however success in early postoperative period is higher than 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, a CT scan examination play an important role in disease diagnosis and thus allocates a significant dose of medical X-ray examinations. One of the important principles in the use of ionizing radiations is to observe radiation protection principles. Evaluating patient's absorbed dose and implementing the strategies for reducing dose are prior in safety issues. To achieve this purpose, sufficient studies should be performed in this regard. Therefore, patient's absorbed dose and the factors affecting have been studied in this research. This study aims to present and develop an acceptable level of absorbed dose in CT scan examinations. Methods: Diagnostic reference dose level in the adult age group (older than 15 years) has been studied in eleven CT scan centers in Tehran. For this purpose, CT scan examinations prevalent in above-mentioned centers were chosen and Weighted Computed Tomography dose index (CTDIw) and dose length product (DLP) parameters were studied. Standard phantoms with 16 and 32 diameters of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) origin have been used in the centers for CT scan calibration process. CTDIw third quartile has been considered as the diagnostic reference dose level (DRL). Results: Rate of diagnostic reference dose in the adult age group (older than 15 years) for the head, sinus, lungs, abdomen and pelvis are 50.87, 38.27, 8.05 and 9.11 mg, respectively. Dose measurements made in this survey have been used to set up local DRLs and can be used as a template for national DRLs. Conclusion: Value of diagnostic reference dose for the head examinations is more than the other parts and diagnostic reference dose in Tehran city in the Adult age group and the protocols compared is less than national reference dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and in Iran. Conventional therapies are surgery and chemotherapy. Current studies are evaluating natural compounds in inhibiting growth of cancer cell. In this study isolated peptide melittin with 26 amino acids from bee venom and its impact on the viability and proliferation of gastric cancer cells was investigated. Methods: At first melittin was purified from honeybee venom using a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP- HPLC) and C18 column. In order to investigate whether melittin, a 26 amino acids peptide which is the main components of honeybee venom, inhibits proliferation of human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS cells), MTT ((3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed. Hemolytic assay carried out in order to confirm the biologic activity of the isolated melittin. AGS cells were plated in a 96-well plate and treated with serially diluted concentrations of melittin for 6 and 12 hours. The mortality of the cells was measured via MTT assay at 540 nm. Results: The obtained chromatogram from RP-HPLC showed that melittin comprises 50% of the studied bee venom. SDS-PAGE analysis of melittin fraction confirmed purity of isolated melittin. Hemolytic activity assay indicates that isolated melittin shows a strong hemolytic activity (HD50=0.5). MTT assay showed that melittin strongly inhibits proliferation of gastric cancer cells at concentrations more than 2μg/ml. This inhibitory effect is dependent to melittin concentration and incubation time. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that melittin inhibits proliferation of the gastric cancer cells. Results showed that isolated melittin from honey bee venom have cytotoxic effect on AGS cell line with a trend of increasing cytotoxicity with increasing concentration and incubation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several reports indicate that the probiotics can increase body resistance against malignant tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri Persian type culture collection (PTCC) 1655 in preventing tumor growth, improving weight and survival rate in mice with breast cancer. Methods: Twenty mice, the BALB/c at six weeks age, weighing approximately 17 gram were divided into two groups. Oral administration of 500 micro liters of Lactobacillus reuteri suspension performed for the first group 14 days before tumor transplantation. The second group (control) received the same volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Then the mice had tumor transplantation surgery. Lactobacillus reuteri was prescribed in the first group in seven-day period and three-day interruption pattern. At the same time the second group (control) received PBS. This process was continued until 45 day. The tumor growth, histology and body weight were evaluated in both group and the mortality of mice was recorded. Results: In the mice transplanted tumors that had received probiotics, tumor growth decreased in comparison with control group. In this group the body weight increased (P>0/05). In addition, the survival of these mice had significantly increased compared to control group (P=0.002). The evaluation of tumor tissue also showed increased immune system function in mice receiving the probiotic (P>0/05). Conclusion: Lactobacillus reuteri can improve immune system function and have an important role to help treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Hemodialysis patients experience high levels of psychological stress. This study has been conducted to determine the effect of Benson relaxation on stress among hemodialysis patients. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted in 2011. Eighty hemodialysis patients from Imam Khomeini and Fatemeh Zahra Educational Hospitals in Sari were randomly divided into two groups of 40 (intervention and control). The intervention group was trained with Benson relaxation methods using video tape for 15 minutes. The training sessions were held twice a day during one month, following primary training by the researcher. Demographic data was collected and hemodialysis stress scale questionnaire (HSS-Baldree 1982) was completed before and one month after the intervention. The data was analyzed by t-test, Chi-square and covariate analysis in SPSS18. Results: The mean scores of stress in case group, before the intervention, was 64.75 ± 18.17 which reduced to 36.2 ± 9.47 after the intervention. The mean scores of stress among the participants showed significant difference pre and post-intervention in the case group (P<0.001). However, this difference was not significant in the control group. Conclusion: Performing Benson relaxation which bares low cost could improve the living conditions of hemodialysis patients and also prevents associated psychological problems. Moreover, this method could improve and prevent psychological problems in other chronic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lymphoma is the malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes which is divided into 2 categories: Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The occurrence of primary lymphoma in oral cavity is uncommon and comprises only 2% of all extra-nodal lymphomas. The aim of this study was introduction of a case of NHL in oral cavity, presenting the related signs and its differentiation from similar lesions. Case report: A 72 year old man referred with complaint of a swelling in left side of the face and demanding to extract the loosen tooth. The swelling had been present for one year accompanying pain and the lesion had been treated as a dental infection. The pain had subsided but swelling had slow growing after medical treatment. Intraoral examination, revealed a swelling with rubbery consistency in depth of left maxillary vestibule extending to the tuberosity. Second premolar tooth was loosen (third degree). In panoramic view, there was an ill-defined radiolucency from mesial of second premolar to distal of alveolar ridge. This tooth had floating in air view. Incisional biopsy was made under the diagnosis of salivary or mesenchymal tumor. According to histopathology and immunohistochemistry reports, lesion was diagnosed as a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was referred to oncologist for treatment. Conclusion: As some of the signs and symptoms of oral lymphoma may be mistaken with dental infections, it is important for a dentist to detect its signs and symptoms and make in time referral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in this century. To cure of this illness herbal plants are also used in addition to medicine and diet therapy.This study is designed to determine the effect of pulp and seed of citrullus colocynthis fruit on blood glucose in diabetic rabbits. Materials and Methods: This experimental study, conducted on 36 white male new - Zealand rabbits in animal laboratory of Tabriz university of medical science in 2006.To determine the effect of on blood glucose we used pulp and seed extracts of citrullus colocynthis.Blood glucose were measured with enzymatic kit via Elan Auto Analyzer.The results were analyzedby spss software. Results: 100 mg/kg B.W of pulp and seed extracts of citrullus colocythis significantly decreased blood glucose, compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that c.c extract, probably, can decrease the blood glucose in diabetic rabbits, but further studies are necessary for finding the probable side-effects and suitable and safety dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in this century. To cure this illness, herbal plants as well as medicine and diet therapy are used. This study is designed to determine the effect of citrullus colocynthis fruit pulp and seed on blood glucose in diabetic rabbits. Material and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 36 white male New Zealand rabbits in animal laboratory of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2006.To determine the effect of citrullus colocynthis fruit on blood glucose, we used the pulp and seed extracts of citrullus colocynthis. Blood glucose was measured using enzymatic kit via Elan Auto Analyzer. The results were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: 100 mg/kg B.W of the pulp and seed extracts of citrullus colocythis significantly decreased blood glucose as compared to the diabetic control group. Conclusion: The results suggest that citrullus colocythis extract can probably decrease the blood glucose in diabetic rabbits, but further studies are necessary for finding the probable side-effects and also its appropriate and safe dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, most countries of the world have shortage of water due to many reasons such as population growth, rising of living standards, indiscriminate water use, and so on. Besides, in absence of adequate water resources, desalination of brackish and saline waters have been used to supply potable water. Freezing process is one of the methods which can be used to desalinate saline waters. The aim of this study was to survey freezing process to produce potable water from saline water of Persian Gulf shores. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in lab-scale by using indirect contact freezing. Three samples of 50 liter were provided from Bushehr shores. The implemented process steps were freezing (crystallization), separation of crystals, surface washing, and thawing. Freezing of the samples (each in 0.5 liter containers) were performed by a refrigerator at -20°C and 0. 1KW/h energy consumption. Results: The removal efficiencies of TDS in the first, second, and third samples by first freezing process were 56, 56, and 51 percent, respectively. Moreover, the removal efficiencies by EC were 42, 44, and 40 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, the removal efficiencies of TDS in first, second, and third samples by second freezing process observed 69, 69, and 68 percent, respectively. Moreover, the removal efficiencies by EC were 61, 60, and 63 percent, respectively. Also, the removal efficiencies of TDS in first, second, and third samples by third freezing process were 72, 73, and 72 percent, respectively. Moreover, the removal efficiencies by EC were 77, 78, and 77 percent, respectively. The production of the potable water by this method was 15-20 percent of the entry water. Conclusions: According to the obtained results, potable water was obtained after third freezing of the saline water. Meanwhile, TDS of the produced water was less than maximum allowed concentration of Iranian standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of Internet, increases the number of users and applications. Having higher speed and better quality are the main chalanges of computer network development. Using MPLS and proper traffic design, it is possible to improve the quality of service and reduce the possibility of congestion. It is possible to use MPLS in a BGP/MPLS VPN network for data transmition. In this paper we explain BGP/MPLS VPN and we implement an MPLS network based on Diffserv over VPN services. Using OPNET various senarios are simpulated. In most of the previous proposed systems, with incressing the number of low traffic priority sources like BE and AF, higher priority traffic like EF faces difficulty. Our simulation shows with using traffic engineering, congestion control for low priority sourses and management methods, it is possible to have better quality of services for those traffics which are sensitive to delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Assessment of central auditory processing skills needs various behavioral tests in format of a test battery. There is a few Persian speech tests for documenting central auditory processing disorders. The purpose of this study was developing a dichotic test formed of onesyllabic words suitable for evaluation of central auditory processing in Persian language children and reporting its preliminary results in a group of normal children. Materials and Methods: Persian words in competing manner test was developed utilizing most frequent monosyllabic words in children storybooks reported in the previous researches. The test was performed at MCL on forty-five normal children (39 right-handed and 6 left-handed) aged 5-11 years. The children did not show any obvious problem in hearing, speech, language and learning. Free (n=28) and directed listening (n=17) tasks were investigated. Results: The results show that in directed listening task, there is significant advantage for performance of pre-cued ear relative to opposite side. Right ear advantage is evident in free recall condition. Average performance of the children in directed recall is significantly better than free recall. Average row score of the test increases with the children age. Conclusion: Persian words in competing manner test as a dichotic test, can show major characteristics of dichotic listening and effect of maturation of central auditory system on it in normal children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Essential hypertension which affects nearly one billion people worldwide is a multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In human, around week 14 of pregnancy, sweat gland appear along the apices of the epidermal ridges and once formed on the ridges, they are fixed there and never degenerate or move. This study, by comparing the palmar distribution of sweat gland pores in hypertensive and norotensive individuals, examines the relationship between the number of palmar sweat gland pores and hypertension. Materials and Methods: In this fundamental study, by using a digital microscope, the number of palamr sweat gland pores was counted in a circle area (12.5-16.8 mm²) of certain anatomical regions (a, b, and c triradials and fingers) in 75 hypertensive and 55 normotensive individuals. Results: The results showed that the mean count of sweat gland pores on fingers and b triradial in hypertensive individuals was significantly lower than that in normotensive individuals. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate a significant relationship between the number of fingertip sweat glands pores and hypertension. Therefore, the examination of the palmar distribution of sweat gland pores in hypertensive individuals with a familial background of hypertension can be helpful in prognosis and early detection of this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent development in renewable energy systems and the high demand for having clean and low cost energy sources encourage people to use distributed generator (DG) systems. Proper addition and placement of DG units can increase reliability and reduce the loss and production cost. In this paper using Ant Colony method, we developed an optimum placing scheme for DGs. The proposed method is tested on an IEEE 34-shinhe system. Results show that if DGs are able to generate active power, their effectiveness will increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) agent, or HDV, is a defective RNA virus that infects with HBV (Hepatitis B Virus). 15 millions people around the world are infected to HDV. There are different statistics in Iran and other countries about HDV incidence, according to accomplished studies. This study was done for determining HDV incidence in sari and considering its correlative factors. Materials and methods: This study was done in a descriptive procedure on 167 patients. Correlative factors like demographic data and the ways of receiving disorder, history of tattoo, blood transfusion, were multi partner and IV drug abusers were considered. Diagnosing of blood Anti HDV in patients was by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) way. Results: We couldn't find any evidences of advantage of HDV in patients. Among 167 HBS-Ag positive subject (63 (%37.7) women and 104 (%62.3) men) were included. Average age of participants was 35.52±14.036. 2 subject had an addiction history (%1.7), 15 subject (%9) had a blood transfusion history, 4 (%2.4) were multipart and 1 (%0.6) had tattoo history and 2 (%1.2) were Prisoners previously. Conclusion: There wasn't any positive Anti-HDV Ab (Anti- Hepatitis Delta Virus Antibody) in studied patients. It shows that HDV is not endemic in sari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no doubt that any policy – making in oil industry will be closely tied to property rights. In the meantime, in the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (IAD), as one of the most important approaches in the law and economics field, on one hand, like other institutional schools, any explanation of property rights is provided to responding of what the property rights is and knowing of owners, and in other hand, in policy- making subject, it emphasize on the understanding of the issues of any economic environment. So, by one interdisciplinary research based on law, economics and policy- making, we can say, policy- making in property rights of oil industry in Iran, that rents and privileges distribution in this industry depend on it, is subjected to proper reading of what property rights is and understanding of the property rights issues in the context of oil industry. For this reason, in this research, by analytical method and based on IAD Capacities, in addition to explanation of property rights situation in oil industry of Iran in the upstream and downstream sectors, it is tried to suggest a model of the property rights issues in the oil industry of Iran. As will be seen, by the interaction of sets of institutional and non-institutional variables, property rights situation is formed due to 13 specified path, that explain the property rights issues in oil industry of Iran and so, any policy – making in the property rights needs to focus on this thirteen’s path.