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Arab and Muslim geographers have made great contributions to the development of geographic knowledge in general, and to the increase in information about the land, its divisions, and the dry and water on it, including seas, oceans and rivers, as well as dividing it into regions. And they had a prominent role in mentioning one of the important geographical features, namely the islands, both marine and river types. However, their greatest interest was about the offshore islands and their locations and extensions in the seas of the earth known to them. Behind this knowledge was a set of motives, the most important of which were scientific and epistemological, as geographers contributed to increasing knowledge about these islands and separated them from their inhabitants, their agricultural and industrial products, the minerals they contain, the natures of their people, their customs and traditions, as well as their locations on the shipping routes to be stations for the comfort of seafarers. They provided their geographical books with maps to determine the locations of the islands despite the different maps among them. The Arab and Muslim geographers were credited with knowing these islands and increasing information about them, based on scientific and cognitive motives urged by Islam.

Ibn Jubair dealt with various economic aspects in his ‌book The Journey, and since the economic aspects are ‌considered the main artery of human life in general, he ‌gave them importance in his writings. In various ‌disciplines, he finds that all of these books, except for a ‌few of them, have dealt with these matters, and the ‌reason is that they occupy the first place and the ‌important place in the life of human societies in general. ‌‌ In this study, we have dealt with the economic aspects ‌and what they included in matters of industry and trade, ‌matters of agriculture and water, in addition to the tax, ‌spoils and tribute, as well as matters of alimony and ‌matters of theft. And clarifying the occasion that Ibn ‌Jubair mentioned in his journey, and we have dealt with ‌these matters according to the order that we ‌mentioned, and from God is success.

This review article examines artificial intelligence (AI)’s role in strategic marketing decision-making. The researchers interviewed experts with experience in decision-making and used Carrefour Iraq as a case study to identify themes on how humans use AI for better strategic marketing decision-making. The key themes in this review were factors such as big data, efficiency, quality, trust and limitations for prediction. The study has also looked into the marketing aspect of these themes within the scope of this research. The findings indicate that AI is recognized as a tool that may support humans in making strategic decisions in marketing. However, AI can technically make such decisions without human intervention; people do not want to give AI complete autonomy in decision-making. Furthermore, the result implies that rather than making decisions independently, AI is more frequently applied to enhance strategic decision-making. It suggests that Al aims to improve decision making-making rather than supplant people in daily life. In addition, the study makes the case that Al can assist humans in making better decisions by forecasting future scenarios that consider a particular action consequence.

The Byzantine Empire was born from the womb of the Roman Empire in Europe, separated from it, and formed their own empire, whose natures are different from the uncivilized peoples and inhabitants of Europe who are characterized by strength, cruelty and brutality. The trait of caution doubt and suspicion prevailed these relation and the attempt to grab What is in the hand of the other and to set him up whenever he has the opportunity, even if he is on their faith for which they came, and we find this thing present with the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I and other kings of Byzantium, after asking for sapport from the Western European (the Crusaders) his brothers in religion and belief against the Seljuks The Muslims regretted and guarded them and feared for his sovereign and his state, and over the years and ages, the relations between them became bad and gradually became tense, and the kings, crusader princes and men of the Catholic Church continued to pressure the Byzantine state in order to control and seize its property and wealth and to merge its church with the mother church in Rome until those relations collapsed . This intervention took different forms and images until, in the end, they prepared a new crusade Campaign from Europe known as the (Fourth Crusade Crusade), through which they were able to occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and the sword worked in its people by killing, plundering and looting the city and burning it with brutality, until its people wished that their city had fallen in the hands of the Muslims, when they heard of the Muslims’ tolerance when they conquered Bait Al-Maqdis and others.

A total of eight samples of the esophagus of local breed dogs are used to investigate the histochemical features of the esophagus. The specimens are processed according to paraffin embedding technique protocols and the tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and masons trichrome combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS. The esophagus folds the mucosa which is covered by keratinized to non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which contains numerous excretory common ducts of esophageal glands. The epithelial thickness of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts of the esophagus are 221.95±3.41µm, 212.46±5.38 µm, and 173.15±4.09 µm respectively. The lamina propria of the cervical part of the esophagus lacks the muscularis mucosa, while the muscular mucosa in the thoracic part of the smooth muscles appears as scattered interrupted bundles. The esophageal glands are a type of compound tubular mucoserous constructed of the predominated mucous alveoli and little serous acini. When combined with Alcian blue (pH2.5)-PAS stain, the esophageal glands show strong acidic mucopolysaccharides within the mucous alveoli and light blue color within serous acini that denote weak acidic zymogen granules. Tunica muscularis is striated muscle fibers in cervical and thoracic parts and smooth in the abdominal part of the esophagus. The measured thickness of tunica muscularis of cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts are 568.76±6.90 µm, 703.29±7.54µm, and 338.98±7.26 µm respectively.

Herbal products are increasingly used against lipid to attenuate its negative impact on vasculature system. However, there are uncertainty regarding the best administration approaches and preparation of herbal product to be used due to variation in absorption rate and extent with subsequent impaction on the lipid levels. The aim of the present study was comparing the pharmacological and analytical aspects of soaked versus powder form of Hypericum perforatum; a well-known anti-hyperlipidemic herbal product, using atorvastatin drug as a reference drug for comparison in addition to controlling groups (on/off lipid diet) handled as an additional control group. To conduct this research, the hyperlipidemia mice models were created by exposing the mice to a fatty diet and using H. perforatum and atorvastatin for evaluation. The plant extracts were also analyzed for active constituents. The results indicate that the plant analysis detected the presence of different antihyperlipidemic agents and the plant has effectively reduced plasma lipid parameters in exposed mice compared to control group; especially when taken forms of the plant was used. The study concluded that; soaked H. perforatum extract shown an effective reduction of lipid parameters and analysis of which revealed the presence of herbal active constituent which might be utilized in industrial pharmacy for new drug innovation.

The aim of this article is to verify the relationship between ethical leadership (EL) and job embeddedness (JE) and job involvement (JI) in charity organizations in Erbil province, Iraq. Also, identifying the role of ethical leadership in enhancing job involvement and job embeddedness. The data were collected by questionnaire distributed to 320 staff working at charity organizations in Erbil, Iraq. The data were analyzed by IBM-SPSS 26 to test the hypothesis of the study. The outcome of this article showed a positive relationship between EL and JE and JI. Also, there is a positive effect between the EL and JE. The implication of the study point to the essential role of ethical leadership in changing employees’ attitudes positively toward job involvement and satisfaction.

The aim of the research was to identify the training needs of the middle school principals in Baghdad from the point of view of the educational supervisors. The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the necessary data. The questionnaire included 40 paragraphs divided into two areas: Human relations). The study society consisted of all the principals of 90 schools. The questionnaire data were analyzed to obtain the results using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). The statistical treatments were used, such as percentage, relative weight, Kronbach test, Pearson correlation, T test.The research reached several results, the most important of which are: 1_ that the respondents showed a high degree of approval with a relative weight (88%) requiring training needs for middle school principals. 2 - There are no significant statistical differences between males and females according to gender variable.

Among the alternatives made available by the Internet, we find educational sites and channels that contributed to maximizing the communicative impact of the educational process with its available readable, audio and visual elements, which enabled the student to benefit from their content effectively and in an easy and comfortable manner. The importance of this topic comes due to the multiplicity of educational programs on The Internet to include most of the disciplines and the expansion of the number of students’ audience who view these programs and follow them constantly to increase their understanding and understanding of their subjects or to use them as a complete substitute for the teacher and teacher due to the shortage of teachers or because of the weakness of teaching in general. The programs constitute an additional importance for what it will provide of theoretical knowledge on this subject, and what it will provide in the practical side of realistic results that the providers of these programs will benefit from in improving their level of performance and degree of efficiency in presenting lessons and scientific materials to the audience of preparatory students

Five inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) were used in this study with ten hybrids which planted through spring and autumn seasons (2018) at the research station of the Field Crops Department/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul, using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The characters studied were date to tasseling, date to silking, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area cm2, leave area index, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, number grains per row, 300 grain weight, grain yield per plant and oil percent %.The results showed that phenotypic, genetic and environmental variances were significant for all the characters for both seasons. The average degree of dominance was greater than one for number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, the number grains per row and oil percent. The broad sense heritability was high for plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of rows per ear, 300 grain weight, grain yield per plant, and oil percent for both seasons, while it was medium for number of leaves per plant, number of ears per plant, ear length, number grain per row, and low for date to tasseling, date to silking, at autumn season. The expected genetic advance values for all characters and for both seasons was high.

The research aims at explaining the reasons for the high cost of production and the application of modern concepts in accounting costs and administrative, which came to remove loss and waste and rationalization of costs and improve operational performance and in response to changing conditions in the business environment. As a result of these variables and circumstances, the research problem was manifested in the high cost of manufacturing the products of Ur Company, which lost competitive precedence with other products in terms of price, quality and other specifications imported from various sources. In order to achieve the objective of the research and solve the problem was developed a basic hypothesis that the use and application of modern concepts lead to rationalize the cost of manufacturing products and improve activities and processes and create a market share in the local environment. divided of research into three topics The first topic reviewed the theoretical aspect of modern concepts and competitive priorities, including rationalization of costs and removal of loss and improve performance and address the negatives in traditional concepts and methods. Either the second topic dealt with how to rationalize the cost of some of the products of the electrification plant, either the third section, he concluded with a number of results, the most important of which was the high proportion of production costs, especially the proportion of direct wage costs to the total cost of manufactured goods (37%)Very high percentage and low competitive precedence prices of local products of the company compared to the prices of imported products, and the obsolete equipment and machines in the factory. This caused a significant increase in the cost of maintenance and backup tools. A significant reduction in actual production levels from the planned annual level of energy. It is also necessary to continuously seek to reduce the production

The paper focuses on determining whether organizational justice has impact on the organizational citizenship behavior in charity organization in Erbil/Iraq. Correlation analysis analyzed (r =0.795**) was found between organizational justice and OCB, (r =0.424**) was found between Distributive and OCB (r =0.768**) was found between Procedural and OCB, (r =0.784**) e was found between Interactional and OCB. Simple Analysis concluded supported that there is linkage between organizational justice as an independent variable and OCB as a dependent variable (Adjusted R2 = 0.630, p

This study was carried out at Al-Radhwaniyah Fish Reservoir (Baghdad) for the period from 16/9/2016 to 16/2/2017 to investigate the polymorphism of GH Gene and Relationship with glucose, cholesterol, AST, ALT, HDL and LDL in common carp. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in GH gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. Results showed that there was a mutation in the site of G1217T, this SNP was significantly (p

نه‌ ئاخفتنه‌ كا بى بنیاته‌ ئه‌ گه‌ ر ئه‌م بیژن كورد میلله‌ته‌كه‌ بی سنوور پشكدارى كریه‌ ب شیانین زانایین خو لئاڤاكرنا حه‌زاره‌تا و پیشكه‌فتنا جیهانى پشتى هاتنا پیغه‌ مبه‌رى خوشتفى موحه‌ممه‌دى ﷺ . موحه‌ممه‌دى كورى ئاده‌مى یى كو ل ساڵا (1160 مشه‌ختى) دایك بوویه‌، ل گوندى (روست) ل ده‌ڤه‌را (چومان)، باكوورى پایته‌ختا كوردستانى (هه‌ڤلیرى)، نموونه‌یكه‌ بوو زانایكى مه‌وسوعى یى كورد، هه‌ڤچه‌رخى حوكمى مه‌مالیكا ل كوردستانى و ل عیراقى بوویه‌. گه‌له‌گ نه‌خوشى وكاره‌ساتین دیتینه‌ ژ ئه‌گه‌را شه‌را دناڤ میرنیشینا بابان و سوران ل ده‌ڤه‌را هه‌ڤلیرى و كه‌ركیكی و سوله‌یمانى. به‌لى زانایى مه‌ ریكا خواندى نه‌ هیلایه‌، وشیایه‌ (ئیجازا دوازده‌ عیلمى) ب ده‌ست ڤه‌ بینیت ل ژیر ده‌ستى بابى خو یى كو زانایه‌كى ناسیاربوویه‌، پاشى تیهنیا وى بوو زانستى وه‌لى كریه‌ بچیته‌ لنك زانایین (مه‌هابادى) و (شنوویى) و (قه‌ره‌چولان) و (مه‌مى خیلان)، ب هیممه‌ ته‌كا بى سنوور هاته‌ نیاسین وه‌ك زانایه‌كى بالا به‌رز ل كوردستانى و عیراقى. هاته‌ داخازكرن ژ لایى میرى سوران (میر مصته‌فه‌فا) بابى (میر موحه‌ممه‌دى مه‌زن ) كو ناسیاره‌ ب ناڤى (پاشایى یان میرى كوره‌) ل سالا (1196 مش) وه‌ك راویژكار و ماموستا، پاشى (میرى كوره‌) كره‌ دادوه‌رى میرنشینا سوران. پشتى دوو سالا هاته‌ لادان و قه‌ستا گوندى (روست) كر، تاكو (100) په‌رتوك نڤیسسنه‌ و، ب وارى زمانى عه‌ره‌بى ، وزانستین ئیسلامى و مه‌نتیق و روزنامه‌ و حیساب و فه‌له‌ك ... هتد، به‌لى موخابن گه‌له‌ك ژ وان په‌رتوكا تا نوكه‌ د به‌رزه‌نه‌، و به‌س (69) په‌رتوك یین هاتینه‌ دیتن، ئو یى ل په‌رتوكخانین به‌غدا و سوله‌یمانیى و هنده‌ك ژ وان یى ل په‌رتوكخانا نه‌ڤیى وى دوكتور (عبدالله یى كورى مه‌لا سه‌عیدی وه‌یسی). ل سالا (1237 مش) ڤى زانایى هیژا و به‌ ركه‌فتى خاترا خو خاستیه‌ ل گوندى (دیلزه‌) پشتى ژی یه‌كى پر به‌رهه‌م .

The study included analyzed 131 records belong to 34 Friesian cows reared at AL- Iśhagi dairy cattle station (50 km north of Baghdad) for the period from 1996 to 2005. The overall mean of the studied traits milk yield 305 day (MY305day), lactation period (LP) , dry period (DP) the period between calving and first estrous (PSC), services per conceptions (SPC), day open (DO) ,gestation period (GP) and calving interval (CI) were 2775.81 kg, 315.30 days, 71.92 days, 65.52 days, 2.83 services, 109.47 days, 277.75 days, 390.53 days, respectively. Parity showed a significant effect on (MY305day), (LP), (SPC), (DP), but there was no significant effect for the other traits. Season of calving had a significant effect on(MY305day), (LP) and (CI) only. Cows calving through spring and autumn produced more milk significantly compared with cows calving in summer. (LP) and(CI) was longer for cows calving in spring and shorter for there calving in autumn.

34 Friesian cows records were analyzed reared at AL-Iśhagi dairy cattle station (50 km north of Baghdad) during the period 1996-2005. Heritability estimates for milk yield 305 day (MY305d), the period between calving and first estrous, services per conceptions, day open, lactation period , dry period , gestation period and calving interval were 0.17, 0.06, 0.07, 0.05, 0.07, 0.24, 0.02 and 0.03 respectively. Repeatability estimates for the same traits were 0.20, 0.12, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, 0.15, 0.14, and 0.05 respectively. Genetic Correlation between (MY305d) and productive & reproductive traits were negative and highly significant (p>0.01(, and ranged between -0.30 and -0.73. While Phenotypic Correlation between (MY305d) and other traits were positive and high. Most Genetic and Phenotypic Correlations between studied traits except gestation period were positive and highly significant (p>0.01). Breeding Value (BV) estimated of sire for (MY305d) were ranged between 14.720 and -8.106. The highest and lowest values of Breeding Values of cows for (MY305d) were ranged between 352.224 and -159.705. Real Producing Ability (RPA) of cows for (MY305d) were predicted between 674.051 and -365.234 as a deviation from overall mean of flock.

دراسة المجتمع الاسلامي من موضوعات التاريخ المهمة، والتي تكشف عن مظاهر الحضارة الاسلامية والتي لم تكرس لها جهود كافية للكشف عنها وإبرازها للوجود وكما أبرزت بعض صفحات تاريخنا المشرق التركيب الاجتماعي لطبقات المجتع الاسلامي المتعددة, لذا استمد البحث تلك المادة من مظان متعددة وتناول التاريخ الذي صنعه المجتمع العراقي وخاصةالطبقة العامة منه, والتي تضم في تكوينها الصناع والحرفيين والزراع ومختلف الاصناف في المجتمع كاصحاب المهن من الدباغين والحماليين والسماكين وباعة الدقيق والسقطات وغيرهم كثير كالعيارين والشطار، وكانت هذه الطبقة مغلوبة على امرها تميزها مظاهر الطبقة الفقيرة وهي الفقر والحرمان والفاقة والحاجة الملحة، فهي سعي دائب وراء لقمة العيش وكان الكثير منهم من اهل الذمة، وبفضل اعتناء الدولة العباسية وتشجيعها للصناع وأرباب الحرف اصبحت لبعض الصناعات العراقية شهرة عالمية وخاصة الصناعات النسيجية وكذلك المزارعين من سكان القرى والارياف في العراق الذين كانوا يشتغلون بالزراعة وفلاحة الارض. لقد كانت هذة الفئه من الطبقة العامة تمثلت الغالبية من سكان العراق في العصر العباسي، أما العيارون فقد كانوا ينتمون الى طبقات الشعبية الكادحة وهم فئة من العامة اندفعوا الى تحسين احوالهم الاقتصادية المزرية باتخاذ مختلف الطرق من السلب والنهيب والسرقات مستخدمين في ذلك السلاح لتحقيق اهدافهم، وكذلك الشطار الذين هم فئة من العامة ايضا تعمل هي الاخرى في اعمال السلب والنهب وقطع الطرق واستخدام الطرق والوسائل العنيفة لتحقيق مآربهم وقد نشطوا خلال حوادث سنة (197هـ / 812 م) على اثر حصار بغداد، وبهذا كشفت بغداد وغيرها من سائر المدن العراقية عن آلاف مؤلفة من الشطار باعمال السلب والنهب وقطع الطرقات وهذا ما يدعوا الى ان تلك الاعمال ما هي الا نتيجة لما كانت تعانيه العامة من انحطاطاوضاعها السياسية والاقتصادية,ومع ذلك فقد كانت لهذه الطبقة دورها الكبير في المجتمع العراقي من الناحية السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية.

تاتي اهمية البحث من خلال اهمية تعلم مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي لانها تسهم في استخدامها من قبل طلبة الجامعة للبحث والاستقصاء والتدريب لحل المشكلات. وقد استهدف البحث التعرف على مستوى مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي لدى طلبة جامعة دهوك والتعرف على الفروق ذات الدلالة المعنوية في مستويات مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي وفق متغيرات الجنس ( اناث / ذكور ) والتخصص ( علمي/ انساني ). وقد تحدد البحث بطلبة جامعة دهوك للدراسة الصباحية للعام 2015 -2016 واقتصر البحث على عينة طبقية عشوائية بلغت ( 200 ) طالبا وطالبة منهم ( 100 ) طالبا و (100 ) طالبة. اما اداة البحث فقد قام الباحث باعداد مقياس مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي وتكون من ( 42 ) فقرة موزعة على ثلاث مجالات ولكل مجال ( 14 ) فقرة ولكل فقرة ( ثلاث ) بدائل وتم استخراج الصدق والثبات للاداة والذي بلغ ( 0.84 ). وقد تراوحت درجات المقياس بين ( 126 ) درجة كحد اعلى و ( 42 ) درجة كحد ادنى اما الوسط الفرضي للمقياس هو ( 84 ). وقد استخدم الباحث الاختبار التائي لعينة واحدة والاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين للتعرف على دلالة الفروق بين متغيرات البحث تبعا للجنس والتخصص الدراسي ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون لحساب الثبات. ومن ابرز نتائج البحث ان طلبة جامعة دهوك يتميزون بالوعي فيما يخص بمهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي. والطلاب في العلوم الانسانية يستخدمون مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي افضل من الطلالبات في حين ان الطالبات في الاقسام العلمية يستخدمن مهارات التفكير ماوراء المعرفي افضل من الطلاب. كما اشار البحث الى الحاجة لمزيد من البحوث للكشف عن العوامل المؤثرة في تباين الدرجات لدى الطلبة.

This study investigated how educational programs affect Jordanian students‟ perceptions of Americans. Students were from Yarmouk University in Jordan. The focus was twofold: first, to document opinions about Americans and American-related topics. Second, to determine if various educational programs relating to Americans impact opinions about Americans. The focus of the study compared students involved in cultural exchange programs to students not involved in exchange programs. This study was based on a questionnaire distributed to a purposeful sample of undergraduate and graduate students at Yarmouk University. Participation in a cultural exchange program was found to not have a significant effect on opinion of Americans. Program participants reported a greater proportion of “very positive” opinions of Americans, and did not hold “very negative” opinions of Americans, but these differences were not statistically significant. When comparing average opinions on Americans and related questions, exchange participants reported on average more positive opinions in cultural categories, but more negative opinions in governmental categories. The average confidence in knowledge about Americans was higher in exchange participants than the confidence of non-participants. Having a more positive opinion of the U.S., American ideas about democracy, American music, movies, and television, and desire to travel to the U.S. all were significantly associated with a more positive opinion about Americans.

إن التغريب” familiarization “De يعني: كسر الألفة، على مستوى التركيب والمعنى. لكن إدراك دلالة التغريب في العمل الفني، يستغرق جهداً وتوضيحاً أكثر من هذا التحديد بكثير. إنه وموقفٌ جديد من شيءٍ أو موضوعٍ قديم؛ إبداعٌ وتحديثٌ لحالة التكرار البالية. ويهدف التغريب في النصوص الشعرية إلى تحويل الأشياء المدركة والاعتيادية، إلى أشياء خاصة مدهشة، ملفتة للانتباه بشكل مفاجئ؛ لتصبح الأشياء البديهية أشياءً غامضة، بهدف أن تصبح أكثر جاذبيةً وفهماً. إن التغريب في شعر (سليم بركات)، يُنتج من استخدام وتوظيف تقنيات تعبيرية لغوية انتهاكية، مثل التشبيه والكناية والمجاز؛ تعمل كلها على انتهاك المألوف من العبارات والأساليب التعبيرية، كما تعمل على تحقيق قيم فنية مخالفة لما هو مألوف أو اعتيادي في النصوص اللغوية الشعرية من الناحيتين الشكلية والدلالية. لذلك تندهش القراءة أمام لغة نصه الشعري، حين تبتدع الكلمات أنساقها الخاصة، وتبتكر الألفاظ دلالاتها، من تغريب السياقات والأنساق والعلامات والإشارات والرموز التي تنتجها لغة النص الشعري، وبما يمتلكه النصُّ من تقنياتٍ لغوية تعمل على توجيه دلالات النص نحو التغريب والتأويل، وهي تقنية منتجةٌ بقصدٍ خاص للتأثير في قدرات التلقي التأويلية، وتعمل على كسر افق تلقيه باستمرار، حتى أن اللغة تبدو مهددة في تاريخ ألفاظها.

Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91), an Irish political leader of nationalists, causes a national controversy and division by taking Kitty O'Shea, wife of one of his followers, Captain O'Shea, as his mistress. This leads to massive contention between the Irish Catholic Church the nationalist strugglers, who deem him as their own leader and denounce the Church for its involvement in politics. This love story, condemned by the Church as adultery, becomes one of the rarest romances, matched by the famous mad love of Catherine and Heathcliff in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights (1847), as depicted by Dorothy Eden in her novel, Never Call it Loving(1966). Eden is most sympathetic to this estranged wife, Kitty, who falls in love with the most charismatic man, Mr. Parnell; like Heathcliff, Parnell dies miserably, leaving the Irish nation in serious schism. This moving novel is analysed as a sample of historical fiction, which delights readers by its accurate and impressive depiction of this romance; historians can rarely do this, for they're concerned with mere dry facts.

The study aimed at measuring educational services quality at the College of Education in Damam as perceived by students. For this purpose a sample of 286 students was selected randomly. The findings revealed overall negative statistical significant gap between students perception and expectation and the different service levels/dimensions. The study also showed negative statistical significant gap attributed to gender in their overall perceptions towards the areas: reliability, responsiveness, safety, empathy, in favor of males. The study also showed no significant differences attributed to gender in the students overall expectation of the educational services and in the areas reliability, responsiveness, safety and empathy. In addition, there were significant differences among the students expectations of the services in overall the moral aspects in favor of those enrolled at the post B. Ed program and no significant differences among them in the degree of importance in the tangible aspects such as responsiveness and empathy attributed to their educational level; whereas there were significant differences in the overall and in the moral aspects between the views of the expected and the perceived services in the overall and the areas tangible aspects, reliability, responsiveness, safety and empathy, in favor of the expected services.

The study aimed at identifying the degree of effectiveness of educational supervisors in improving the educational practices of the post-basic education school teachers in the Governorate of Dakhlya in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire composed of 34 items was designed. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was administered to 63 male and female teachers. The degree of educational supervisors' effectiveness in improving the educational practices of the post-basic education school teachers was at the average level. The study also indicated the absence of statistically significant differences (p. > 0.0 5) of the perception of effectiveness of supervisors in improving the educational practices of the teachers due to academic qualification, gender and experience. The researchers recommend that teachers should have training sessions to enhance their professional capabilities, specially, in the effective use of educational aids, preparation of teaching plans, production of educational aids, assessment, and strategies of teaching.

This study aims at identifying the degree of practicing innovative leadership by the administrative leaders at the General directorates of the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire composed of 41 items was designed. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 165 leaders, general managers and their deputies, district managers and their deputies and heads of divisions were asked to respond to the questionnaire during the academic year 2011-2012. To evaluate the responses, several statistical procedures were used: means, standard deviations, ANOVA and Ttest. The study found that the degree of practicing innovative administrative leadership among the administrative leaders of the general directorates in the Sultanate of Oman was high. The results also indicated the presence of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) due to gender and in favor of females. There was no significant differences (p = 0.05) due to academic qualifications and years of experience. In the light of the findings, the researchers recommend the implementation of the principle of participation in decision-making among the employees of the general directorates of the Ministry of Education.

Abstract A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of sulphamethoxazole in pure as well as in dosage form is described. The method is based on the reaction of sulphamethoxazole as electron donor with o-chloranil as electron acceptor to form violet colored charge transfer complex having maximum absorption band at 539 nm. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 2-60 μg ml-1 with molar absorptivity 3.675×103 L mol−1cm−1. The limits of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.371 and 1.236 μg ml-1 respectively. The accuracy and precision of the method were satisfactory; the average recovery % was 100.95 % and values of relative standard deviations ≤1.06 %. The stoichiometry of the reaction was studied, and the reaction mechanism was postulated. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of sulphamethoxazole in its pharmaceutical tablets and syrup with good accuracy and precisions. Keywords: Charge transfer; Spectrophotometry; o-chloranil; sulphamethoxazole

Abstract The Kurdish problem in the middle east was and still one of the most complicated issues that threw its shadows on the countries of the area that are habited by the Kurdish minority including Iran in which this issues affected the Iranian interior policy with the Kurds because Tehran doesn't admit with the rights of the Kurdish minority. the matter which made this minority to be formed within armed movements and parties considered as terrorist organizations by the Iranian government. The Kurdish case had its impact on the foreign Iranian policy especially that concerns the cooperation with her neighbor turkey which witnessed signing several security treaties for the sake of controlling the boarders and go after the wanted outlaws from both Ankara and Tehran. The Kurdish issue had different impacts on the relation between Iraq and Iran represented in the continuing Iranian military interference and violating the Iraqi borders claiming that it is after the Kurdish Iranian outlaws. The paper tried to deal with the Kurdish issue in the foreign and interior Iranian policy through three main sections. the first deals with the occurrence and the development in Iran. The second deals with the Iranian policy towards the Kurds inside Iran ,and the third deals with the Kurdish impact on the Iranian foreign policy.

Experimental work had been done to demonstrate the effect of nanocarbon black particles (N220) contents on the mechanical and tribological behavior of unsaturated polyester nanocomposite prepared via the ultrasonic wave dispersion method. The results showed that the mechanical and tribological behavior was enhanced when the nanocarbon black particles content was increased up to 2%wt. and then decreased after that. The improvements in compressive strength and flexural strength are (16.13% at 2%wt. and 25.2% at 1%wt.), respectively, While The improvements in the hardness and wear resistance are (14.65% and 25.76% ) at 2%wt. , respectively.

In this paper, the role of the vector quantization in the speaker authentication system was studied. Vector quantization based speaker authentication system was considered in two phases; training and testing. The training phase concerned with enrolling the speaker models to build the codebook. The codebook generated from a set of feature vectors belong to each sample of speaker's voice. The testing phase includes matching the unknown input speaker with the models. The matching is performed by evaluating the similarity measure between the unknown speech sample and the models in the speaker database to authenticate the input speaker. A weighted similarity measure was introduced; it takes into regard the correlations between the known models in the database. Larger weights are assigned to vectors that have high discriminating power between the speakers and vice versa. The proposed system gave an encourage results; the authentication rate was about 86.6% during a time 4 s.

This study was designed essentially to identify Opinions of students and administrators towardsthe establishment of clubs in Saudi Arabia. as an out-of-school educational activity in agriculture, and toassess the aims and purposes of the clubs. in order to achieve these objectives, a group of 233 students andadministrators were personally interviewed by means of a questionnaire especially designed for this study.The results showed that a high percentage , 97%, of respondents agreed on establishing clubs in SaudiArabia- Furthermore, a high percentage , 72% ', of respondents said that clubs in Saudi Arabia should bepart of the activities of the department of agriculture extension at the branches of Ministry of Agricultureand Water. Some of the purposes of the clubs were: to change negative attitudes of students towardsagriculture , 87%, , to create more interest in the choice of agricultural occupation , 91%, , to relate voca-tional agriculture to academic courses , 82%, . to create and nurture a love of country life , 71%, , and tostrengthen the confidence of students of vocational agriculture in themselves and their work , 94%, . Clubsare very important in agricultural education. because students learn more effectively if they can applywhat they are taught.

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This study examines the structure-profit relationship in the Bahrain's and Kuwait's banking industry. The study sample consists of all the local banks operating in the market (23 banks) over the 2005-2010 period. The hypotheses related to the market power structure which includes the traditional Structure-Conduct-Performance Hypothesis (SCP), and the traditional Efficiency Hypothesis (EH). Tests of the hypotheses are performed by regressing profits against measures of concentration, and market share. The emprical results generally support the (SCP) Hypothesis In Bahrain's banking industry. The study found that the hypothesis which depends on (SCP) is rejected in the case of Kuwait's banking industry, and the results doesn't provide support to the hypothesis of traditional efficiency. Thus, the main implication of these results for the policymakers, of Bahrain's and of Kuwait's banking sector, is to expand the ongoing deregulation efforts with the aim of reducing the industry concentration and enhancing the market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at developing a model for activating the role of social community in the private schools in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the objectives of the study a survey method using a questionnaire with 40 items was distributed to 450 participants to collect data. The participants were headmasters, headmistresses, parents, school councils, and directors of government and private organizations. Averages, standard deviations, T-test and one-way ANOVA, Lsd were used to analyze the data of the study. The major results show that there is a high degree of needs in activating the role of social community in private schools among the participants. Directors of public and private organizations showed a high degree of needs in activating the role of social community in private schools (α =0.05). Headmasters and headmistresses with experience of 5-10 years indicated higher degree of needs in activating the role of social community compared to other groups (α = 0.05). Participants levels of education did determine the degree of needs in activating the role of social community in schools. Based on the findings of this research, it is recommended to adopt this model in activating the role of social community in private schools in the Sultanate of Oman as there is no model of involving social community in educational organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has primarily aimed at determining recent changes in rainfall over southern Taif province, Saudi Arabia. Interest has been focused on trend detection of annual rainfall at selected stations for the last four decades ending in 2004. The study has been introduced by a brief summary of the general characteristics of rainfall on the annual, seasonal, and monthly levels as well as inter-annual variations. Rainfall trends were calculated by means of the linear model of the Least Squares Method. The importance of the study lies from the fact that it is considered as a contribution to the subject of climate change in this part of the world. In addition, it can be viewed as an introduction to more comprehensive and detailed studies in the field of Environmental Assessment studies especially as they relate to climatic changes. Results have shown negative trends for the majority of the stations in the study area, with Al-Shafa station as the only exception where annual rainfall showed a positive direction of 1.03% over the study period. The results have also indicated negative rainfall trends which ranged between (- 0.32%) and (- 44.80%). Due to such a wide range, it is expected that similar levels of variations would have been resulted in regards to the extent to which the ecology, hydrology, and soil conditions are affected due to such decreasing trends of rainfall in the study area. Therefore, the study concluded that further studies are to be recommended. Attention should be focused on the determination of those part(s) of the year that are mainly responsible for the decreasing trends. Special attention is also needed for determining the exact extent of environmental effects regarding such areas as the ecology, the hydrology, and the levels of agricultural production in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]