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إن جوهر فكرة النيابة في التعاقد تقوم على أساس حلول إرادة شخص (النائب) محل إرادة شخص آخر وهو( الأصيل ) في إبرام عقد معين على أن تنصرف آثار العقد من حقوق والتزامات إلى ذمة الأصيل دون المرور بذمة النائب ، إلا أن النيابة في التعاقد ليست على صورة واحدة وإنما تتعدد صورها وتختلف باختلاف مصدر النيابة المنشئ لها ، وهي لهذا قد يتولى الشخص إجراء التصرفات القانونية على اختلاف أنواعها بصورة مباشرة بالأصالة عن نفسه، أو أن ينوب عن غيره في القيام بها، لذلك فإن النيابة في التعاقد ما هي إلا وسيلة للقيام بتصرف قانوني معين عن غيره, وهي أمر كثير الحصول ويلجأ إليه الكثيرون في أحوال خاصة، وذلك وفقًا لما نص عليه القانون في موضوع النيابة في التعاقد، لذلك بالنيابة ما هي إلا تصرف عن الغير، يراد من خلالها أن ينوب شخص عن غيره في عمل يعود بالمنفعة منه على الأصيل المناوب عنه، فهو مبدأ يسمح بموجبه لشخص أن يتعاقد لمصلحة شخص آخر بأحد طرق النيابة,.

تتناول هذه الدراسة مدى التعويض عن الأضرار الناشئة عن إنهاء رابطة الزوجية حال إنهاء هذه العلاقة و ذلك من خلال التعريف بالإساءة الزوجية و كيفية إثباتها و وسائل التعويضة عن هذه الأضرار و صاحب الحق فيها من أجل توفير أقصى درجات الحماية القانونية للطرف المضرور، و يعرف الضرر المبيح للطلاق بأنه كل ما يلحق الأذى أو الألم ببدن الزوجة أو نفسها أو يعرضها للهلاك و يختلف الضرر عن الإساءة كما تختلف الإساءة الزوجية بطبيعة الحال عن العنف الأسري فالعنف الأسري يشمل كل أنواع الإساءة الزوجية و تجيز التشريعات المختلفة للزوجة حق طلب التفريق للضرر إلا أن القوانين الحديثة أعطت للزوج أيضا حق طلب التطليق للضرر الذي يتعذر معه دوام العشرة بالمعروف و لا يسقط حق أي منهما في ذلك و يكفي لوقوع الضرر ثبوت صورة من صورة التي تتحقق بها المضارة و لو لم يتكرر إيقاعي الإيذاء و لا بد أن يثبت الضرر من المضرور أو من قبل محكمين كم أيجوز إثبات الضرر بحجية الحكم الجنائي و لا بد من وجود علاقة سببية بين فعل الأضرار المتمثل بالإساءة الزوجية و الضرر الناتج و لا يشترط خطأ مرتكب الفعل الضار و هو ما يوفر أكبر قدر من الحماية للمضرور حيث يشترط إثبات الضرر و علاقة السببية دون إثبات خطأ المضرور و هو ما يسمى بالنظرية الموضوعية للضرر.و خلص الباحث إلى أن للزوجة كطرف ضعيف في العلاقة حق متعة الطلاق و إن كان طلاقا عاديا أما إن كان طلاقا تعسفيا فلها حق التعويض عن الطلاق التعسفي و عليها بدل إساءة إن كانت الإساءة من قبلها و طلبت التفريق للضرر فضلا عن أنه لأي من الزوجين طلب التعويض عن الضرر طالما توافرت أركانه وفقا لقواعد الفعل الضار أيا كان نوع هذا الضرر ماديا أو أدبيا.و أوصى الباحث بضرورة إحالة الطلب في التعويض للمحاكم المدنية لكونها الأقدر على تقدير التعويض لشعب الأضرار المدنية في عصرنا الحالي بين الزوجين بسبب وجود الشراكات المالية بين الزوجين في مشاريع متنوعة، و كذلك أوصى الباحث بتخفيف شرط الإثبات الناشئ عن علاقات الزوجين لصعوبته من الناحية العملية.

على الرغم من عدم وجود علاقات تعاقدية بين رب العمل والمقاول من الباطن يسمح القانون المؤرخ في عام 1975 المادة السادسة الفقرة الأولى ) للمقاول من الباطن ان يقبل من رب العمل الذي وافق على شروط الدفع على ان يطلب في هذا ان يدفع له مباشرة ما يترتب على المقاول الأصلي وذلك بمقدار ما على المقاول للمقاول من الباطن اذا كان المقاول الأصلي يعاني من العجز ومثلما هو الحال مع جميع الدعاوى المباشرة قان هذه الدعوى تتعهد بضمانة مثل كل الضمانات وتثير تنازعاً مع الضمانات المقدّمة من قبل المقاول الأصلي على دينة ضد رب العمل لا يتم احترام القانون دائماً على الرغم من انه يمنع التخلي عنه ( المادة الثانية عشرة ، الفقرة الأولى ) وخاصة عندما يتعلق الامر ببناء مساكن فردية لان المقاولين الأصليين لا يقدمون مقاوليهم من الباطن للزبائن ، اذن يعتبر المقاولين من الباطن محرومين ( مجردين ) من الدعوى المباشرة ضد رب العمل والدفع المباشر الدعوى المباشرة لرب العمل يمكن لرب العمل ان يتصرف بمسؤولية ضد المقاول من الباطن وقد قررت الغرفة المدنية الأولى لمحكمة التمييز ان هذه المسؤولية تعاقدية في حين نكرت الغرفة المدنية الثالثة ذلك بسبب غياب العلاقة التعاقدية بين الواحد والأخر ومن جهتها حسمت الجمعية لصالح الحل الأخير رافضة التطبيق على الدعوى مسؤولية رب العملو سقوط الحق بسبب فوات الأجل العشري الذي ينظم المسؤولية التعاقدية للمنشئين الدعوى الناجمة عن المقاولة من الباطن المقاولة المشاركة تعتبر المقاولة المشاركة قريبة من المقاولة من الباطن * ويلتزم العديد من المقاولين

معتبرا أن طريقة تبيين وفهم آيات القرآن الكريم تتأثر بالمبادئ الفقهية والعلمية والظروف الجغرافية والثقافية الخاصة لكل مفسر، لكن بالنظر إلى القواسم المشتركة الأساسية والعقائدية في وجهات نظر العلامة فضل الله وسيد قطب، سيكون هناك العديد من المكونات المشتركة في وجهة نظرهما. في الوقت نفسه، وبسبب تأثير الظروف الجغرافية والثقافية، والاجتهادات المسموح بها في مجال الخبرة في التفسير، فإن الاختلافات في وجهات نظرهما ستكون واضحة. كتب هذا البحث بطريقة المقارنة للنهج الاجتماعي مع التركيز على القضايا الحكومية في تفسيرين حديثين شيعي وسني "تفسير من وحي القرآن" و "تفسير في زلال القرآن". يستند كلا التفسيرين إلى فكرة العودة إلى القرآن، ومن أهم عوامل الضيق وانحطاط المجتمعات الاجتماعية الابتعاد عن القرآن وعلاج الألم الاجتماعي وشفائه على أنه العودة إلى القرآن. كما تبحث هذه المقالة في شرح آيات القرآن الكريم في مجال القضايا المتعلقة بالسياسة والحكومة في المجتمع في هذين التفسيرين.

Background. Brain stroke is the second most common cause of death and the first cause of disability in Iran. Most stroke-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. This epidemiological study was conducted due to insufficient studies and generally with a small sample size in the country, aiming at identifying the main risk factors for stroke in East Azarbaijan province. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed using data gathered from 5430 patients with a definite diagnosis of brain stroke registered in the Tabriz Stroke Registration System (TSR) between February 2015 and June 2021 in the referral hospitals of East Azerbaijan. Analyses were performed using STATA software (version 17). Descriptive statistics were calculated, and a chi-square test was run. It is worth mentioning that any P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. The epidemiological profile of the main risk factors was presented in the framework of clinical trials and findings, clinical risk factors, and behavioral risk factors associated with brain stroke. The mean age of the patients was 69.52±15.72 years; 47.15% were female and 52.85% were male. The most common risk factors include: having high blood pressure (67.81%), snoring (32.06%), diabetes mellitus (22.23%), familial history of stroke (18.78%), ischemic heart disease (17.55%), aspiration pneumonia (15.32%), smoking (13.65%), atrial fibrillation (10.15%), and hyperlipidemia (8.42%). Ischemic brain stroke (68.20%) was more common than hemorrhagic brain stroke (31.80%). Smoking was significantly higher in men than women (P<0.001). The prevalence of hypertension (P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (P=0.001), and hyperlipidemia (P<0.001) was significantly higher in women than men. There was a direct and significant relationship between atrial fibrillation and age (P<0.001) and female gender (P=0.001). Conclusion. The main risk factors for brain stroke include high blood pressure, snoring, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, aspiration pneumonia, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia, respectively. Hypertension is the most common risk factor among patients, so screening for asymptomatic cases is recommended. Educating people about common clinical manifestations can help expedite their early referral and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

في قانون التسجيل الإيراني، لا يعترف المشرع بنقل الملكية في المعاملات غير المنقولة دون تسجيل رسمي، في الواقع، في نظام التسجيل القانوني الإيراني، سعى المشرع إلى أن تكون الوثيقة العادية في نقل الممتلكات غير المنقولة غير ذات صلة وغير موثوقة. وتعتبر المعاملات في الممتلكات غير المنقولة مراسمية. ومع ذلك، بعد تعديل قانون التسجيل، تم تعديل قوانين في إيران انحرفت عن الغرض الأصلي لقانون التسجيل، وهو الطبيعة الرسمية للعقود غير المنقولة. مع تخصيص معظم قوانين التسجيل وكذلك مع سن قوانين جديدة، عاد إلى نظامه الإسلامي واعتبر معاملاتدغير منقولة بمثابة رضا. في الشريعة الإسلامية، وفقًا لآيات القرآن وروايات الأئمة، فإن وجوب تسجيل المعاملات من وجهة نظر الشريعة الإسلامية وعدم تسجيلها لا يبطل الفعل الشرعي بل أساسه هو الهداية للاقتراب من العدالة.. لذلك لا يمكن القول إن تسجيل المعاملات في الإسلام واجب ، لكن تسجيل المعاملات فيه طريقة إرشادية لمنع الأضرار المحتملة في المستقبل. تسعى هذه المقال، بمنهج وصفي - تحليلي وباستخدام قوانين إيران وآيات القرآن الكريم وأحاديث الأئمة والسنة النبوية، إلى دراسة مقارنة لتسجيل المعاملات غير المنقولة في الشريعة الإسلامية و النظان القانونية الايرانية.

Joint tortship in its general sense is the intervention of more than one personin committing tort. In this sense, the jointness acompanicity and participatesin it. The jointness, in a special sense, is limited to interfere more than twopersons in the commission of the operation and the material element of thetort. In the US legal system, in addition to cases where two or more peoplereally commit actus reus of tort, there are instances where with use of titlessuch as "attribaution", commition of actus reus is attributed to more than oneperson, Virtually. In this legal system, this is based on goals such as redressand deterrence. In Iranian law, according to the well-known Opinion, thejointness in tort, is subject to the commission of actus reus by two or morepersons and apparently in some cases, like the American law, with implicitusing of the title "attribution", realization of jointness in tort is ruled thatdoes not look right. Because, contrary to the US law and some veiws inpopular jurisprudence, when the legislator in the latter part of Article 535 ofthe Islamic Penal Code of 2013 considers intent to have an impact on thematerial reality of the jointness, he does not abide by all its effects andassumption. In the case of criminal responsibility, it imposes the lesspunishment on the accomplice and in the case of civil liability, he assumesthe distribution of damages on multiple causes. In the present study, it hasbeen proved by a descriptive-analytical method that, unlike the US lawwhich because of its instrumentalist nature, jointness in wrongs has widescope, in Iranian law, because of its ethical basis, jointness in wrongs, hasnarrow scope and Accordingly, it is proposed to amend or delete the last partof Article 535 of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013

The contractor should construct the intended goods or object according to the contract and deliver it to the employer. The contractor’s commitments include performing the action or the construction of the product, submitting the constructed product to the employer, and being responsible for it after submission. The main obligations of the contractor are the performance of the action and the construction of the intended object according to the content of the contract. In this article, the contractor’ commitments in the Law of Egypt and some other Arabian countries along with the General Conditions of Contract in Iran will be investigated.

Introduction: Export diversification is key in achieving stable export income. Therefore, it seems critical to examine possible drivers of export diversification and export revenue instability. Materials and Methods: This study examines the factors affecting export incomes fluctuation in the agricultural sector. The main objective of this study is to investigate possible relationship between the agricultural exports diversification and the export incomes stability in this sector. For this purpose, the instability of agricultural export incomes was calculated using the Love Index and the exports diversification was computed using the Herfindahl Index. The panel vector error correction model and fully modified least squares method has been used to estimate the relationship between variables in 20 developed countries over the period 2004-2018. Findings: The findings of this study show the concentration of exports, the instability of GDP, the instability of the real exchange rate, the instability of the inflation rate are positively related to the export incomes fluctuation in of this sector. Conclusion: These findings suggest that in order to stabilize export incomes under trade liberalization, countries need to diversify their agricultural exports and develop economic cooperation with other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mamsani has undergone profound political and administrative changes at the crossroads of history. These developments have taken place in a primitive context and based on the identifiers of tribal culture. One of Mamsani's settlements is the Gachgaran village, which is considered to be the home of the Gachgaran people. The political activism of the residents of this settlement is not only separate from other Memsani settlements, but is formed in a tribal context. With this approach, the question is raised, what is the role of tribalism as a historical phenomenon in the political participation and local management of Gachgaran village in the central part of Mamsani? It seems that the tribal culture has played a role in the political participation and local management of Gachgaran village through the institutionalization of the traditional ethnic/kinship model and the intensification of the excitement of the residents. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Among the indicators of tribal culture as an independent variable are: local-tribal emotions, habitat loyalty, nepotism, limited demands of individuals and groups and hometown rivalry. Among the indicators of political participation as a dependent variable are: the special work of the representatives, the election of the Islamic Council, the Dispute Resolution Council and the Village Islamic Council. In this regard, the performance index of the village assistant is considered as another dependent variable for local management. The data were collected by library/documentary (statistics) and field (observation and interview) method. The output of the research shows that tribal culture, by producing ethnic/kinship tendencies and intensifying excitement and emotions, plays an effective role in increasing the political participation of village residents in political moments such as political gatherings in the context of history, the elections of the Islamic Council Parliament and The Village Islamic Council. On the other hand, the selection of local managers in Village Association, House of Justice and army of Science after the land reforms and village governor after the Islamic Revolution based on kinship/tribal considerations and not on the basis of expertise/merit- oriented has fueled the inefficiency of local management in Gachgaran village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Caring for patients with Covid-19 is a challenging issue. Not only does Covid-19 disrupt the lives of patients, it may also have an unpleasant effect on their caregivers. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the caregivers' lived experience of caring for a family member infected with Covid-19. Methods: The present descriptive phenomenological study was conducted using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist. Inductive and in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 caregivers of family members from April to July 2019 in Tehran. Results: In the present study, 17 caregivers of family members with the age range of 28 to 52 years who had the experience of directly caring for a family member infected with Covid-19 participated. Caregivers' experiences were classified into four themes and 11 sub-themes. The themes were: "heavy and dangerous care", "negative consequences", "helplessness" and "sacrifice". Conclusion: The present study showed the challenges of caregivers of family members of patients with covid-19 during the epidemic period. As the Covid-19 pandemic continues, the situation for caregivers may become more difficult and challenging. The most important issue in such a situation can be support, which in the form of government support in the form of financial and equipment, the support of the treatment staff in the form of training and the support of close acquaintances of the caregiver can moderate the challenges raised to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a type of neurotic disorder that is included in the category of anxiety disorders, so it may affect the career development of individuals. Thus, the purpose of the study is to compare people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and normal people regarding their career development, career decision-making, and career identity. The research method was causal-comparative, and the study population included all the students of the University of Isfahan in the academic year 2015-2016. The sample was selected by random time sampling from the University of Isfahan students who had visited the counseling center. Then, the subjects were assessed by the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale, and we diagnosed 85 with obsessivecompulsive disorder, and 50 others were normal. The students in the sample responded to Career Development Inventory- Australia (Creed & Patton, 2004), My Vocational Situation Inventory (Holland et al., 1980), Career Indecision (Osipow et al., 1976), and Career Self-awareness (Kermani, 2011). The results showed that there were significant differences between the two groups, namely people with obsessivecompulsive disorder and normal people, regarding the variables of planning, discovery, self-awareness, and indecision (p<0.001) and the variable of decision-making (p<0.05). But the difference between the two groups regarding the career identity variable was insignificant. Obsessive-compulsive disorder plays a significant role in career development and career decision-making. Differential analysis showed that the research variables explain approximately 50% of the group membership variance. Therefore, focusing on these variables in job counseling for obsessive individuals is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Education Journal / Āmūzish-i Pizishkī is the property of Babol University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper effect of the strike-slip deformation on the Neogene structural evolution of the Qom sedimentary basin, western area of Qom city is investigated. For this purpose, after preparing geological map, structural study has been performed. Two stages of deformation are identified in the study area as the effect of NW trending strike-slip zone parallel to the Qom fault. In the first stage of deformation the main folds such as Mil and Kamarkuh anticlines and Yazdan syncline are formed and rotated counterclockwise. Then the Mill-Dochah fault and relevant sinistral fault are formed and folded. In the second stage, NNW to NW dextral strike-slip faults were initiated which in turn created restraining zone where the Mil-Dochah fault reactivated reversely and limbs of the Mil anticline were overturned. The syn-sedimentation normal folds are also reactivated normally in this stage. Sinistral and dextral strike-slip deformation of the zone is compatible with the first and second stage of deformation respectively. According to the angular unconformity that is formed as the effect of syn-sedimentation folding in the Upper Red formation, it is proposed that the age of first stage deformation is Miocene and second stage of deformation, which cut the first stage structures and reactivated the faults, is initiated in Pliocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting after surgery is a relatively common complication that despite advances in prevention and treatment is still the most problematic side effect observed in the recovery room and after surgery. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to bupivacaine on nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing orthopedic lower extremity surgery with spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients aged 18 to 50 years with anesthesia classes (ASA I, II) who were candidates for lower limb orthopedic surgery (femur). Patients were randomly divided into two groups: 1: (12.5 mg bupivacaine (2.5 ccs) and 10 mg fentanyl) and group 2: (12.5 µg bupivacaine and 5 µg dexmedetomidine). At recovery times, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; Patients' nausea and vomiting were assessed. Results: The results of the Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine-fentanyl in terms of nausea and vomiting only 6 hours after surgery (P=0.034). At 6 hours postoperatively, the frequency of nausea and vomiting in patients in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group (50%) was higher than in the bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine group (25%). Conclusion: Although in most minutes of the study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of vomiting nausea, at 6 hours after surgery, there was a significant difference between the bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine-fentanyl groups in terms of nausea. In addition to its analgesic effects, dexmedetomidine appears to prevent nausea and vomiting in patients after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Military Medicine is the property of Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the important activities to achieve drought tolerant cultivars is screening and selection of cultivars, based on yield and biochemical characteristics. A split-plot experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications has been carried out in Safiabad Agricultural Research Center during two growing seasons (2017-19). The main plots are consisted of different irrigation regimes based on crop's water requirement (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and sub plots include five levels of alfalfa cultivars (Baghdadi, Nikshahri, Yazdi, Omid, and american Mesa-Sirsa). Results show that drought stress due to irrigation regimes have resulted in a significant reduction of forage dry matter yield and considerable changes of soluble sugar, glutation peroxidase, and catalase in alfalfa leaves. However, it has not greatly affected total protein. For forage dry matter yield, the highest statistical class belongs to Baghdadi cultivar under 100% water requirement supply treatment (2.824 t.ha-1). The lowest statistical class for forage dry matter yield has been observed in Yazdi and Mesa-Sirsa cultivars under 25% water requirement supply treatment (0.598 and 0.546 t.ha-1), respectively. Among the cultivars, examined in this experiment, Yazdi has been identified as a drought tolerant cultivar due to the stability of dry forage yield as well as high leaf antioxidants content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock fall is a type of slope instability that occurs in most mountainous areas and causes casualties and severe damage to facilities, residential areas, roads, farms and vehicles. Therefore, to prevent financial damage, it is necessary to predict and model the phenomenon of rock fall in steep walls to take preventive measures. In this paper, in order to assess the risk of falling rocks, first using Rocfall software, the path of rock fall of isolated blocks was analyzed individually and separately in the most critical section of the northwestern heights of Shahrood. In order to consider the interactions between particles in the path, shape, size and weight of the parts, the distinct element method PFC3D was used. Analyzing the simulation results with the help of these two softwares, it was concluded that if the rock falls, a large number of parts will stop in the area of roads and residential areas, which will result in traffic jams and financial-human risks. In other words, considering that the maximum horizontal distance traveled by the plots is 393 meters and the horizontal distance between residential areas is 340 meters, so the probability of an accident due to falling rocks is very high. In the following, suggestions such as installation of metal grids, shock absorbers, reduction of kinetic energy in the parts, change in the dimensions of the parts, change of the slope geometry to reduce the risk and damage caused by falling rock in the desired section are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, the effectiveness of granting facilities to water saving pool projects and developing greenhouse crops in the agricultural sector of Khorasan Razavi province was evaluated. Investment is one of the most important factors for economic growth in the countries. Purposeful banking facilities are one of the most important factors in increasing investment and boosting production and can provide the necessary ground for improving the welfare of the community. Hence, today one of the main goals of the government's economic policy is to push resources and bank credits towards productive and capital activities. Also, one of the most limiting inputs for agricultural sector development in Iran is capital. But, the most important question of the capital market is how effective this facility was? Materials and Methods: This research is based on descriptive-survey and considering that its variables occurred in the past, it is categorized as case-study research. Statistical population of this study contains experts of Agricultural Jihad Organization of Khorasan Razavi province in fields of water saving pool projects and greenhouse crops development, utilizers of agricultural sector who used facilities of water saving pool projects and development of greenhouse crops plans and also supervising experts of those plans. Sample size of utilizations and supervising experts in each of water saving pool and development of greenhouse crops projects is calculated based on Morgan Table sample size calculator. For this purpose, firstly, by using the Delphi technique, the effectiveness indicators of granting facilities to water saving pool projects and developing greenhouse crops in the form of dimensions: program logic, quality of implementation, results of design and effectiveness, were extracted and then the situation Facility grants to the projects were reviewed during 2011-2012. Finally, by structural equations, the effectiveness of the factors influencing the effectiveness of grant facilities to the plans was measured. The results showed that the logic of granting facilities is of high level and among its indicators; the degree of compliance of facilities with upstream documents is the most logic. The quality of performance of the facility is low and among its indicators, the proportionality of the type and amount of bank guarantee, and the rate of interest repayment with the expected rate of return has the lowest performance. Results and Discussion: Results shows that logic of facilities granted to the water saving pool projects and development plans of greenhouse crops performed in high level and equivalent to (73/2 %) and (71/3%) respectively. Also among the logic indicators of program of granting facility to mentioned projects and plans, compliance rate of project facilities with the upstream developing documents is at the highest level of logic. In terms of performance quality, facilities granted to the water saving pool and development of greenhouse crops projects, performed in low level and equivalent to (41/4%) and (38/3%) respectively. Also among the performance quality indicators of granting facilities to mentioned projects, indicators of proportion of type and amount of bank guarantee according to utilization capability, the interest rate proportion of repayment of the facility at the expected rate of return and proportion of repayment amount and utilization capability, respectively had lowest quality of performance and caused disaffection of utilizations. operational results of granting facilities to water saving pools and development of greenhouse crops projects have almost a moderate level and equivalent to (56/5%) and (55/7%) respectively. Also according to indicators of operational performances of mentioned projects, success indicators of granting facilities and compliance rate of project details and operational plans, have the least expected operational performance rate respectively. The results of study also indicated that efficiency of granting facilities to water saving pool as well as development of greenhouse crops projects have almost a mediocre level equivalent to (56/8%) and (55/6%) respectively. Among the efficiency of granting facilities to water saving pool project, indicators of Level of cultivation, increase of production, and increase of sustainable employment, standing in first to third rank respectively. Also product quality improvement index has the least efficiency. Among the indicators of the effectiveness of the granted facilities to the project of development of greenhouse crops, product quality improvement, efficiency increase, value added and performance improvement indicators have the least efficiency. Conclusion: Generally, results of interviews with utilizers and experts shows that facilities granted to examined utilization by agricultural sector of Khorsan Razavi province among these years of Research, have not been effective mostly due to various factors such as unfavorable economic conditions prevailing in the period under study, Changes in rules and regulations, Frostbite, Drought and Finally, the lack of support and assistance from the banking system. Therefore, it is recommended to officials of this section to create a proportion between the returns and the rate of interest repayment, the assistance of banks with the affected operators and, in particular, the development of insurance for agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sciences & Techniques of Information Management is the property of University of Qom and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Modares Mechanical Engineering is the property of Tarbiat Modares University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Dermatophytosis is one of the health problems that may spread from contaminated soil, pets, livestock, and infected humans. Although Tinea capitis is more prevalent in deprived areas, other forms of this disease were also reported in both urban and rural regions. In order to design appropriate strategies to control and treat diseases, the disease prevalence and its effective factors should be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of dermatophytosis and its etiologic agents in patients who referred to the mycology laboratory of Yazd Central Laboratory during 2013-2018. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, samples were collected from suspected dermatophytic lesions of patients who referred to the mycology section of Yazd Central Medical Laboratory during 2013- 2018. After completing the demographic information questionnaire, samples were collected from the lesions and examined by direct microscopic culture examination. Moreover, additional tests were performed to determine the genus and species of the etiologic agents. Results: From 900 patients, 112 cases (12.5%) were positive regarding both direct smear and culture. The highest rate of infection was observed in the age group less than 10 years. The most common clinical forms were tinea corporis, capitis, cruris, manuum, pedis, and ungium, respectively. The most commonly isolated etiologic agents were Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton verrucosum. Conclusion: Due to the lack of information about the current status of this disease in Yazd, periodical studies are recommended on dermatophytosis, their sources, and etiologic agents in order to take effective measures to control and prevent the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shenakht Journal of Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shenakht Journal of Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was intended to identify seed feeding insects and to investigate their biodiversity on Fabaceae rangeland plants in North Khorasan during 2015-2016. Therefore, sampling was carried out with collecting legum seeds as weekly from April to September each year and biodiversity indices were calculated using SDR software. In this study, 25 seed feeding insects were identified that belonged to the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Heteroptera orders. Among 4421 seed feeding insects, the highest numbers belonged to Astragalus suluklensis Frey& Sint with 593 specimens (10 species), A. macropelantus Boiss with 303 (7 species) and A. iranicus Bung with 513 (4 Species), respectively. Species of Bruchophagus mutabilis Nikolskaya, 1952; B. astragalus Fedoseev, 1954; and Bruchidius virgatus Fahraeus, 1839; were the most abundant among seed feeding insects with relative abundance od 35.35, 9.58 and 7.05 percent, respectively. The diversity index indicated that Sissab area and Sargil protected park, had the highest diversity among diverse species and Jajarm and Golestan National Park were the least diverse species. On the other hand, the altitudes of 1200 to 1800 meters had more diversity than other elevations. Among the seed feeding insects, B. mutabilis and B. astragali, with 80% damage, B. dahuricus Zerova with 45% damage, Bruchidus virgatus, Fahraeus, B. lukjanovistsci B. lukjanovistsci (Ter-Minassian, 1969) and B. astragali (Boheman, 1829) with up to 60% of damage and Etiella zinckenella Treitschke with up to 90% damage have been identified as the most destructive insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the modeling with Artificial neural network and Multilayer - Perceptron were used in order to evaluate the zeolite and citric acid's usage in reducing of Aflatoxin's production in stale dry breads across the Mashhad. Since, the stale breads are the main sources of the livestocks's feeding, and because of the availability of proper environmental conditions for growing molds, these breads are severely contaminated by mycotoxin and especially Aflatoxin, and this make some anxieties about the human being and animal's life. So, the foodstuffs contamination by mycotoxin, should be controlled accurately through the food chain. The results have shown that modelling with ANN is a suitable method especially in food industries, and also the addition of zeolite as compared with Citric Acid, cause the'Aflatoxin to reduce more. In this manner, the interaction of zeolite and citric acid caused the Aflatoxin to decrease more, than when zeolite or citric acid are being used alone. Based on these results, Artificial neural network model for zeolite with one hidden layer, hyperbolic tangent function as the transfer function, Levenberg-Marquardt method as the learning rule, 3 hidden neurons, %60 for training subset and %20 for each of validation and test subsets with the correlation coefficient 0/973 had the best overfiting. The modeling results indicate that there is an excellent compatibility between the experimental and predicted values of Aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine is a chronic and progressive disorder that is associated with severe, pulsating and one-sided headache. Several studies showed that migraine is a risk factor for incidence of vascular disorders and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). So, present study aimed to review the evidences in relationship between migraine and CVDs. This review study was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science by entering "Cardiovascular diseases", "Migraine", "Headache" and "Metabolic Risk Factor" as keywords. In this study, clinical trial, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies which were published during 2005 to 2014 were reviewed. We included studies that were diagnosed migraine based on IHS criteria and were done on human, and excluded non-English language articles and studies that investigated headaches as the main aim. In most evaluated studies, there was a positive and significant association between migraine with aura (MA) (migraine with visual disorders) and incidence of CVDs like myocardial infarction and angina. However, findings about migraine without aura (MOA) and CVDs were inconsistent and in most studies, there was not significant association between MOA and CVDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and toward the kidney. Vesicoureteral reflux is the most common inherited disease in urogenital system. Primary VUR is the most common urological anomaly in children and it has been reported in 30-50% of those who present with urinary tract infection (UTI). The association of vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection and renal damage is well known. Current methods for vesicoureteral reflux diagnosis are unpleasant. Therefore, human leukocyte antigen system not only might help to detect causative gene but also would assists to establish better prognoses tests of this disease. In this study, the relationship between vesicoureteral reflux and HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genes were investigated. Methods: This study applied on forty vesicoureteral reflux confirmed children from Kerman province, Iran. These children have been admitted to the Afzalipour Hospital for UTI and primary VUR for them was proved by voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Also, forty children without any VUR sign as control group. DNA was extracted from the whole blood sample and was amplified using sequence-specific priming polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) method. Finally PCR products were evaluated by electrophoresis in 1.5% agarose gel and frequency of alleles and haplotypes were compared by Chi-square test. Significance level was assumed at P< 0.05. Results: Low-resolution HLA typing showed the frequency of the HLA-DR17 antigen was significantly increased in vesicoureteral reflux children compared to control group (P= 0.039). On the other hand HLA-DR16 was significantly decreased in vesicoureteral reflux group. Also, frequency of HLA-DQ2 was significantly higher in patients compared to control group (P= 0.002). DRB1 (11, 17) and DQ (2, 7) haplotypes were also higher in vesicoureteral reflux patients (P= 0.027, P= 0.01). Conclusion: The HLA cluster might affect on susceptibility to vesicoureteral reflux especially by locus which located close to HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 genes. This study demonstrates for the first time in Iran. However, further extensive researches with a large number of samples from different populations and ethnicities are required to validate the results obtained in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The shoulder joint is continuously under various pressures. Shoulder impingement syndrome is the most common problem. Stability of the shoulder is due to the interaction between static and dynamic stability which is caused through mediation of sensorimotor system (proprioception). This study was investigated to determine the effect of 6 weeks resistance training with elastic-band on proprioception in male athletes with shoulder impingement syndrome. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 adult males with shoulder syndrome divided into control and interventional groups. Subjects in interventional group were received resistance exercises with elastic-band for six weeks. The shoulder joint proprioception, perior and at the end of study in 0, 45 and 90 angle were measured using isokinetic, Biodex System 3. Results: Significant improvement in the shoulder joint proprioception in 0, 45 and 90 angle were observed in interventional group in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks of resistance training with elastic-band improved shoulder joint proprioception of males with impingement syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cerebral palsy is characterized by non-progressive abnormalities in the developing brain that creates a cascade of motor deficits and finally affects functional activities. Limited hand function is a characteristic of the movement disorders in children with cerebral palsy which leads to disability in performing activities of daily living, work and play. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wrist Kinesio Taping on hand function of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods : In this randomized clinical trial and single-blind study, 26 children (3-6 years old) with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were selected by convenient and simple sampling and randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. During the study for 12 days,control group received only common occupational therapy treatment or Neuro-Developmental Treatment (NDT). Intervention group received both NDT and wrist Kinesio Taping for 24 hours a day on both wrists. Assessment tool was QUEST for evaluating quality of upper extremity skills and Modified Ashworth Scale for assessing spasticity of wrist before and after intervention in both groups. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and Wilcoxon rank sum. Results : The results showed significance increase of total QUEST score (P=0.029) and significance difference in domains of dissociated movements (P=0.003) and grasp (P=0.008) in Kinesio Taping group. However, there were no significant differences in weight bearing (P=0.46) and protective extension (P=0.89) domains. The data showed that wrist Kinesio Taping was effective in reducing spasticity of right wrist(P=0.004) but no significant difference for left wrist(P=0.06). Conclusion: Wrist Kinesio Taping technique revealed to be effective in increasing quality of upper extremity skills of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy children in domains of dissociated movements and grasp. Moreover, it was concluded that this technique can be effective in reducing spasticity of right hand due to more active use of dominant hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: In our daily lives hand tools are often used in many work situations. With respect to design characteristics, hand tools can be considered a risk factor when a high level of repetition are required or when awkward postures are adopted. Therefore attention to ergonomics design rules for hand tools is the most important factor in design process. With this in mind, the aim of the present study is to evaluate a new model of home stripper which designed based on ergonomics rules. Methods: Ten healthy female subjects participate in this study. Seven tests were considered for each subject. The subject was instructed to strip a cucumber using six commercial models as well as with a new model, separately. The surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from three muscles: biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and flexor digitorum. To make possible the comparison between models in all experiments varied between the subjects, the raw EMG signals was normalized. Results: For biceps brachii muscle, the analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant difference on the mean EMG data among all models, however muscular activity for the new model of stripper was found lower than the other models. The results indicated that the changes among the mean EMG data of models for triceps brachii, and flexor digitorum muscle were found significant. Tukey tests shows that differences between the EMG data for the new model with one commercial model were significant. Conclusion: A new model with commercial models of stripper was tested to evaluate the effects of design characteristics on EMG signals. The results of this study show that muscular activity is mostly related to specific design of hand tools considering form, shape and product design aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Selection of appropriately-sized central teeth has an important role in esthetics of dentures. The aim of this study was to compare proportion of mesiodistal width of central incisors in the maxilla to those in the mandible in students and products of Idealmako Company. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 93 students of Isfahan Faculty of Dentistry in the age range of 20-30 were selected randomly. Mesiodistal widths of left and right upper and lower centrals were recorded by two methods: directly, using an intraoral caliper, and indirectly, using subjects' casts and a caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm at height of counter of the teeth three times. The sizes of Idealmako products were measured by the same caliper. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-test and post hoc Scheffé's test using SPSS software (α = 0.05). Results: Proportion of upper-to-lower mesiodistal width of centrals was 1.55 ± 0.13 in students and 1.68 ± 0.17 in Idealmako products. Conclusion: Mean proportion of mesiodistal width of upper centrals to lower centrals in natural teeth is less than that in artificial teeth. A similarity between the width of upper centrals in the natural and artificial teeth (the numerator of the fraction) accounts for this significant difference between the proportion of the two groups, leading to the very small size of lower centrals (denominator of the fraction) in Idealmako artificial teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: Complete root canal seal is one of the most important aims of root canal treatment. Elimination of smear layer plays an important role in this regard. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the apical microleakage of Tubliseal sealer when 17% EDTA, 7% citric acid, or 20% citric acid was used to remove the smear layer. Materials and Method: In this experimental study, 80 single rooted teeth were selected. The crowns were removed from cemento enamel junction (CEJ). Instrumentation of the canal was performed by the step back method. The teeth were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups of 20 and 2 control groups of 10 (positive and negative groups). Final irrigation was implemented as follows: group1; EDTA17%+NaOCl, group2; 7% citric acid + NaOCl and group3; 20% citric acid + NaOCl. Then, the groups were obturated with gutta percha and Tubliseal sealer. Lateral condensation technique was carried out in all groups. The teeth were stored in 100% humidity and 37°C for 48 hours. The root surfaces other than the apical 2mm were covered with 2 layers of nail polish. After that, the teeth were placed in metylene blue dye for 72 hours. Then, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally with a diamond disk and the degree of dye penetration was measured. The results were statistically analyzed by one-way Variance and Post Hoc Tukey tests. Results: A statistically significant difference was found between the groups ( p < 0.05). The least amount of dye penetration (2.59mm) was belonged to 17% EDTA group and the highest mean dye penetration occurred in the group in which 20% citric acid was used (3.59mm). Conclusion: The results of this in vitro study indicates that when a ZOE-based sealer is used for obturation of the root canal system, EDTA is recommended to remove the smear layer. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the main purpose of removing the smear layer is not only to clean the dentinal tubules from organic and inorganic debris, but also to create a dentinal surface structure that best fits the characteristics of the sealer used for root canal obturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pi-GST and Mu-GST are subclasses of glutathione S-transferase that present on human sperm surface and play an important role against oxidative stress. Therefore, any defects in the enzyme activity may be associated with male infertility.In this study the polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTP1 in association with enzyme activity and sperm parameters were studied. Methods: This case-control study involved 95 men with oligoastenoteratozoospermia and 26 controls with normozoospermia. Semen analyses were carried out according to WHO guidelines. Blood DNA was extracted using salting out procedures. GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms gene were determined through PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR, respectively. Finally, Glutathione S-transferase activity was measured. Results: Frequencies of GSTM1 null genotype in oligoastenoteratospermic and normospermic groups were 52.1% and 53.8% respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in sperm parameters and enzyme activity between GSTM1 null and positive genotypes in two groups. There were no statistically significant differences in glutathione S-transferase activity between oligoastenoteratospermia and normospermic groups (p>0.05). All the 121 men in this study had Ile/Ile genotypes at 105 codon of GSTP1. Frequency of normal homozygote (114Ala/Ala), heterozygote (114Ala/Val) and mutant homozygote (114Val/Val) genotypes in oligoastenoteratospermic group were 81.1%, 17.9% and 1.1% respectively but in the control group they were 88.5%, 11.5% and null. Conclusions: Total glutathione S-transferase activity and sperm parameters were not affected by deficient Glutathione S-transferase activity in GSTM1 null genotype. Compensate activity of other sperm surface glutathione S-transferase isozymes, like GSTP1, may justify the cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]