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Medicinal plants have gained wide popularity at present time due the side effects of chemical drugs on the body in general and on the kidneys in particular. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of Arabic gum (AG) against nephrotoxicity of ciprofloxacin. Twenty-four rats divided into four groups administrated for 14 days as following: control group administrated orally with distilled water 1 ml/kg, ciprofloxacin group 750 mg/kg, orally. Third group administrated with AG solution 15% and fourth group administrated with ciprofloxacin 750 mg/kg combined with AG 15% respectively. Results demonstrated the effect of Ciprofloxacin in significant increased levels of nephrotoxicity biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, MDA, and a significant decreased urine flow rate, creatinine clearance and degeneration in renal tissue via attenuate antioxidant system tissue. The combined administration of AG with Ciprofloxacin showed the ameliorative role of AG on nephrotoxicity biomarkers, nephron function, antioxidant availability and protected renal tissue from damage. We concluded that AG in concentration 15% has a protective role against renal toxicity exposed by ciprofloxacin in rats.

This study aims to determine the effects of Tricaine methane‐sulfonate (MS-222) at concentration 150mg/l for one hour as an anesthetic agent to reduce the stress conditions during transfer the fish. Forty fish (Cyprinus carpio) were divide in to four groups: the 1st is control group (fish without both transfer and anesthesia), the 2nd group (fish transfer without anesthesia), the 3rd group (fish anesthesia without transfer) and the 4th group (fish transfer with anesthesia). The induction time reached to 3 minutes while the recovery time take at lasted for 7 to 10 minutes. Furthermore, the cortisol was significantly decreased in fish serum in both anesthetized groups that were transferred or that were left in the pond without transmission in compare to control groups (both transfer and without transfer fish). The glucose level rose significantly (P rd and 4th groups in compare to control groups. There was no difference in hematological parameters (hemoglobin and packed cell volume), blood sodium ion concentration, and enzyme activity represented by Alanine amino transferase in all groups while level of creatinine phosphate was decrease significantly in both groups 2nd and 3ed in compare to 1st group. It can be concluded that tricaine methane‐sulfonate stimulates the recovery and shortens the time of induction and reduces the stress condition caused by fish transport.

Metronidazole is antimicrobial drug for human and animal use, The more characteristic side effect associated with use high dose of metronidazole is neurotoxic signs, some of these signs that recorded in animal represented by ataxia and tremor, there is limited information is available on the pharmacological profile of metronidazole in birds The aim of our study explain some of its neurological effect in chicks by its interaction with one of organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos that have well-known excitatory effect on nervous system. Median Lethal Doses (LD50) of metronidazole and chlorpyrifos were determined depending on up and down method. The intraperitoneal and oral LD50 of metronidazole were 516.9 mg/kg, 3061.8 mg/kg respectively. The oral LD50of chlorpyrifos was 13.705 mg/kg, intraperitoneal treatment of metronidazole with Oral treatment of chlorpyrifos in ratio 1:1, 1: 0.5, and 0.5:1, respectively of LD50at the same time increased LD50for metronidazole and chlorpyrifos and the isobolographic analysis showed that the points of interaction occurred above the diagonal line connecting between LD50 of each; while oral treatment of metronidazole and chlorpyrifos in ratio 1:0.5 LD50at the same time decreased LD50for metronidazole and chlorpyrifos and the point of interaction was above the diagonal line connecting between LD50 of each in conclusion we found that isobolografhic analysis for metronidazole and chlorpyrifos in different percentages and routs of treatment reveal to antagonist effect despite the similarity in the toxic signs.

This study was dedicated to detecting the effects of cadmium chloride and of cortisone on experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii in rats through studying brain tissue. Twenty-four adult albino male rats were used, divided into four groups, comprising: untreated control as group 1, group 2: infected with intraperitoneal injection of Toxoplasma gondii 80 tissue cysts per animal, group 3: infected with Toxoplasma gondii and treated with intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride 1.5mg/kg once a week, group 4: infected with Toxoplasma gondii and treated with intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone in a dose 0.5 mg/kg once a week. After 30 days of treatment for all groups, the animals were sacrificed, and the gross and histopathological examinations were performed on the brains of the rats. The results revealed the presence of changes in the infected groups including appearance of toxoplasma tissue cysts in the grey matter, with mild to moderate perineuronal and periaxonal edema. There were further changes observed in infected groups which treated with cadmium chloride including perineuronal satelletosis, perineuronal edema and demyelination in neuronal axons, otherwise the infected groups treated with cortisone did not show any noticeable difference from the group of infection only. It is concluded that cadmium increase the intensity of occurrence of lesions induced by Toxoplasma gondii in the brain tissue of the rats, considering that all noticeable lesions ranged from mild to moderate in severity, and the differences between groups may be related to the nature of the pathogen used.

The study aimed to investigate the analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac and silymarin in chicks. The up and down procedure was used to assess the effective median analgesic dosages (ED50s) of diclofenac and silymarin administered intraperitoneally either alone or at the same time in chicks. Also, Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were measured by using the formalin test. Isobolographically, ED50s of drugs were assessed for the manner of interaction between both. Formalin testing also supervised analgesic and anti-inflammatory coadministration impact of diclofenac and silymarin at doses 5 and 40 mg/kg and 2.5 and 20 mg/kg respectively. Analgesic ED50s for diclofenac and silymarin in chicks were 9.3 and 76.6 mg/kg separately. Concomitant administration of drugs at a fixed ratio 0.5:0.5 and 0.25:0.25 of their individual ED50 values reduced their ED50s to 2.3:18.6 mg/kg and 2.2:16.5 mg/kg separately. ED50s isobolographic analysis showed synergistic analgesic effects of both drugs. Additionally, coadministration of both drugs had effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, as seen by formalin test, led to a significant rise in latency to lift right foot beside a significant decline in foot lifting frequency when compared with control value, the anti-inflammatory reaction was demonstrated by a significant decrease in foot thickness compared to control value. In conclusion, the data indicate that diclofenac and silymarin coadministration controls acute pain synergistically, and suppress inflammatory reaction.

Iron oxide nanoparticles were made using celery extract by chemical method with change PH. Bio-materials in celery extract synthesized the iron oxide nanoparticles by reducing iron (III) chloride (FeCl 3 ) and then acted as both capping and stabilizing agents. The iron oxide NPs were characterized by XRD, SEM, and UV–vis techniques. The change PH affected the size, shape, and purity of iron oxide NPs. XRD results showed Crystallite size increased from 16.71nm to 21.65nm as pH was increased from 1.6 to 12. SEM images showed that the particle size of (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) NPs was around 40.06 nm, while increasing PH showed different shapes in the same sample. The particle size became approximately 45.56 and 61.22 nm. UV–vis measurements showed the energy band increased from 3.11eV to 5.11eV. The antimicrobial activity of iron oxide NPs was determined by growth inhibition zones of the negative gram bacteria E. coli , Klebsiella spp , and gram-positive bacteria S. aureus , S. epidermidis , and fungal Candida albicans . The zones for (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) NPs when PH 1.6 was between (12-13) mm. The zones for (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) NPs when PH 12 was a little higher between (13-15) mm.

Little works of literature studied the anesthetic effect of ketamine in different ages of broiler chickens, hence this study intended to examine these alterations in chickens at different ages. The doses of ketamine that causes hypnosis in 50% of the chickens (hypnotic ED50) were 7.90, 7.90 and 6.80 mg/kg, intramuscular (IM) at 10, 20 and 40-day-old chickens, respectively, whereas the doses that resulted in analgesia in 50% of the chickens (analgesic ED50) were 12.92, 12.92 and 6.50 mg/kg, IM. The onset, duration and recovery from ketamine hypnosis were in an age-dependent manner and significantly longer at 40-day-old, although the depth and sensitivity of chickens to ketamine hypnosis rises as the age advancing forward. Ketamine analgesia is more effective at 40-day-old. There are neurobehavioral deficits, according to the age of chickens when injecting ketamine in a subtle dose of 1 mg/kg, IM. The concentrations related to alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), tested in the serum, reveal that the 40-day-old chicken group differs significantly from 10 and 20-day-old chicken’s groups which all treated with single ketamine dose (25 mg/kg, IM). In conclusion, the present work discovered that ketamine’s efficacy, including hypnosis, analgesia and neurobehavioral activity will be increased as the age is progressing, suggesting that the veterinarians need to take it into account when preparing the dose regimen of ketamine anesthesia for different ages of animals.

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of nanocinnamon gel on salivary concentrations of cytokines: interleukine-6( IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α) in chronic gingivitis.Material and Methods: prepared nanocinnamon gel 2% concentration from nanocinnamon powder. The study was carried out on the randomized clinical trial of chronic gingivitis comprises of 45 patients of age between (18-50)years old .They were divided into three groups, fifteen for each group , treatment involved mechanical therapy by scaling and polishing at dental clinic and drug treatment in which the first group applied to the mechanical treatment alone, , second group received chlorhexidine gel topically and third group received nanocinnamon gel topically , the treated groups used the gel twice daily at least ten minute for three weeks. Unstimulated saliva was collected for each individuals and at least two hours after any food intake to disregard the food stimulatory effect on salivary secretions. ELISA kits (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) used to measure IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva . Data were analyzed using kruscal-wallias H test and Friedmans̓ test analysis range test. Results: the results of present study showed that there were no significant differences in salivary IL-6 among groups after treatment however , there were significantly decreasing in salivary TNF-α of nanocinnamon group after 21 days of interval therapy in comparison to control group. Conclusion :The use of nanocinnamon gel have anti-inflammatory effect against gingivitis and the changes in the salivary concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α can help in the diagnosis of periodontal disease

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the high level of thyroxine affects on each of the luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of rats and to estimate the potential effect of the administration of aqueous rosemary extract and propylthiouracil against testicular toxicity induced by levothyroxine in male rats. Negative control group rats were treated with distilled water. Three groups of male rats were treated subcutaneously with 0.5 mg/kg levothyroxine for 12 days: Since day 13th to the 24th day of the experiment first group was regarded as a positive control group that received distilled water, the second group was given propylthiouracil at a dose level of 10 mg/kg b.wt, and the third was given aqueous extracts of rosemary 10 mg/kg b.wt. The results revealed that treatment with aqueous extract of rosemary lead to a significant decrease in the levels of serum testosterone while a highly significant decrease in testosterone, FSH, and LH levels in serum revealed after treatment with propylthiouracil. Thus, it can be concluded that the effect of propylthiouracil and rosemary aqueous extract resulted in dialectical hormonal results in which the favor was to propylthiouracil.

Generally, treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is a difficult task, due to development of high resistance against antibiotics. The object of this study is to investigate the greatest causative microorganisms, their susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics in children suffering from UTI in Baghdad. A total of 810 urine samples were collected from suspected cases of UTI in children patients of ages (1 day to 12 years) of both sexes. Urine specimens were examined by urinalysis and cultured for isolation of microbial agents. In this study, Bacterial growth was obtained in 202 samples (24.39%) out of 810 urine samples. Various pathogenic organisms were isolated, which represented by A) Gram-Negative bacilli include Escherichia coli (41.58%), Enterobacter spp. (13.68%), Proteus Mirabilis (12.78%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.45%), Providencia spp. (4.45%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.46), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.47%), Citrobacter spp . (0.49%), Salmonella Spp. (0.49%), B) Gram- Positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus (11.38%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.98%) and S treptococcus agalactiae (1.48%) C) Candida albicans (0.9%).). According to antibiotic susceptibility test, mostly the isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid (67.05%), cefotaxime (59.40%) and cefepime (50.49%). Mostly Gram-Negative bacilli were responsible for UTI, and maximum recurrent isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli . The isolated bacteria were found to be sensitive to Imipenem, Amikacin, and ciprofloxacin. Therefore, the selection of antibiotic therapy in UTI should depend on the native sensitivity form of the infecting organism.

This study aims to investigate the effect of aspirin in methotrexate toxicity (increase or decrease) relating to oxidative stress and histopathological changes of the liver and kidney in male rats. Twenty rats were divided into equal 4 groups, the first is considered control group, the second was treated with methotrexate in a dose of 10 mg/kg, the third was treated with methotrexate and aspirin in doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg respectively, the fourth was treated with aspirin alone with a dose of 30 mg/kg. All doses were given by daily oral dosage for 4 constitutive days. The result revealed a significant decrease in the concentration of both glutathione and albumin and a significant increase in the concentration of both malondialdehyde and ALT enzyme in the two groups treated with methotrexate alone or in combination with aspirin as compared to the control group. The histopathology revealed that the severity of lesions was in the group of methotrexate with aspirin, group of methotrexate only and a group of aspirin respectively, which are representing by coagulative necrosis and hypertrophy of hepatocytes in the liver while the lesions of kidney were atrophy of some glomeruli and renal cystic formation. The study concludes that aspirin increases the toxic effect of methotrexate at the level of oxidative stress concomitant with the occurrence of hepatic and renal toxicity.

The safety zone of imatinib, and specifically its relevancy to organ toxicity, has been discussed dialectically in current years. Oxidative stress may be one of the causes of imatinib -mediated toxicity. This study aimed to examine the possible role of co-enzyme Q10 in ameliorating the adverse effect of imatinib on the testicular histology of male albino rats -if it is present. Twenty-eight male Albino rats were used randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups: Group 1 includes 40-45 days aged rats (n=8) which were gavage a dose of 200 mg/kg/day/30 days of imatinib mesylate. Group 2 includes age matched control rats which were administered with distilled water(n=4). Group 3 includes eight rats were received Q10, 50mg/kg, alone, Q10-sorb capsule of 50 mg given with the same schedule. Group 4. Includes eight rats were co administrated orally with 50 mg/kg of Q10+200 mg/kg of imatinib (once/day/30days). Euthanizing of animals with ether 24 hours after the final dose was done. Testes of rats from each experimental group were obtained. The tissues processed and stained by routine histological method. Histological sections of testes's rats treated with 200mg/Kg of imatinib revealed different testicular lesions compared to those of control group (P

The safety region of imatinib, and markedly its role in testicular toxicity has been studied in a controversial manner in current years. This study was designed to address the repercussion of administration of groups of pups with imatinib mesylate (at neonatal or infantile periods) using histological analysis of their testes in several end points and in adulthood. Intact pups (albino-male) exposed to 200 mg/kg of oral imatinib once daily at neonatal and early infantile period on PND 1 to PND10 (for ten days). All experiments performed with age and weight matched control which administered with Distilled water. Pups were into categorized into 4 subgroups, according to the ages of euthanasia: 15 days postpartum (PND); 40days postpartum; 70 days postpartum and 140 days postpartum. The histological analysis was conducted in blind fashion after staining with (Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Ten randomly selected testicular sections from each rat were analyzed qualitatively and quantitavely. In addition, Johnsen' scores were used to analyze the effect of drug on spermatogenesis. Data were recorded and value is considered as significant when it P

A simple, accurate and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of salbutamol sulphate and mefenamic acid in pure forms and in pharmaceutical preparations (capsule, syrup, tablet). This method based on the bromination of the drug with N-bromosuccinimide in acidic medium and the unreacted oxidizing agent react with constant amount of Azur-A dye solution due to bleach their colour and measured the absorbance of the residual colour dye at 606.5 nm.The molar absorptivity for salbutamol sulphate and mefenamic acid are 2.3 × 104 L.mol-1.cm-1 and 8.1× 103 L.mol-1.cm-1 respectively. Beer's Law was obeyed over the concentration range of 1.6 -12.8 µg/ml for salbutamol sulphate and1.6 -13.6 µg/ml for mefenamic acid. The limit of detection (LOD) were 0.0367µg/ml and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.1226 µg/ml for both drugs. In addition, the recovery levels of the drugs were in the range 100.56% and 100.74%. The method was created to be simple, cost-effective and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs.

Ibuprofen (IB), is one of the common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is mostly used for the management of pain, fever, and inflammations. In addition to its beneficial effects; IB has also been reported to be associated with some adverse effects. Thus, the present study was aimed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of olive oil (OO) against the IB -induced dysfunction of liver and kidney parameters in male rabbits. This study was conducted on 18 local male rabbits weighing between (900 - 1000 g) for 30 days, rabbits were divided into three equal groups; control group (C), ibuprofen group (IB), and ibuprofen +olive oil group (IB + OO), each group included six rats. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical assessment of the liver and kidney functions. The results showed that IB caused a significant increase (P˂ 0.001) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea (Ur), creatinine (Cr), and uric acid (UA). A significant decrease in the total protein (TP) and albumin (AL) (P˂ 0.001) and (P˂ 0.05) respectively showed in the IB group compared to the control group. Treatment rabbits with OO showed significant improvement in renal and liver functions; the activity enzymes of ALT, AST, and ALP significantly decreased, and the levels of TP and AL significantly increased. The current results were in agreement with other previous studies which informed that the IB has adverse effects on the functional capacities of the liver and the kidney. Further studies are needed to evaluate this ameliorative effect of OO on other medicines and pollutants.

Enzymatic browning by tyrosinase and nonenzymatic browning (Maillard reaction) are responsible for producing new compounds which contributes considerably to the undesirable of aroma, taste and colour in food. In this study, tyrosinase activity and browning intensity in quince juice were inhibited by treating them with antioxidant compounds vanillin, glutathione and melatonin as compared to the control. The maximum inhibition percentages of Tyrosinase were 83, 68.8 and 90.3 % and the maximum inhibitory effects of browning intensity were 13.9, 9.7 and 29.8% respectively. For untreated quince juice which heated to 5 hours at 100 oC, the results showed increasing in A294, Browning intensity (A420) and reducing power, as well as decreasing in reducing sugar, free amino group, phenolic compounds contents and inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation. The decreasing of A294, browning intensity and increasing in reducing power were showed after treating with (10mM) vanillin and (8mM) glutathione compared to control. Conversely to glutathione, the addition of vanillin to quince juice revealed increasing in inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation, reducing sugar and phenolic contents and decreasing in free amino acid content compared to control. Inhibition Mode of tyrosinase by melatonin is non-competitive. The Km value remains constant (1.96mM), while Vmax reduced from 228.13 to 114.06 U.ml-1.min-1. Inhibition constant Ki value was 6.9 mM.

An indirect sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of cephalexin monohydrate (CEM) ceftriaxone sodium (CFX) and cefotaxim sodium (CEF) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The method is based on the oxidation of (CEM), (CFX) and (CEF) in hydrochloric acid medium with known excess on N-Bromosuccinimde and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by decolorization of Evans blue dye (EB) and measure the absorbance of residual dye at 608 nm. Calibration curves of evans blue dye in the presence of drugs were rectilinear over the ranges 1.0-9.0 , 1.0-8.0 and 1.0-9.0 µg/ml with molar absorptivity 2.75×104 , 9.28×104 and 7.81×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and average recoveries 98.97, 102.08 and 100.08% for CEM, CFX and CEF respectively with RSD of less than 3.29%. The method was free from interference of many excipients and additives commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulation resulted in a good agreement with certified value and standard addition procedure.

To explore the benefits of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), (which is an antimalarial agent that has shown effective pharmacological properties in different malarial conditions and immunological disorders, particularity in chloroquine-sensitive malaria), in the treatment and prevention of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because HCQ was recently advocated to minimize the pathogenicity of COVID-19. The aim of this review is to shed the light on a possible mechanism by which HCQ can defeat the COVID-19, a disease characterized by the WHO as a pandemic. Literatures from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar were cast-off to search the literature data. The keywords used are antimalarial agent, COVID-19, Hydroxychloroquine, SARS-CoV-2 and Zinc sulfate. The review summarizes the benefits of using HCQ against COVID-19 through exploiting the ability of this antimalarial agent in ameliorating the body immunity, inhibiting and/or delaying the viral glycosylation by increasing the pH inside the host cell and also via suppressing the viral transcription and replication through the formation of a complex structure after binding with zinc. We concluded that these interfering properties of HCQ support human immunity to fight against the progression of COVID-19. We hypothesize that the therapeutic efficiency of HCQ against the COVID-19 can be enhanced by the concurrent administration of zinc sulfate.

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is classified as a second-generation fluoroquinolone structurally similar to nalidixic acid. It is a widely used antibiotic to treat different types of bacterial infections. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three different dosage forms of CIP [tablets (Tab coded I, II, III), CIP infusion (Infusion coded I, II, III) and CIP eye drop (Eyedrop coded I, II, III)]. Three most commonly prescribed and dispensed brands for each dosage form were selected. All studied brands were within their shelf life. All brands examined by spectroscopy and the quantity of the active ingredients was with the permitted limits of British pharmacopeia (95-105%). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of CIP against E. coli and Staphylococcus Aureus. The highest inhibition zone was at low concentration against E. coli, by Tab-II, Tab-I, and Tab-III tablets respectively. While in the case of infusion, the Infusion-III showed the highest inhibition zone, followed by Infusion-I and Infusion-II. In the case of Staphylococcus Aureus, all Tab I, II, and III have similar potency. At low concentration, Infusion II, III indicated similar while Infusion I had lower potency. However, all brands had slightly higher potency over the standard. All brands of eye drops showed nearly similar potencies against Staphylococcus Aureus with a slight superiority of Eyedrop-I over Eyedrop-II then Eyedrop-III in the highest concentration. All the brands of eye drops showed antimicrobial activity slightly lower than standard. Post-marketing surveillance is an essential issue to distinguish poor-quality medicines. The current study revealed that the marketed CIP pharmaceutical dosage forms showed reasonable antimicrobial activity except for the eyedrops dosage forms which showed slightly lower inhibition zone in comparison to standard

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic and intermittent illness. The current treatment failed to cure the disease which requires to investigate other drug with minimal side effects. The goal of the research is to assess the histological outcome, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnarizine in comparison with that of sulfasalazine (salazosulfapyridine) in experimentally induced colitis in rats. Acetic acid 4% (vol/vol) was used rectally to induce experimental colitis in rats. After induction, rats were administered either sulfasalazine 100mg/kg or cinnarizine 20 mg/kg as a therapeutic dose in rats orally for one week. The duration of treatment was depended on previous studies. There were estimation of histopathological and clinical parameters also the expression of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)), and adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial (E)-Selectin) in the colonic tissue. Results showed that both cinnarizine and sulfasalazine significantly reduced the clinical and histological injury in colon that induced by acetic acid. In addition to the down regulation of the increased colonic cytokines, MDA, MPO parameters and adhesive molecules. These results concluded that cinnarizine had an effective therapeutic role which is comparable with sulfasalazine on the experimental colitis through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions with down regulation the colonic adhesion molecule.

The study was designed to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of metoclopramide and xylazine each alone or as a concomitant administration in mice. Adult albino Swiss mice weighing 20-30 mg used in all experiments. By using the hot plate test, the individual analgesic dose (ED50) of metoclopramide and xylazine detected depending on the up and down method. Isobolographic analysis used to evaluate the type of interaction between two drugs at the ratio 0.5:0.5 of individual ED50 for each drug at the level of antinociception effect. Simultaneously administration of the double dose of individual ED50 and low doses (sedative, non-analgesic doses) of both drugs, also evaluated at the level of central and visceral analgesia using a hot plate and writhing response test respectively. The individual ED50 of xylazine and metoclopramide was 10.8 and 25.6mg/kg IP respectively. A synergistic interaction at the level of analgesia explored between two drugs at ratio 0.5:0.5 which represented as decreased in ED50 of metoclopramide and xylazine by 58.75 and 58.15% respectively. The animal suffered from only slight sedation and docile. Simultaneously IP administration of xylazine and metoclopramide at double dose of ED50 for each drug-induced significant increase in latency time of thermal response, as well as a significant decrease in writhes number, which induced by acetic acid in comparison with control groups. The percentage of analgesia at sub analgesic doses of a concomitant administration of both drugs was 100% in comparison with each drug alone. These results suggested safe and good use of both drugs in veterinary medicine.

Ractopamine hydrochloride often used as a bronchodilator, but its β-adrenergic agonist effects on un-striated muscle and its withdrawal time have not been assessed for Etawah goats and sheep. The aim of this study was to determine the safe time to slaughter goats and sheep post-treatment with ractopamine. Five clinically healthy adult goats and sheep (20 kg body weight) were treated with a single dose of ractopamine (1 mg, intravenously). Whole blood was sampled from the jugular vein at 120 min, 180 min and 300 min post-treatment. Ractopamine as a veterinary drug was analysed using HPLC at wavelength 225 nm. The concentrations at 120 min, 180 min and 300 min were 817.156 ± 13.460 µg.mL-1, 554.468 ± 50.157 µg.mL-1, and 294.588 ± 52.845 µg.mL-1 in goats and 706.266 ± 89.856 µg.mL-1, 579.194 ± 45.664 µg.mL-1, and 209.36 ± 54.797 µg.mL-1 in sheep, respectively. The withdrawal times in goats and sheep were 1141.710 ± 255.85 h and 989.741 ± 167.633 h, respectively, no drug residues detected. The safe time to slaughter goats after administration of 1 mg of ractopamine was approximately 3 months and 5 days post-treatment at a safety factor of 2, which was later than the sheep at 2 months and 22 days by a safety factor of two.

Asphalt was modified by several methods including catalyzed treatment with a number of recycled polymers aiming at changing their chemical composition in order to be suitable for producing activated carbon, which is of great importance that is due to its uses in industing and in pollution control. The best model in terms of asphaltene content was used in the preparation of activated carbon using excess amount of potassium hydroxide after atmospheric and vacuum distillation; complementing carbonization is then carried out. The selected activated carbon models were purified, and the activation process is finally achieved by employing microwave technique. The properties of the synthesized models were tested by determining the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue from aqueous media, the density, ash content and humidity. It is noticed that the chemical structure of the starting material and the use of both thermal fusion carbonization and the activation by microwave technique have great influences on the physical properties of synthesized carbon.

This research paper tackles a developed method for Aspirin and Pyridoxine drugs determination in their pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. It is based on the formation of nucleophilic substitution reaction between given drugs and 9-Chloroacridine forming a reddish orange colours. The products show maximum absorption at 532 nm and 534 nm for Aspirin and Pyridoxine respectively. The method was adhering to the Beer's law over concentration range 0.2-18 and 0.4-24 µg/ml with molar absorptivity values 1.1×104 and 7×103 l. mol-1. cm-1 and average recovery 99.87% and 100.00 % for the given drugs respectively. No observed interferences appeared from the excipients commonly existed in pharmaceuticals. Successfully, application for both Aspirin and Pyridoxine was conducted in their pharmaceutical formulations. The continuous variations and the slope ratio of the products between Aspirin and pyridoxine hydrochloride were followed with 9-chloroacridine. The ratio of 1: 1 was obtained between the above two drugs and the reagent The stability constant of the products was 6.38 x 104 and 9.25 × 104 l / mol for both Aspirin and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride products respectively indicating the good stability of these products.

A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of nitrazepam in pure as well as in dosage form is described. The method is based on the reaction of reduced nitrazepam (RNZ) with p-bromanil in the presence of borate buffer solution of pH9 to form a pink color charge transfer(CT) complex of maximum absorption at 340 nm. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Beer’s law correlating the absorbance with nitrazepam concentration was obeyed in the range of 0.8-9.6 μg ml-1. The molar absorptivity was 1.977×104 L mol−1cm−1. The limits of detection was 0.093μg ml-1. The accuracy and precision of the method were satisfactory; the average recovery was 102% and values of relative standard deviations better than 1.5 %. The stoichiometry of the reaction was studied, and the reaction mechanism was postulated. The proposed CT complex formation method was successfully applied to the determination of nitrazepam in its pharmaceutical tablet with good accuracy and precision. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by the official method.

The purposes of the suggested research are to assess the effectiveness of different protocols in decreasing oedema and aching post extraction of third wisdom teeth. Materials and Methods: The research involved thirty patients whom had impacted mandibular wisdom teeth of different local anatomical locations. Kinesiology adhesive tape put for one week only for 15 cases and Dexamethasone 8 mg submucosaly injected directly post operatively for other 15 cases. swelling was calculated by a tape scale means from known points and mean taken also pain evaluated by VAS using ribbon gauge degreed from 1 to 10. Calculations had been applied for the first day of surgical intervention, 3rd day and seventh day. Results: There was no significant statistical differences were documented statistically for oedema readings concerning two study methods on the reading day one, three and seven following the operation, and there were highly significant readings related to pain parameters. Conclusions: Usage of Kinesiology adhesive tape clinically was closely with a same advantageousness with Dexamethasone injection submucosaly in dropping the oedema and pain parameter, although clinically dexamethasone was better in both parameters than Kinesiology tape, so it can be used additionally in contraindicated cases of prescribing steroids for alleviating ache, oedema following to wisdom teeth surgery.

The aim of this research paper is to minimize chloride ion concentration in water using natural materials such as pomegranate peels powder and tea leaves as adsorbent materials. The water samples that tested in this study were collected from one of Baghdad’s public swimming pools. Influence of contact time and temperature on removal efficiency was investigated. The results showed that after 60 minutes of contact time the chloride ion’s concentration was decreased from (873.3 mg/L) as initial concentration to (213 mg/L) and (234.3 mg/L) when using pomegranate peels powder or tea leaves respectively. In addition, results showed that increasing solution temperature would improve adsorption capability of adsorbent material that used in this study, increasing solution temperature to (100 oC) reduces chloride ion concentration from (873.3 mg/L) as initial concentration to (206 mg/L) and (220.1 mg/L) using pomegranate peels powder or tea leaves respectively. Comparing the effect of contact time and temperature on adsorption process showed that temperature had rapid effect for both adsorbent tested material, while pomegranate peels powder was more effective than tea leaves in chloride ion’s concentration reduction.

A simple and accurate spectrophotometric method has been suggested for the determination of Mesalazine (MES), carbamazepine (CAM) and diclofenac sodium (DFS) in pure and pharmaceutical dosages. The method is based on the oxidation of drugs in acidic medium with known excess of N-bromosuccinimide (in case of MES), or bromate-bromide mixture (in case of CAM and DCF) and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by decolorization of nile blue dye (NB) and measure the absorbance of unoxidized dye at 640 nm. Calibration curves of the dye in the presence of studied drugs were rectilinear over the ranges 0.1-2.2, 0.4-2.4 and 0.6-2.8 µg ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 6.21×104, 1.05×105 and 1.21×105 l.mol-1.cm-1 for MES, CAM and DCF respectively. The common excipients and additives didn’t interfere in their determination. The suggested method was successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical forms resulted in a good agreement with standard British pharmacopeia method and standard addition procedure.

Levofloxacin is a third generation of fluoroquinolones family. It is commonly used in the treatment of a several bacterial infections. However, misusing antibiotics impose damage to hepatocytes and myocytes. The present study was conducted to access the effect of levofloxacin on tissue histology in mice taking in consideration dose and duration of exposure. 24 matured male Albino mice were divided into 3 groups, Group G1: was considered as a control group. They received normal saline intraperitoneally / day. Group G2: They received 10.7 mg/kg/day of levofloxacin intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group G3: They received 10.7 mg/kg/day of levofloxacin intraperitoneally for 3 weeks. Microscopic examination of liver sections of group G2 revealed severe congestion of blood vessels in the portal area and central veins with inflammatory cells infiltration. While in group G3, Apoptosis, Degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes with giant cell transformation were noticed. In addition to kupffer’s cell activation. Heart sections showed moderate congestion of blood vessels with edema in between the myocytes and inflammatory cells infiltration. Group G3 Necrosis with pyknosis of cardiac muscle nuclei was noticed. We concluded that levofloxacin induces toxic effects on liver and heart according to the dose of administration and duration of treatment.

Three simple, sensitive, selective, accurate and efficient spectrophotometric methods for determining cefixime in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations have described. The first method involved conversion of NH 2 in cefixime to diazonium salt, which has coupled with Bisphenol A in an alkaline medium. The orange colored product showed λ max at 490 nm and followed Beer's law over a concentration range of 1-50 μg mL -1 , with molar absorptivity of 0.866×10 4 L.mol -1 .cm -1 and the detection limit was 0.157 μg.mL -1 . The second method involved pre-concentration of a trace amount of cefixime-azo dyes using cloud point extraction (CPE). The extracted drug- dye was spectrophotometrically measured at λ max 500. The constructed calibration curve to determine cefixime followed Beer’s law in a range of 0.25-6 μg.mL -1 , with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998, molar absorptivity of 0.961×10 5 L.mol -1 .cm -1 and the detection limit was equal to 0.031 μg.mL -1 . The pre-concentration factor was 25 and distribution coefficient (D) was 314.03. A diazotization of the studied drug (cefixime) and its coupling with Bisphenol A was studied using a developed flow injection analysis method, based on the detection of the absorption of the diazotization product. Chemical and physical properties [of what??] were studied to develop the suggested method and to determine the stability of the colored of product. A flow rate of 2.5 mL.min -1 , 50 cm reaction coil and 100 μL sample volume were used to operate the system and the orange colored product was detected at 490 nm. The proposed three methods were successfully applied to determine cefixime in pharmaceutical formulation, where results were satisfactory

The aim of this research is separation and determination of trace Tetracycline residues in Poultry chest, thigh and liver using High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD), with a mobile phase mixture consisting of acetonitrile: methanol: oxalic acid (0.01M) (25:15:60) and chromatographic column C8. The study was done on 32 live poultry individuals. All individuals were injected in the chest by 1m of Tetracycline standard solutions, then slaughter for analysis throughout four successive days. The injection with 10×103 ppb of Tetracycline showed that the traces of Tetracycline residues (according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission) exceeded the value of the maximum residue limit (MRL = 200 ppb) in the thigh and chest meat at the 1st day and the 1st & 2nd days of slay respectively, and exceeded the value of (MRL = 600 ppb) in the liver at the 3rd and 4th days of slay. limit of detection was LOD = 0.451 ppb, limit of quantification LOQ = 1.502 ppb, and recovery percentages of Tetracycline at a concentration of 200.0 ppb for 20 sample Rec.% = (88.966 - 91.055%), (84.623 - 87.667%), (82.198 - 83.688%) for Poultry chest, thigh and liver respectively with a percentage relative standard deviations (RSD%) of < 1 %.

This Study was done form the period October 2016 Until June 2017 In the central laboratory of a hospital belonging to Diyala Health governorate, to isolate and diagnoses Streptococcus mutans bacteria form dental caries infection , their ability in biofilm formation, and the detection of the sensitive antibiotic isolates the inhibitory effect of plant extracts for Green tea and Capsicum annuum on the growth of the bacteria.The results showed that 68 Isolates belonged to Oral Streptococci from 150 samples taken from dental caries infection, 20 isolates (13.3%) of S. mutans bacteria were obtained .the ability of isolate to format of biofilms by (80%), The isolates varied in their sensitivity to antibiotic, Where the percentages of sensitivity for Tetracycline (70), Erythromycin (%65), Streptomycin (% 60), Ciprofloxacin (50)% , While whereas resistance to antibiotics Amoxicillin , Ampicillin, Cefepime, Optochin (100%).the Value of Minimum Inhibition Concretion (MIC) of Tetracycline ranging from (256-1024) micrograms \ ml ,While For antibiotic Erythromycin ranged from (64-1024 ) micrograms \ ml. The highest inhibitory effect of chili pepper and Green tea extracts was (30 and 27) mm respective , So we conclude that the extracts for the chili pepper, green tea have inhibitory ability than more those antibiotics against S.mutansBacteria .This refers to the possibility of benefiting from those extracts in the manufacture of an alternative treatment, for the purpose of minimizing the risks of resistance of bacterial as well as redactor side effects that can result from the use of such antibiotics, in addition, advantages are easy to get and cheaply priced.

The present study compared effects of tramadol with lidocaine on healing processes of incisional intraoral mucosal wounds in rabbits and to study the antimicrobial effect of tramadol. For this purpose, fifteen apparently healthy male rabbits of 5-6 months old were used. They were classified into three groups, first group treated with 0.5 ml distilled water infiltration as control (n=5), second group treated with 0.5 ml tramadol infiltration in dose of 100 mg/2 ml (n=5), and third group treated with 0.5 ml of 2% vasoconstrictor-free lidocaine infiltration, then an incision was done to the buccal mucosa of all animals and they slaughtered on day 10 and their wounds were evaluated by histopathologic for presence of edema, vascularity, and inflammatory cells. For antimicrobial effect, swabs from tramadol group were taken from sites of wounds before incision and other swabs were taken after surgical incision on the first day, third day and seventh day, then the colony forming units (CFU)/ml of microorganisms were counted. The present study found that the infiltration with tramadol in dose of 100mg/2ml result in new epithelialization and wound healing occurred faster than infiltration with lidocaine 2% group also this study found that tramadol has significant decrease in the means of colony forming units of oral microorganisms. This study demonstrated that tramadol accelerated stages of buccal wound healing faster than lidocaine in rabbits.

Activated Carbon characterized by special importance for it’s large use in industry field and pollution struggle it has been prepared from different sources and ways. In this study activated carbon was prepared from seed residues of (Urtica dioica) plants after extractions of vegetable to preparation the biodiesel. The process of activated carbon preparation include the following steps: 1) Primary carbonization of theseed residues at (300º±50ºc). 2) Secondary carbonization of product results from the primary carbonization with exiss amount of sodium hydroxide {(1:2) (seeds residues:NaOH)} at (500±25ºc) for 3 hrs. The product washed with: distillated water treated with 10% HCl, washed with distillated water and ther dried at 110ºc for 24 hrs. Number of tests concerning the activated carbon were parformed including all types of activated carbon prepared in steps 1and 2, these tests including: Physiochemical tests such as humidity, density, ash content and mechanical resistance and measurements of iodine number and methylene blue. The studying results show that carbonization seed residueswith sodium hydroxide in (2) give the best results of the prepared activated carbon than in (1).

The aim of this study was to develop convulsion by giving pentylenetetrazol and to observe the interaction of this drug with diphenhydramine and phenobarbital in chickens with an evaluation of the interaction of these drugs and their effect on the biochemical parameters. The chicks were divided into five groups, each group containing six birds, control group injected with normal saline at 2ml/kg, second group injected with PTZ at56.5 mg/kg I.P., third group injected with diphenhydramine at dose 2.5 mg/kg I.M., before 20 minutes from injected of PTZ at dose 56.5 mg/kg I.P., forth group injected with phenobarbital at dose 10 mg /kg I.M., before 20 minutes from injected of PTZ at dose 56.5 mg/kg I.P., fifth group injected with diphenhydramineat dose 2.5 mg/kgI.M. and phenobarbital at dose 10 mg /kg I.M. before 20 minutes from injection of PTZ at dose 56.5 mg/kgI.P. The results showed that group which was treated with PTZ alone showed a significant decrease in glutathione concentration in plasma and brain compare with the control group. All groups except the group treated with PTZ diphenhydramine and phenobarbital showed a significantly increased in malondialdehyde concentration in plasma and brain compare with control group, as well as, all groups except the group treated with PTZ and phenobarbital appeared significantly increased in glucose concentration in plasma compared with the control group. In conclusion, the study appeared oxidative stress result in the lipid peroxidation which main reasons for decreasing of glutathione concentration and increasing of malondialdehyde concentration in chicks.

This study was undertaken to determine the antidiabetic effects of oral administration of Punica granatum L. extract on serum and tissues of streptozotocin induced diabetic rabbits at 100 mg/kg. The present study was carried out at the Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, from February to August 2017 for 10 weeks. For this purpose, 30 rabbits were randomly separated into three groups, each containing 10 animals: Group 1, healthy control rabbits; Group 2, diabetic rabbits received streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg); Group 3, diabetic rabbits treated with PS extract (the 100 mg PS+1 ml DW) for 21 days. At the end of experiment, blood samples were taken for measuring serum biochemical parameters. For histopathological evaluation, sections of kidneys were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and 5micron thick sections with H&E stain were prepared using routine histopathological techniques. The treatment revealed that PSE extract significant decreased serum glucose throm-bospondin-1, nitric oxide, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase alkaline phosphatase, and C-reactive protein in diabetic treated rabbits as compared to diabetic rabbits. Histopathology of kidney showed lesions similar to human glomeruloscleroses, glomerular membrane thickening, arteriolar hyalinization and tubular necrosis. From the above one can conclude that PSE extract possess nephroprotective effect in experimentally induced diabetic rabbits.

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of cinnarizine (CIN) and domperidone maleate (DOM) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between the studied drugs and rose Bengal dye in buffer solution (pH5). The complexes give maximum absorbance at 571 nm. The method obeys Beer’s law in the range of 0.5-34 and 0.5-36 µg ml-1 with molar absorptivity of 2.55×104 and 2.42×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 for CIN and DOM respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of studied drugs on pharmaceutical dosages with no interferences. The results have been compared with official method and standard procedure with a good agreement.

A total of twenty-four healthy ewes aged between 2-3 years old and weighed about 35.09 kg of body weight were divided randomly into four groups (6 animals for each group). The first group included the non-treated control group, while the other three groups were subjected to various oral doses of melatonin 9 mg, 12 mg and 15 mg/head, respectively. All treatments were applied at 6 o'clock in the morning, to investigate the effect of treatment with melatonin during breeding season on reproductive performance and levels of some biochemical parameters in Arabi ewes from 1 May to 1 October 2017. Blood samples 7ml were collected after one hour of treatment and then monthly during the pregnancy months to determine the concentrations of biochemical parameters. After Postpartum, lambed ewes/lambs number, birth weight, placenta empty weight and cotyledon number were recorded. The results showed significant (P

This study was aimed to determine the in vitro effects of four newly synthesized sulfonamide derivatives(Sulfacetamid ,Sulfanilamid, sulfadiazine, sulphamethoxazole)on human serum peroxidase activity in patients with thalassemia compared to healthy subjects.Total protein,the peroxidase activity was increased non – significantly(p≥ 0.0001) and the specific activity of the enzyme was increased significantly(p≤ 0.0001) in the sera of patients with thalassemia compared to healthy subjects and the results revealed that all used compoundscaused (moderate to good) inhibitory effecton the peroxidase activity and the highest inhibition percent were obtained at (0.18 gm/ml from Sulphacetamide ,0.01gm/ml from Sulphamethaxazole,0.05gm/ml from Sulphadizine and 0.02gm/mlfrom Sulphamide).This study also determined the kinetic parameters (Km,Ki, Vmax and Vmax i) at different concentrations from substrate and each inhibitor under the same conditions by using Lineweaver-Burk equation and the results indicated that the level of Km was not affected by adding the inhibitor to the enzyme reaction and equal to the level of Ki while the levels of Vmax were decreased when the reaction of enzyme include the inhibitor.Finally the type of inhibition was found as non-competitive inhibion to the all used sulfonamide derivatives,this type of inhibition is characterized by its effect on the maximum velocity and is obtained when the inhibitor and the substratewere linked to different sites at enzyme .

This study was conducted to explore the effect of cisplatin on the kidney of Swiss BALB/c mice through treatement with cisplatin at the concentrations (2mg/kg, 3mg/kg,4mg/kg) along30 days. Histopathological changes of the kidney at the concentration 2mg/kg elucidated swelling of renal tubules, vacuolation of interstitial tissue, collapse of some glomeruli, Degeneration and Haemorrhage of interstitial tissue. At the concentration 3mg/kg, thickinning of blood vessels, Hypertrophy of nuclus of endothelial cells, degeneration, vacuolation and Deterioration of renal tubules and Haemorrhage of interstitial tissue. At the concentration 4mg/kg huge collapse in some glomeruli, swelling of some epithelial cell and Deterioration of renal tubules, appearance of some phagocytic cells and pyknosis of the cytoplasm of most renal tubules, were observed. Keywords: Cisplatin, Toxicity, Histopathology

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effect of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp extract (GMPE) on plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. This study used 36 male Balb/c strain mice. The samples were divided into 6 groups, namely KN (normal control), KD (diabetic control), KM (metformin control), and P (treatment group) comprising: P1 (50 mg GMPE/kg body weight), P2 (100 mg GMPE/kg body weight), as well as P3 (200 mg GMPE/kg body weight). The GMPE and metformin suspension were administered orally for 14 days on the diabetic mice. The diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ multiple at low-dose of 30 mg/kg body weight daily for five consecutive days. On day 15, mice were terminated. Data of plasma creatinine and renal proximal tubule damage levels or the number of swelling and necrosis cells were analyzed. Interestingly and it showed that administration of GMPE could reduce the plasma creatinine level and the ameliorate renal proximal tubules of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In conclusion, the renoprotective effect of GMPE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was associated with the attenuation in oxidative stress and inflammatory, which also had antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

The present study was designed to detect resistant site of nalidixic acid through transformation and plasmid curing of S. aureus strains isolated from buffalo milk with subclinical mastitis and workers’ hands. A total of 37 S. aureus isolates including 17 isolates recovered from buffalo milk infected with subclinical mastitis, in addition to 20 isolates recovered from workers’ hands. All 37 isolates were investigated by detection of the 23S rRNA gene and various other species specific genes including coa, nuc and clfA. The antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolates was performed by the discs diffusion method using 19 antibiotics. Plasmid transformation method was carried out by transferring the plasmid isolated from S. aureus into competent Escherichia coli HB 101 in order to detection the resistant site of nalidixic acid. Plasmid curing was accomplished by preparing different concentrations of nalidixic acid (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µg/ml) and cultured transformed E.coli on LB agar supported with each of the aforementioned concentrations. The molecular results showed that six isolates (five isolates from milk samples and one from workers’ hands) were identified as S. aureus by coa, nuc, and clfA species specific primers. The six S. aureus isolates were found to be resistant to at least 5 antibiotics which included the nalidixic acid. The results of plasmid transformation revealed that E. coli was able to grow on LB agar supported with 100µg/ml, 150 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 250 µg/mlof nalidixic acid and failed to grow on 300 µg/ml concentration.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Petroselinum crispum leave extracted against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits by studying the body weight, clinical signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross lesion and histopathological changes. Twenty four rabbits male were used and divided into 4 groups. Group 1: rabbits served as a negative control, received distilled water 1 ml(orally). Group 2: rabbits served as a positive control group, received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day intramuscular for 15 days. Group 3: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg orally for 15 days. Group 4: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg orally for 15 days.The results of the gentamicin treated group( positive control group) showed clinical signs such as loss of body weight, loss of appetite and rough hair with hematuria. The body weight a significantly declined (p≤ 0.05) compared other groups. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels, while it recorded a significant increase (p≤0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA. Histological studies showed several kidney pathological changes such as pale colour, enlargement in size and weight and easy from detaching as opposed to negative control group. On the other hand, the group treated with ethanolic extractof Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg induced improved of parameters as recorded significant increased(P ≤ 0.05) in body weight, WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX, while significant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA compared with the positive control group whereas rabbits treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg restored the parameters and histological changes of the kidney to near normal status compared with the negative control group. These results showed that the dose-detected Petroselinum crispum extract (250mg / kg) acts as potential curative effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits.

An Indirect simple sensitive and applicable spectrofluorometric method has been developed for the determination of Cefotaxime Sodium (CEF), ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (CIP) and Famotidine (FAM) using reaction system bromate-bromide and acriflavine (AF) as fluorescent dye. The method is based on the oxidation of drugs with known excess bromate-bromide mixture in acidic medium and subsequent determination of unreacted oxidant by quenching fluorescence of AF. Fluorescence intensity of residual AF was measured at 528 nm after excitation at 402 nm. The fluorescence-concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges 0.1-3.0, 0.05-2.6 and 0.1-3.8 µg ml-1 with lower detection limits of 0.013, 0.018 and 0.021 µg ml-1 and quantitation limits of 0.044, 0.060 and 0.069 µg ml-1 for CEF, CIP and FAM respectively. The common excipients and additives didn’t interfere in their determination. The developed method was successfully applied for determination of the studied drugs in their dosage forms resulted in a good agreement with standard British pharmacopeia method and standard addition procedure.

A spectrophotometric- reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) method has been proposed for the determination of Nitrazepam (NIT) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based upon the coupling reaction of NIT with a new reagent O-Coumaric acid (OCA) in the presence of sodium periodate in an aqueous solution. The blue color product was measured at 632 nm. The variation (chemical and physical parameters) related with reverse flow system were estimated. The linearity was over the range 15 - 450 µg/mL of NIT with detection limits and limit of quantification of 3.425 and 11.417 µg mL-1 NIT,respectively. The sample throughput of 28 samples per hour was achieved. Suggested method was successfully applied for the determination of NIT in its dosage forms.

The aim of this study was to investigate antibiotic amoxicillin removal from syn­thetic pharmaceutical wastewater. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used in photocatalysis treatment method under natural solar irradiation in a tubular reactor. The photocatalytic removal efficiency was evaluated by the reduction in amoxicillin concentration. The effects of antibiotics concentration, TiO2 dose, irradiation time and the effect of pH were studied. The optimum conditions were found to be irradiation time 5 hr, catalyst dosage 0.6 g/L, flow rate 1 L/min and pH 5. The photocatalytic treatment was able to destruct the amoxicillin in 5 hr and induced an amoxicillin reduction of about 10% with 141.8 kJ/L accumulated solar energy per liter of solution.

Nanomaterial can interact with biological systems in different way, using their surface functionalities and depending on the particle size, shape, and aggregation .The present work aims to characterize the binding of tiopronin gold nanoparticles with extracted DNA from blood patients with rheumatoid arthritis kinetically and thermodynamically. A total of 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis attending Baghdad Teaching Hospital / Medical City were included in this study. Tiopronin monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles) were prepared by chemical methods and a partial purification of DNA extracted was preceded using negative ions exchange column chromatography. Characterization of Tio Au NPs binding with DNA was investigated by using TEM,SEM,FTIR,EDX and UV-VIS. techniques.The results indicated that the average size of Tio Au NPs was 48 nm.,and there is a different binding affinity of DNA to tiopronin gold nanoparticles depending on pH. Also the melting temperature of DNA was decreased 5C0 when binding with tiopronin gold nanoparticles. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the reaction was endothermic, less order, and non spontaneous.

The ZnO nano powder has been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal technique using zinc acetate and Triethanolamine (TEA) as surfactant agents. The resultant powder was annealed at 140 ᵒC for 12 hours. The as – synthesized ZnO nanopowder was then mixed with AgNO3 to prepare ZnO /Ag nanocomposites. The structural, morphological, and optical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The characterization results confirm that Ag nanoparticles (NPs) have been covered the ZnO hexagonal NPs, and show the red shift with the peak centered at 334 nm, which is due to the interfacial electron coupling between ZnO and Ag NPs, the surface Plasmon peak centered at 403 nm was detected along with the excitonic peak of ZnO confirming the formation of ZnO /Ag nanocomposite. The antibacterial effect of ZnO / Ag nanocomposites was studied for Gram- negative (E.coli) and Gram– positive (Staphylococcus aureus), which showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone of pathogenic bacteria about 15 mm for E.coli and did not show any activity for Staphylococcus aureus.

Allopurinol derivative were prepared by reacting the (1-chloroacetyl)-2-Hydropyrazolo{3,4-d}pyrimidine-4-oneiwith 5- methoxy- 2-aminoibenzothiazoleiunder certain conditions to obtain new compound ( N- (2-aminoacetyl (5-methoxy) benzothiazole -2yl) (A4), Reaction of 5-(P-dimethyl amine benzene)-2-amino-1,3,4- oxadiazole in the presence of potassium carbonate anhydrous to yield new compound (N-(2- aminoacetyl-5-(P-dimethyl amine benzene )-1,3,4-oxadiazoles-2-yl)(A30) and Azo compound (N-(5-(Azo-2-hydroxy-5-amino benzene)-1,3-Diazol-2yl)Allopurinol(A46). The structure of prepared compounds were confirmed by (FT-IR) technique and their physical properties. The synthesized compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, Xanthine oxidase inhibition, and antioxidant activity.

A simple and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of niclosamide in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the oxidation of reduced form of niclosamide with iron ( III ) in acidic medium, then the subsequent reaction of iron ( II ) with 1,10- phenanthroline to produce a ferroin complex which is water - soluble , stable (using EDTA solution improve the stability of the complex) , and has a maximum absorption at 510 nm against the reagent blank with a molar absorptivity of 2.19×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 . Beer,s law is valid over the concentration range of 2.5 to 225 μg/10 ml. The relative error is in between - 1.80 and +1.50 % and the relative standard deviation from ± 0.89 to ± 2.07 % depending on the concentration of niclosamide . The proposed method has been applied successfully to determine niclosamide in pharmaceutical preparations.