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La professionalització dels intèrprets en l’àmbit jurídic està guanyant importància a Espanya a causa de les directives de la Unió Europea sobre els drets processals de persones sospitoses o acusades d’algun delicte. A això s’hi ha d’afegir la prolongada crisi humanitària, que ha sensibilitzat l’opinió pública sobre la qualitat de la interpretació proporcionada per diverses ONG i altres organismes que s’ocupen dels sol·licitants d’asil. Actualment, els proveïdors de serveis privats contracten els intèrprets en funció de les llengües que necessitin o que estiguin disponibles, sense exigir-los una formació específica. En aquest article, analitzem la qualitat percebuda dels serveis d’interpretació i el paper de l’intèrpret des de diverses perspectives, incloses les dels agents de les ONG (assessors jurídics, treballadors socials i psicòlegs) i els advocats que participen en aquesta mena de processos, seguint mètodes d’investigació descriptiva. A continuació, tractarem les diferents percepcions sobre la figura de l’intèrpret que tenen els diferents professionals que intervenen en el procediment de sol·licitud d’asil, amb l’objectiu d’obtenir una imatge vàlida, basada en dades, de la interpretació en el context de la sol·licitud d’asil a Espanya. S’espera que aquesta informació serveixi per omplir el buit que existeix en el desenvolupament professional dels intèrprets com a part essencial dels processos d’asil i, el que és més important, com a garantia dels drets humans. També contribuirà a sensibilitzar els professionals que desenvolupen la seva feina amb l’ajuda d’intèrprets.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1281

Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1296

The Green Paper on the modernization of public procurement policy of the European Union launched a reflection on how such EU rules can contribute to fulfill the objectives proposed in the Europe 2020 strategy. This paper analyzes its proposals and identifies its inconsistencies. In particular, it is stressed how European integration has subverted the order of priorities in public procurement rules, upgrading the promotion of the free market to the top of the list. An economistic approach to the legal issue of public procurement seems to be the reason behind such reorganization of priorities. The conflict between political and economic rationalities, which underlies the Green Paper, gives rise to a number of questions, such as how targets other than free competition –mainly the social and environmental ones– shall be taken into account in public procurement; as well as to some proposals, for instance concerning the joint procurement by different administrations (in both the vertical and horizontal sense, and even encouraging a cross-border component), which seems to point to a reorganization of bureaucracy according to economic rationality. The paper, in a final step, aims at describing the (European) social model that implicitly underlies these proposals. El Libro Verde sobre la modernización de la política de contratación pública de la Unión Europea propone una reflexión acerca de qué modo las normas comunitarias sobre la materia pueden contribuir a hacer realidad los objetivos propuestos en la estrategia Europa 2020. En este trabajo se analizan las propuestas recogidas en el Libro Verde y se identifican sus incoherencias. En particular se hace hincapié en cómo el proceso de integración europea ha alterado el orden de prioridades de las normas de contratación pública, elevando la promoción del libre mercado a la cúspide de las mismas. La razón de esa reorganización de prioridades parece radicar en la aplicación de un enfoque economicista a la cuestión jurídica de la contratación pública. El conflicto entre las racionalidades económica y política, que también subyace en el Libro Verde, da lugar a una serie de preguntas tales como cómo deben ser tenidos en cuenta objetivos distintos a la libre competencia (fundamentalmente los sociales y medioambientales) en los procedimientos de contratación pública, así como a algunas propuestas, por ejemplo referidas a la contratación conjunta por varias administraciones (tanto en sentido horizontal como vertical, e incluso fomentándose el componente transfronterizo), lo que parece apuntar a la reorganización del aparato administrativo conforme a la racionalidad económica. El trabajo, en último término, pretende describir el modelo social (europeo) que tácitamente implican estas propuestas.DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2009257

Lan honen helburua Juan Arin Dorronsororen «Material toponímico» argitaragabeare 25. paper-zorroan dagoen edukiaren berri ematea da, 1940. urtean hark egindako krokisean Enirio-Aralarko toponimiaz biltzen den informazioa osatzeko.

Lan honen helburua Juan Arin Dorronsororen «Material toponímico» argitaragabearen 25. paper-zorroan dagoen edukiaren berri ematea da, 1940. urtean hark egindako krokisean Enirio-Aralarko toponimiaz biltzen den informazioa osatzeko. The aim of this paper is to give out the contents of the 25th folder of the Juan Arin Dorronsoro’s unpublished «Toponymy Material(s)», in order to complete the information that said author gathered in a map about the toponymy of Enirio-Aralar.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

There is no doubt whatsoever that the papers presented in this volume cover a very wide, even extensive range of topics. This is of course logical, given the multi-disciplinary nature of this scientifical project. Nevertheless, it is a pleasure to present no less than eight papers devoted to new results and ideas in fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy, political science and law, dealing with matters such as electoral behavior, globalization, the concept of democracy, the role of experts or the relevance of thinkers such as Plato and Hobbes for the current discussion on the EU constitution. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1837316

En aquest article intentarem determinar els motius que hi ha darrere de la baixa qualitat de la feina dels intèrprets judicials en el context dels processos penals als tribunals de Barcelona. A partir d’un corpus de judicis reals enregistrats, explorem quatre possibles factors que poden afectar l’actuació dels intèrprets: durada del judici, problemes de gestió de les converses, experiència dels intèrprets i tipus de delicte que es jutja. A més, també analitzem faltes de rendiment injustificades, que es consideren un indicador important de la ineficàcia. Les conclusions es comenten en el context de la competència lingüística de l’intèrpret, el seu paper en la interacció amb tots els participants i les normes establertes dels codis de conducta professionals. En aquest article se subratlla la necessitat de millorar la qualificació dels intèrprets, però també de conscienciar els membres del poder judicial espanyol sobre el paper dels intèrprets, amb l’objectiu de protegir els drets processals de les persones que no parlen ni entenen la llengua en què es du a terme el procediment.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

In this piece of research we examine the creation and development of the Basque press in the Argentinian diaspora, from its beginnings at the end of 19th century until the Spanish Civil War period. For this purpose, the paper examines the chronological evolution of the journals Laurak Bat (1878-1891), La Baskonia (1893-1943) and Irrintzi (1903-1923). We put the different types of magazines (institutional, cultural and intellectual, and political) in the context in which they were published, explained the needs they addressed of the Basque community in the diaspora, and also, analysed the editorial line followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

his paper is based on a database of works published until the end of 2023 on Basque acoustic phonetics (limited to segmental phonetics). The objective was for the database to be as exhaustive as possible. Several variables were used in the analysis: year of publication, general topic (fricatives, stops, vowels, etc.), the variety analysed, the characteristics of speakers and recorded materials, the number of speakers and tokens, and type of analysis (whether statistical methods were employed). A total of 97 works were collected: the oldest were published in 1923 and the most recent in 2023. Thus, this paper presents a general picture of the field in order to better appreciate what has been achieved and what is still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to information is a fundamental human right that contributes to freedom of expression and self-determination. However, information availability alone is not enough: the way in which information is expressed and presented on paper or in digital format can be extremely complicated to understand and act upon for a highly diverse set of people with varying ranges of reading, writing and understanding abilities. For a long time, artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) have dedicated research efforts in the field of automatic text simplification to the development of methods to automate the production of easy-to-read texts. However, in spite of AI hype, the problem persists. Current NLP models such as large language models (LLMs) are still not well understood, and their use in the development of text simplification needs careful assessment. In this paper, having identified the need for easy-to-read, accessible texts, we provide a light overview of current methods in NLP and provide a lay explanation of several techniques applied to lexically and syntactically modified texts to make them simpler to read and understand. We conclude by raising awareness on the use of general tools to address this very challenging problem that can affect contemporary lives.

This paper’s main objective is to show how the return to democracy by Portugal (1974) and Brazil (1985) accounts for the outstanding development of the Portuguese language over the past fifty years, supporting the idea that the development of a language is closely related to politics, and democratic regimes in particular. To fulfil this objective, the paper presents significant factors that I consider to have been crucial to this dramatic change in the status of the Portuguese language: geopolitical changes, the post-colonial geolinguistic panorama, the growth of education and literacy, the use of Portuguese in international organisations, and economic growth. A further aim is to increase and update general information on the Portuguese language and portray its current global status. The perspective adopted is mainly descriptive; nevertheless, a critical interpretation of the facts will also be present throughout the paper.

This paper studies the history of the surname Lujanbio. To this end, the digital archives of the Sacramental Records of the Basque Autonomous Community have been utilized. It is well known that the surname Lujanbio has a number of variants, e. g. Lukanbio and Luxanbio. Other variants are likewise studied, Lusanbio, Usanbio, Uzanbio, Luxandio and Luganbio. This paper also explores the potential roots of the surname, and the surnames Luxan, Lujan, Lucan, Lusan, Luzan and Luxa, Luja, Luca, Luga, Lusa, Luza, Lucha are also considered. Moreover, variants with the root vowel -e- have been found, Lesanbio, Lexanbioa, Lejanvigo. Some similarities have been found between the series corresponding to Lexan and Luxan. Building on these data, the goal of this paper is to reflect on the origin of the different graphic representations of the surname and their phonetic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have analyzed subject-suppressing impersonals, namely, structures with an implicit and indefinite subject. In Basque and Catalan, these structures have been considered detransitivized, given that, in transitive structures, a single argument is overtly realized instead of two. In Basque izan 'be' auxiliary is selected over *edun 'have' and in Catalan the ES clitic is introduced. In this paper we demonstrate that in these structures the subject is syntactically present and, therefore, these structures should be considered subject-suppressing impersonals as characterized by Blevins (2003). Nonetheless, morphology leads us to think differently in some cases: both in Catalan and in Spanish the theme argument of ES/SE-structures sometimes behaves like a subject, as it agrees with the auxiliary verb and does not accept a clitic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hitano is the informal form of address in Basque and having noticed the decline in the use of hitano in recent years, this paper examines the relationship of young people from Alegia with hitano, their opinion on it and their process of starting to speak in hitano, the main objective of this work being to find out about the process of starting to use said speech in this town. For this reason, the analysis has focused on what hitano is, its social function, the conno- tations assigned to it, the variables of hitano's use and the situation of the main centres of trans- mission. This has been done through observation, a questionnaire, individual interviews and group discussions with boys and girls from Alegia who are 8-11 years old. It has been concluded that having knowledge of hitano and a favourable opinion towards it are necessary factors to make the leap towards using this speech, but there are also other circumstances that influence doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly discusses the presence of gender stereotypes in the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of their liberty in Chile. The paper begins by presenting the concept of gender stereotypes and reviewing the main recommendations from the international human rights framework regarding the need to eliminate stereotypes in the justice system in general and in the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of their liberty in particular. It then uses interviews with professionals who work directly with adolescent girls deprived of their liberty to explain, through their words, the main gender stereotypes present in relation to them, which are mainly related to characteristics such as the emotionality, intensity and complexity of adolescent girls. In addition, the analysis of the interviews conducted with the adolescent girls who were in the centres at the time of the visits and who agreed to participate in the study is also included. Finally, a brief reflection is presented on the presence of these stereotypes and how they have their origin in the gender order, the socialisation that the girls receive, and also the violence to which they are exposed, to conclude by reflecting on the State's inability, to date, to provide the conditions and tools for the treatment of adolescent girls deprived of liberty free of gender stereotypes, thus complying with human rights recommendations.

The adopted’s right to know their origins constitutes an essential manifestation of the right to identity and free development of the personality of adopted persons, regulated by the articles 180, 5 and 6 of the Spanish CC and the articles 12 and 5, 1, i) of Law 54/2007, of December 28, on International Adoption. The adoptee can not only request data on his or her biological origin but also information on the identity of his or her parents and their biogenetic data. This right may conflict with the right to privacy and data protection of biological parents and family. This paper presents the double public/private aspect of the right to know the origins of adopted people. On the one hand, its extension and limits are analyzed in confrontation with the rights to privacy, intimate family and personal life and data protection of the family of origin and, on the other, we analyze the actions of Public Entities and the administration to guarantee its exercise and effectiveness. This paper is completed with the most recent jurisprudential analysis.

This paper analyses two 18th century texts and focuses on hypercorrections found in the spelling of sibilants, i.e. examples where an etymological apical fricative is represented with spelling elsewhere used for laminal fricatives. The texts used are Lubieta’s dictionary (written in the central variety of Donostia/San Sebastián) and sermons composed by Bizente Sarria (written in the western variety of Etxebarri). As for Lubieta’s text, in previous research hypercorrections have been interpreted to be related to an ongoing merger in which the apico-alveolar fricative merges with the apico-laminal, and the remaining sound is the laminal. In Sarria’s speech, however, another merger pattern was present, in which laminal and apical fricatives merge in favour of the latter. Because of that, hypercorrections found in that text are hypothesised to be purely graphical. Using quantitative methods, the paper compares the patterns found in spellings found in the two texts in order to better understand merger processes involved (and especially hypercorrections), but also to reflect on the methodology which can be used to analyse such issues.

Se cumple el 75 aniversario (1949-2024) del lanzamiento del primer volumen de la revista Munibe por parte de los fundadores de la Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi. Aprovechando la celebración de esta efeméride, en este trabajo se hace un breve repaso histórico de los acontecimientos más relevantes acaecidos durante este periodo, y las circunstancias que dieron lugar a la fundación en 1984 de la revista filial de Munibe donde se publican estas páginas: Munibe Ciencias Naturales. Durante los pasados 40 años, Munibe Ciencias Naturales ha publicado 484 artículos en 37 volúmenes, y aquí se analizan algunos datos bibliométricos generales de dichos trabajos. Este análisis revela la gran diversidad de contenidos que la revista ha acogido, aunque se observa que los trabajos zoológicos se están haciendo progresivamente más frecuentes en detrimento de los trabajos botánicos y, sobre todo, de los geológicos. Finalmente, se hacen algunas reflexiones sobre el alcance y propósitos de la revista, así como de las perspectivas de cara a su futuro. ABSTRACT: This year marks the 75th anniversary (1949-2024) of the publication of the first volume of the journal Munibe by the founders of the Aranzadi Scientific Society. On the occasion of this anniversary, this article offers a brief summary of the most relevant events that have occured during this period and the circumstances that led to the founding in 1984 of the sister publication in which this article is published: Munibe Natural Sciences. Over the last 40 years, Munibe Natural Sciences has published 484 papers in 37 volumes and this article analyses some of their general bibliometric data. It highlights the great diversity of the subject matter covered in this journal, although it may be observed that zoological papers are gradually becoming more frequent to the detriment of articles on botany and, especially, geology. Finally, this article concludes with a number of thoughts on the aims and scope of the journal, as well as some predictions about its future.

Se presenta en este trabajo una revisión del conjunto material procedente del yacimiento de Cercado de Galera (Liétor, Albacete), un yacimiento en el valle del medio río Mundo conocido desde el año 1971 gracias al hallazgo casual de esculturas y sillares. El objeto de este es actualizar la base material del sitio, a luz de nuevos descubrimientos, y presentar algunas nuevas posibilidades interpretativas emanadas del estado actual de las investigaciones en Protohistoria peninsular; líneas de trabajo que tanto han cambiado desde que el yacimiento cayó en el olvido en los años 90. ABSTRACT: This paper presents a revision of the corpus from the site of Cercado de Galera (Liétor, Albacete), a site in the valley of the middle Mundo River, known since 1971 thanks to the casual discovery of sculptures and ashlars. The purpose of this paper is to uptade the material base of the site, in the light of new discoveries, and to present some new interpretative possibilities derived from the current state of research in Peninsular Protohistory. These lines of work have changed a lot since this site fell into oblivion in the 1990s.

The Congress and Senate¿s Inaugural Sessions for the XIII, XIV and XV terms were controversial due to the way some parliamentarians took the oath to uphold the Constitution, by adding to the usual format very diverse statements. The Constitutional Court has a well-established doctrine on the matter, which is analysed in this paper. However, very recently, it has occurred that a group of representatives appealed to the Court after considering that the acceptance of specific ways of taking the oath by the Presidency violated his ius in officium. The paper analyses the ruling of the Court (65/2023) from a critical point of view, and it concludes that it would be desirable to ensure flexibility or remove the requirement to take the oath in order to achieve the status of representative.

Structural judgments regarding socioeconomic rights and the judicial oversight of their enforcement are two phenomena that have recently characterized Latin American public law. This paper examines how these phenomena of judicial behaviour respond to certain deficiencies in legislation (e.g., incomplete law and legislative stalemate). Suboptimal legislation usually indicates that political actors cannot impose their preferences or reach satisfactory agreements due to high transaction costs, thus presenting an opportunity for judicial intervention. However, the same suboptimal legislation can also expose a degree of political reluctance or lack of state institutional capacity to implement appropriate policies. Without aiming to establish a comprehensive theory, this paper explores how structural judgments and the creation of judicial monitoring systems deal with these different aspects of imperfect legislation. The paper briefly provides an analytical framework and takes a new approach to examining three well-known case studies from Colombia, Argentina, and Peru.

This paper draws on analysis by social historians ranging from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance in France to recent administrative history in Poland to illustrate basic contradictions in Western thought about sexuality. These have resulted over time in policies which range from prohibition of sex work to tolerance of the need to meet physical needs accompanied by an appreciation of the financial profits to be obtained by the state as well as the individual, combined with abhorrence of female adultery. The paper closes with original data on current public attitudes towards the impact on reputation of a range of behaviours in Poland, including sexual activities, and finds a high level of agreement about the damaging impact on reputation of not sexwork itself but of living off the proceeds of sexwork.

Climate change is a wicked problem, a framework not often used in sociolegal studies. The problem is complex, not readily named, and not limited to one jurisdiction. Therefore, the places of law are multiple: human rights instruments, supranational tribunals, regional courts, and local governments and NGOS. Litigation concerning responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions has largely not resulted in favorable judgments, and the papers in this collection turn to other ways of conceptualizing law and courts in responding to climate change. Relevant legal strategies include environmental legal enforcement, but also changes in investment, and response to the many disasters that are related to climate change. The papers in this collection travel across jurisdictions, actors and problems to assess legal strategies concerning climate change.

From an institutional approach, the paper analyzes why it was necessary to reform the Constitution of Cuba, and the challenges that had to be taken into account to ensure the protection of rights of the Cuban people, as well as the implementation by the Government of Cuba of the main socio-economic transformations to guarantee the continuation of the Cuban socialist system and reinforce the bilateral rapport with the European Union (EU). In fact, the signature and implementation of the first EU-Cuba Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement, in 2016, prompted a new political model in the relationship between the EU and Cuba. For this reason, in the three sections of the paper, we prove how the reform of the Constitution of Cuba offers support and continuity to the process of modernization of the social, economic and political structure of Cuba, in order to ensure the provisional implementation of the Agreement with the EU from 2017 to 2019.

This paper examines how diversity is mobilized and deployed as a form of hate crime response in the York Regional Police Service, and how commitments to racial and cultural diversity embedded in the framework of hate crime policy are interpreted by police officers engaged in the frontline policing of hate crimes. Hate crime policies and specialized training programs in Ontario were developed around two central foci: 1) traditional policing concerns involving proper investigative techniques, evidence collection, documentation, and officer roles and responsibilities; and 2) emerging concerns regarding victim care, community relations, and commitments to racial and cultural diversity. Drawing on interviews with officers stationed at all five of the Service’s divisional locations, this paper shows how commitments to diversity embedded in the Service’s approach to hate crime exist along-side, and in conflict with, officer perceptions that see diversity as a source of the problem of hate.

The paper analyses the topic to understand how the legal and judicial practices in two Amazonian municipalities (Apuí and Lábrea) respond to the dynamics of environmental crimes in the region. The research project is a based in a qualitative and quantitative methodology. This paper discusses the initial results from interviews gathered in the city of Manaus with a Judge from the Amazonas State, a Prosecutor from Public Ministry, a Federal Police Commissar, and a member of the Environmental Agency of Amazonas. Thus, it is possible to understand: a) the context of environmental crimes in the cities of Apuí and Lábrea, b) the responses of criminal justice institutions to the occurrence of environmental crimes in the region. El artículo analiza el tema para comprender cómo las prácticas legales y judiciales en dos municipios amazónicos (Apuí y Lábrea) responden a la dinámica de los delitos ambientales en la región. El proyecto de investigación se basa en una metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa. Las entrevistas fueran realizadas en la ciudad de Manaus con un juez del estado de Amazonas, un fiscal del Ministerio Público, un comisario de la Policía Federal y un miembro de la Agencia Ambiental de Amazonas. Así, es posible comprender: a) el contexto de los delitos ambientales en las ciudades de Apuí y Lábrea, b) las respuestas de las instituciones de justicia penal ante la ocurrencia de delitos ambientales en la región.

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It has been a long time since Basque dialectologists investigated, from a synchronic point of view, a whole series of vowel interaction phenomena grouped under the name of euphonies. However, the investigation of the history of these phenomena has been relegated among Basque diachronists due, among other reasons, to the fact that they are relatively modern and do not allow us to reconstruct prehistoric stages. In this paper, I present the historical evolution of epenthetic -ubV, an innovation that emerged in the Old Basque period. Specifically, I have analyzed the first testimonies, the texts and places where it is documented, and the historical trends of its use, taking into account both folk varieties and the printed and canonical written tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mitxelena’s analysis, the names Mugurutza and Gorrotxategi are based on mukuru ‘filled’ and gurutze ‘cross’ respectively. This paper offers an alternative etymological account of these surnames, by linking them to Mugaburu and gorri ‘red’. The subsequent sections evaluate the Basque interpretation of the text contained in the hand of Irulegi. To this end, detailed etymologies of Lekuine and eskuin ‘right’ are provided; the goal is to build a precise history of the lexicalized adjectival phrases that have on ‘good’ as a head, in order to compare it to that of zorion ‘happiness’. The comparative method is thus revisited, by comparing elements that belong to different stages of the same language; this is illustrated with a Latin-Romance example. The conclusion is that the available evidence is not sufficient to identify the 2.100 old segment string sorion with the Basque phrase zorion, and that without additional evidence their apparent similarity is nothing but a linguistic pareidolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper bears witness to a hitherto unknown letter written by Manex Hiriart-Urruty to Anton Abadia. In addition to the fact that both men knew each other, this letter offers some insights into the thoughts and topics shared by the bascologists of the time. First of all, this letter gives a wealth of information about Ithurri’s grammar, such as Ithurri’s aims and Hiriart-Urruti’s interest in the project. Secondly, this letter is a direct testimony to the debates on the Basque ortography that took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Besides revealing Manex Hiriart-Urruti’s opinion and criteria during this research of a suitable and unique ortographic system, it shows that the ortographic system adopted by the magazine Eskualduna was set by him. Lastly, this letter shows that Abadia was interested in Eskualduna and that he took part in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since Mitxelena (1981) proposed that all Basque dialects had their starting point in an éuscaro to be set in the 5th-6th centuries, many contributions have been made aiming at the reconstruction of its linguistic traits. In this paper, starting from Hualde’s (2015: 131) well-known diagram, the external aspects of the problem will be discussed. By means of correlations between historical and linguistic elements, an attempt will be made to link Old Common Basque and Western Basque to historical processes. The relationship between Old Common Basque and Aquitanian will also be taken up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to be a celebration of Hualde’s great contribution to phonology. Our almost simultaneous beginning in the field, shortly after the publication of Current approaches to phonological theory by D. Dinnsen, is the starting push to reflect about different ways to do phonology. We chose different theoretical paths for our work on Basque. I offer here a summary of some of the fundamental ideas of David Stampe’s Natural Phonology that I consider worth considering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the written performance of social networks (Instagram, Facebook) from a phonetic and phonological point of view, based on data gathered for the Gaztesare corpus, which was created for the description and analysis of different linguistic aspects used in social networks. poken language is the most common and direct source of data used in phonetic and phonological studies, whereas written sources are not so usual. However, the study presented here takes into account the written source to analyze the language used by youngsters. he main goal is to present the most significant features of speech in online social media platforms, written social networks, and how these features are reflected in the Gaztesare database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results obtained by applying unusual techniques in the quantitative analysis of linguistic variation. On the one hand, the materials analyzed have been free oral texts and, on the other hand, instead of dichotomous variables, the probability of the facts analyzed has been taken into account. The second section describes the methodology used for data collection, processing and analysis. The third section presents the data analysis. Finally, the fourth section shows the results obtained; most notably, the difference due to gender is statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several works have described the prosodic system of Getxo Basque and Northwestern Basque in general: its pitch-accent nature, the occurrence of accent by the action of accenting morphological operations (compounding, derivation, inflection) and of phrase-level accent assignment rules, and the existence of lexically accented and unaccented morphemes. This paper focuses on the case of accented words whose accent does not derive from the morphological operations mentioned above, and intends to modestly contribute to the field by exemplifying and classifying the different sources of this lexical accent in Getxo Basque. These sources are, namely, the inheritance of accent from borrowed words and the existence of non-complex native accented words of unknown derivation. The compilation is completed by suggesting the possibility that the first-syllable accent found in a number of words might be motivated by the words' expressive value, and therefore not be a case of lexical accent but an accent assigned by a phrase or sentence level rule of syntactic or intonational nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to revise the opinions and the data that appear in the earliest reviews of the book Euskalkien sailkapen berria (Aurrekoetxea, Gaminde, Ormaetxea & Videgain 2019). We classify these opinions and the data therein into two groups: first, we address the most unknown relevant features of the giant project Euskal Herriko Hizkuntza Atlasa-EHHA. Then, we discuss the methodology utilized in the new classification of Basque dialects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reading competence is essential in all personal, social and academic fields. Therefore, the reading comprehension and reading habits are also key in the educational context, where teachers' concerns about the results of students’ assessments and the reality of the classroom frequently arise. One way to respond to these concerns is to build a School Reading Plan to change daily practices. For this to happen, it is crucial that teachers receive an ongoing training, and this article presents a Reading Plan training program carried out in a school. A theoretical framework and an explanation of the process experienced in a school in Vitoria-Gasteiz are presented in this paper, as well as a decalogue including guidelines to guide other schools in their own Reading Plan designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deepens the right to health in COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing itsimpact in terms of social inequalities. The first section introduces concepts drawn fromthe global risk society approach, pointing out some of its limitations for an effectiveanalysis of the forms of social exclusion during the pandemic. The main statement is thatthe logic of inequalities emerged in COVID-19 pandemic can be interpreted moreeffectively in the light of postcolonial and decolonial sociology, with reference to theconcepts of coloniality of power (Quijano) and – specifically – colonial sociability(Santos). The way proposed is bringing into dialogue these concepts along with those ofadvanced marginality and territorial stigmatization (Wacquant). These approaches areuseful in understanding some data on the spread of contagion and deaths due toCOVID-19 in the contexts of Brazil and the United States of America, contagion and deaths that have particularly critically affected specific territories of advancedmarginality and exposed to stigmatization processes. Analyzing specific pathways forterritorial de-stigmatization – the paper also discusses the emancipatory task of asociological analysis of inequalities in COVID-19 pandemic era.

This paper engages in a sociolegal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation enacted by the Puerto Rican Government in the aftermath of Maria (2017). The paper pays particular attention to the implementation and sociolegal impact of Act 2 of January 4, 2018, entitled, “The Anti-Corruption Code for the New Puerto Rico” and the creation of a Registry of Persons Convicted of Corruption. The rationale behind the Act and the Registry is to enforce transparency, open governance, and help the Puerto Rican government in its efforts to eradicate public corruption. Conversely, this paper argues that these reforms have introduce a punitive approach to anti-corruption in PR. Approach that I have termed, punitive governance. The paper suggests Act 2 and the Registry had have a dual outcome: 1) a punitive approach to corruption that harm people in precarious positions, and 2) normalize the structural dynamic enabling corruption the powerful. Thus, this paper intends to illustrate the contradictions in anti-corruption as punitive governance, and the way in which a specific image of corruption is reproduced through governmental actions, legal practices, and discourses. Este artículo realiza un análisis socio-jurídico de la legislación anticorrupción promulgada por el Gobierno de Puerto Rico tras el paso del huracán María (2017). El articulo presta especial atención a la implementación e impacto socio-jurídico de la Ley 2 de 4 de enero de 2018, titulada “El Código Anticorrupción para el Nuevo Puerto Rico” y la creación de un Registro de Personas Convictas por Actos de Corrupción. La razón fundamental detrás de la Ley y el Registro es hacer cumplir políticas de transparencia, la gobernabilidad y ayudar al gobierno de Puerto Rico en sus esfuerzos por erradicar la corrupción en el sector público. Por el contrario, este artículo argumenta que estas reformas han introducido un enfoque punitivo para combatir la corrupción en PR. El artículo sugiere que la Ley 2 y el Registro tuvieron un doble resultado: 1) un enfoque punitivo de la corrupción que perjudica a las personas en posiciones precarias, y 2) normalizar la dinámica estructural que permite la corrupción de los poderosos. Así, este artículo pretende ilustrar las contradicciones de la anticorrupción como gobernanza punitiva, y la forma en que se reproduce una imagen específica de corrupción a través de acciones gubernamentales, prácticas jurídicas y discursos legales.

This paper presents reading and relating aloud, which are not very common nowadays, as essential experiences that must be developed at schools. With the aim of creating significant experiences, the work of the intermediaries is indispensable, specially the necessity of leaving a place to children's voices. In order to find balance between what is said and what is omitted, one of the main points of the work is transforming reading experiences into socializing experiences; and that is also the goal of the project called "Building together, from words and silence" which has been carried out at a school located on the coast of Gipuzkoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper starts with the trajectory of ancient graffiti study since the 19th century. This study was well inserted in the scholarly context, paying particular attention to the differences of language use in relation to standard learned Latin (or Greek). In the 20th century, beyond scholarship, there was an overwhelming normative and historical perception that graffiti represented most of all unlearned people, those who were unable to have access to learned culture. This improved the knowledge about graffiti, but it continued to focus on distance from the rule. In the late 20th century there was a growing critical approach, considering that graffiti may produce evidence about people's daily lives. In this context, the edge has been able to produce a plethora of innovative interpretation. Brazil produced a critical approach, centring on a couple of subjects: popular culture and female agency. Popular culture means highlighting the originality of ordinary people culture. Then, within this approach, female agency. The authors then discuss some graffiti, enabling to discuss popular culture and female agency. The paper concludes by stressing how graffiti may be a way of promoting life, fostering living together, against hatred and destruction.