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Victims of terrorism can be considered a special category within the broader and more general group of “victims of crime”. In recent decades, there has been an international trend to develop more specific treatment, both in legal and practical terms, to address their particular needs in unfortunate times of intensification and sophistication of terrorist attacks, with a correlative increase in the harmful consequences for an increasing number of victims of terrorism. At the international level, one such instrument is the Madrid Memorandum, which contains relevant guidelines that serve as a reference for States, who can draw inspiration from them when designing their national standards of protection and support for victims of terrorism. This paper aims to critically analyze the legal framework applicable in Kosovo on the issue of protection and support of victims of terrorism from the pre-trial phase, through criminal proceedings, and after the completion of criminal proceedings, with special emphasis aiming to analyze the compliance of these rules with standards of the Madrid Memorandum. The paper identifies three areas in which the applicable legal framework for the protection and support of victims of terrorism in criminal proceedings needs to be harmonised with the Madrid Memorandum’s standards.

Este artículo pretende aclarar las circunstancias que rodearon las cuatro primeras muertes relacionadas con ETA: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas y Fermín Monasterio. En segundo término, se estudia de qué forma la prensa recogió tales acontecimientos. En tercer lugar, cómo los presentó la propia organización. Así, podremos medir el grado en que tales versiones se desviaron de la realidad histórica. Por último, se señala hasta qué punto se han mantenido las tergiversaciones detectadas. ETArekin lotutako lau lehenengo heriotzen inguruan izandako zirkunstantziak argitu nahi ditu artikulu honek: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas eta Fermín Monasterio. Bigarrenik, prentsak gertaera horiek nola jaso zituen aztertuko da. Hirugarrenik, erakundeak berak nola aurkeztu zituen. Horrela, bertsio horiek errealitate historikotik zenbateraino desbideratu ziren neurtu ahalko dugu. Azkenik, atzeman diren desitxuratzeek zenbateraino iraun duten adierazten da. This article seeks to clarify the circumstances surrounding the first four deaths related to ETA: José Antonio Pardines, Francisco Javier Echebarrieta, Melitón Manzanas and Fermín Monasterio. Secondly, it examines the manner in which these events were presented by the press. Thirdly, how the organization itself presented them. Consequently, we will be able to measure the extent to which those versions of the story dissented from historical reality. Lastly, it shows up to which point these misrepresentations of the facts were maintained.

This paper analyses the means available in the Spanish Penal Code to promote the voluntary execution of positive post-criminal behaviour that responds to the need to protect the victim’s interests by prisoners, highlighting the existence of an exceptional prison system for those convicted of organising or belonging to terrorist groups and terrorism. Secondly, this paper also discusses whether the fact that the prison sentence protects the victim’s interests serves the purpose of rehabilitating the offender or, whether it becomes an obstacle in their reintegration into society, leading to the introduction of victimological considerations only being acceptable if they do not affect this basic objective of enforcing the custodial sentence, and can therefore serve as a useful element of custodial treatment and as data to be used for judgement purposes in risk assessments that should be carried out at different points of the enforcement. Este trabajo analiza los medios previstos en el Código penal español para promover la realización voluntaria de comportamientos postdelictivos positivos por parte de los presos, que responden a la necesidad de proteger los intereses de la víctima, destacando la existencia de un subsistema penitenciario de excepción para los condenados por delitos de terrorismo o relacionados con organizaciones o grupos terroristas. En segundo lugar, este trabajo también discute si el hecho de que se protejan los intereses de la víctima durante la ejecución de la pena de prisión sirve al objetivo de resocialización del condenado o si se convierte en un obstáculo para su reinserción en la sociedad, teniendo en cuenta que la introducción de consideraciones victimológicas solo es aceptable si no se afecta a este fin básico de la pena privativa de libertad.

This paper analyses the means available in the Spanish Penal Code to promote the voluntary execution of positive post-criminal behaviour that responds to the need to protect the victim’s interests by prisoners, highlighting the existence of an exceptional prison system for those convicted of organising or belonging to terrorist groups and terrorism. Secondly, this paper also discusses whether the fact that the prison sentence protects the victim’s interests serves the purpose of rehabilitating the offender or, whether it becomes an obstacle in their reintegration into society, leading to the introduction of victimological considerations only being acceptable if they do not affect this basic objective of enforcing the custodial sentence, and can therefore serve as a useful element of custodial treatment and as data to be used for judgement purposes in risk assessments that should be carried out at different points of the enforcement. Este trabajo analiza los medios previstos en el Código penal español para promover la realización voluntaria de comportamientos postdelictivos positivos por parte de los presos, que responden a la necesidad de proteger los intereses de la víctima, destacando la existencia de un subsistema penitenciario de excepción para los condenados por delitos de terrorismo o relacionados con organizaciones o grupos terroristas. En segundo lugar, este trabajo también discute si el hecho de que se protejan los intereses de la víctima durante la ejecución de la pena de prisión sirve al objetivo de resocialización del condenado o si se convierte en un obstáculo para su reinserción en la sociedad, teniendo en cuenta que la introducción de consideraciones victimológicas solo es aceptable si no se afecta a este fin básico de la pena privativa de libertad. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2362421