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When we talk about education, we usually mean planned influences that are exerted on the student to develop all his potential on the one hand. On the other hand, the question arises whether there are unintended influences in the education process, whether their outcome is positive or negative, and whether pedagogy also deals with such spontaneous, unintended processes. Therefore, the goal of this research was to examine and analyze the views of pedagogues, associate and scientific-teaching professions on the nature of the influence that is realized within the framework of education. The sample has the characteristics of a deliberate and convenient sample, and it is composed of pedagogues with associate and scientific-teaching titles from two public universities in the Republic of Srpska. The paper used the method of theoretical analysis and descriptive statistics, and of the techniques, the survey technique. The results show that pedagogues, associate, and scientific-teaching professions under education imply a synthesis of intentional and unintentional influences on the student, only a small number of pedagogues consider that the term functional education is inadequate for what it represents and do not give suggestions for its redefinition. The pedagogues think that the (un)intentionality of education is still a current and open question of pedagogy, but not a fundamental one. In the context of the environment, they believe that the family community is a synthesis of intentional and unintentional influence, and the same integrations are not renounced in the institutional environment as well as in the educational activities that took place even in the pre-civilization period. The results can serve as an initial investigation of the phenomenon of (un)intentionality in education and serve as a basis for further quantitatively and qualitatively larger research, but also for the theoretical foundations of all those who in any way discuss the theoretical issues of general pedagogy.

Learning any type of material or any activity can be a burden for an individual. If we are dealing with individuals at younger age periods, then that burden becomes even heavier. Practice shows that students are generally not willing to learn, and there are more and more educators who are dissatisfied with the way students learn at all age levels. We should look for the result of dissatisfaction in the causes, and the task of educators should be to instruct students to primarily learn to learn. Dissatisfaction should be sought in the causes, and the task of educators would be to instruct students to primarily learn to learn. The goal of the paper is a consistent theoretical review of learning to learn, viewed through a kind of "binocular" of the author for the analysis of the problems of learning to learn, based on "listening" to practice. Using the method of theoretical analysis, we elaborated the theoretical foundations and performed an analysis of the available literature on the issue of learning to learn, observing the same in its way through permanence, determinism, integrative, multi-layered dimension, and intellectual education. reviewing the literature that deals with the issue of learning, we tried to point out the importance of the same, to develop theoretical foundations that will help all those who are engaged in educational work in developing awareness of the importance and popularization of this issue on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can represent a foundation for some future research.

Савремено друштво 21. вијека намеће потребу цјелокупном васпитно-образовном систему за промјенама, свакодневним преиспитивањима, унапређењем и цјеложивотним образовањем оних који у оквиру њега дјелују и учествују у развоју, васпитању и образовању дјеце и младих. Истраживање васпитно-образовне праксе један је од начина унапређења исте, али и стручног усавршавања, било да су у питању стручни сарадници, васпитачи у предшколским установама или учитељи и наставници у школама. Сигурни смо да је велики број просвјетних радника који уоче одређени проблем или постављају различита питања у свакодневној пракси. Поуздане одговоре на иста могу добити управо реализацијом одређених врста истраживања, а специфичности предшколске и школске средине погодна су изворишта истраживачких питања и проблема. Стога је циљ овог рада приказати везу између професионалог развоја и истраживачког рада који се може примијенити у предшколској и школској средини, а посредством добијених резултата утицати на адекватне промјене и унапређење праксе, али и промјене личне филозофије васпитања и образовања. Методом теоријске анализе представљене су поједине врсте истраживања и њихове специфичности, предметно-истраживачке идеје, а вриједност рада највише се огледа у мотивацији и упознавању васпитача, учитеља, наставника и других актера предшколске и школске праксе са истраживачким подручјем рада, које вишеструко утиче на унапређење свих осталих подручја рада практичара.

Introduction. With the beginning of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus, restrictions on movement, the so-called “lockdown” were applied by many governments. As a result of these actions taken against the transmission of the COVID-19 virus, the use of digital devices has increased, i.e. the time spent in front of screens has increased. Methods. This paper dealt with a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on the topic of screen time in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Dimensions database was chosen as the data source. No time frame is given, but given the topic, publications from 2020-2023 are included in the analysis. The data were analyzed in the VOSviewer program, specified for bibliometric and visual data analysis. Results. Map of word co-occurrence show that there are three different clusters. In the red cluster, consisting of 53 terms, the most frequent terms are sleep (124), lifestyle (103) and restriction (83), while in the green cluster, consisting of 41 terms, family (126), education (88), relationship (86) are the most represented. The blue cluster consists of significantly fewer terms, 12 of them, of which anxiety (91), symptom (81), depression (58) are the most represented. Conclusion. Based on the bibliometric analysis, we can conclude that the scientists were mostly concerned with the impact of the screen time phenomenon on the physical health of children and adolescents. In addition, screen time has been linked to mental health, education and socio-emotional relationships.

Introduction. Technology has the potential to reduce isolation, increase independence, provide educational, financial and social opportunities for users, but there may still be barriers, especially for people with disabilities or sensory deficits. Therefore, it is very important to determine what science has been dealing with in this area, more precisely in the area of the deaf. The main aim of this paper was to map the progress and trends of scientific literature in the field of technology for the deaf (children and adults). Methods. A bibliometric analysis in VosViewer was performed to determine the set goals. The Dimensions database was chosen for literature analysis. The unit of analysis consisted of 1242 publications and VosViewer was applied. Results. The results show that this topic in science has experienced exponential growth in the last decade. Also, the most productive authors, journals, institutions and countries, as well as their collaboration network, were identified through a visual analysis of co-citations. Based on the analysis of co-words, we can draw a conclusion that the words: student, sign language, cochlear implant, classroom, parent, outcome are the most frequently repeated words, which would mean that the topics covered in this domain are mainly focused on children and their functioning in the environment and school system. Conclusion. Providing the main lines of research generated in this field allows scientists to follow the trends themselves. Also, therapists can use our analysis to identify sources that can indicate how and in what context deaf children can use technology.

Introduction. Visual-motor integration (VMI) is defined as the degree to which visual perception (VP) and finger-hand movements are well coordinated. The VMI consists of two components: VP and motor coordination (MC). The main goal of our research was to determine whether there are differences in age and gender categories in VMI, VP and MC scores, as well as whether there is a correlation between VMI and school success of younger school-aged children. Methods. Out of 103 student respondents, 52 were female (50.5%), aged 6 to 11 years (8.05 ± 1.44 years), divided into two groups according to age: 6–8 years (first, second and third grade) and 9–11 years (fourth to fifth grade). Data on the level of VMI were obtained by applying the following tests: Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI, VP test and MC test. Results. In the older age group of subjects, a significant difference was observed in the mean values of the score on the VMI (12.67 ± 1.92), VP (23.69 ± 3.21) and MC (24.34 ± 3.23) tests comparing to the younger group of subjects (9.98 ± 2.12; 20.80 ± 3.2; 19.65 ± 3.82) (p < 0.001), while the difference in the mean values of scores in relation to gender was not observed. A significant, positive and strong correlation was observed between the scores on the VMI, VP and MC test with the success of second to fifth grade students (p < 0.050). Conclusion. Given such a strong correlation between VMI and the success of younger students, we conclude that it is important that VMI disabilities are identified in time, so that these students can be referred for further assessment and receive the necessary support.

Introduction. The success of endodontic treatment depends on the adequate biomechanical preparation and obturation of the entire root canal system. The untreated or poorly debrided/obturated root canals are among the most frequent causes of endodontic treatment failure. The endodontic treatment of maxillary molar has the highest failure rates due to the complexity of their root canal anatomy. The aim of the study is to present the endodontic treatment of maxillary second molar with two roots and two canals. Case report. The clinical case report presents the endodontic treatment of maxillary second molar with two roots and two canals in a patient, aged 32 years. After the analysis of preoperative diagnostic radiograph, opening the pulp chamber and access cavity preparation, two canal orifices were localized. After the biomechanical preparation, root canals were obturated with the Gutta-percha points and sealer during the same visit. Conclusion. Although maxillary second molar most commonly varies in terms of the number of root canals in the buccal roots, less common variations in anatomical and morphological traits, such as the presence of two roots and two canals, should be considered during endodontic treatment.

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Introduction. According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), mental illnesses are on the rise. The World Health Report estimates that today about 1 billion people suffer from mental and behavioral disorders or psychosocial problems such as those related to alcohol and drug abuse. Stigmatization of the mentally ill is one of the burning social problems of those people, and the attitudes and behavior of nurses/technicians significantly affect the self-stigmatization of patients, and thus their condition and recovery. The main aim of this study was to assess attitudes of nurses and nursing students towards patients with mental illnesses. Method. The research conducted is a cross-sectional study. The study covered two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. In June and July 2018, 200 nurses and nursing students from the second to the fourth year of study were surveyed. Data were collected with original anonymous questionnaires, which was made for the purpose of this research. Results. Seventy percent of nurses believe that people with mental illness are discriminated against in our society, while there are statistically significant differences between respondents in relation to demographic characteristics (χ2 = 10.217; p = 0.037). Nurses working in psychiatric wards show a lower level of stigmatization compared to nurses working in other wards (χ2 = 25.553; p = 0.001). Nursing students have more negative attitudes towards mentally ill people compared to nurses (χ2 = 13.471; p = 0.009). Nurses from Serbia show a higher level of tolerance towards people with mental disabilities compared to nurses from Bosnia and Herzegovina (χ2 = 16.115; p = 0.003). Conclusion. The results of the research show that stigmatization of patients with mental illness still exists among health professionals. Undergraduate and continuing medical education of nurses should include more content related to access to the patient with mental dis orders, communication skills in psychiatry, mental health promotion and prevention of stigmatization.

The concept of proper nutrition implies meeting the needs of the body concerning daily energy intake and a sufficient amount of nutrients and protective substances necessary to maintain the physiological functions of the body and its health. Nutrients are divided into macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) and micro-nutrients (vitamins and minerals). Accelerated growth and development during adolescence increase nutrient requirements. Therefore, energy and nutrition requirements must meet the needs of adolescents. During the-ir growth and development, there is an increased need for vitamins and minerals, especially for calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin D. During intensive growth, adolescents require more vitamins, especially B-complex vitamins and vitamin C, the intake of calcium and phosphorus is necessary as well, and the insufficient needs for prote-ins affect the development of muscles and energy levels. Proper nutrition and eating habits during the period of growth are of the utmost importance for the appropriate physical, psychosocial and cognitive growth and development of a child. Eating disorders usually occur as a result of low or high energy intake, and the most common types of these disorders are anemia, anorexia and bulimia, obesity and comorbidities, and poor ea-ting habits. When it comes to the implementation of various programs concerning the prevention of bad ea-ting habits and eating disorders, the school management, expert teams and student parents should bear the overall responsibility. Once or twice a year, preventive check-ups and BMI measurements are recommended to identify eating disorders.

Introduction. Success in endodontic treatment depends upon the clinician's knowledge and ability to recogni-ze and diagnose the presence of anatomical and morphological variations of the root and canal system. Man-dibular canines are usually recognized as having one root and one root canal. In spite of the low incidence of mandibular canines with one root and two canals, their appearance should not be neglected due to the fact that the presence of a second canal in these teeth leads to difficulties in endodontic treatment. The aim of this case report is to describe mandibular canine with two root canals.Case presentation. 45-year-old patient presented for medical care due to the pain in a lower right canine. Cli-nical and radiographic examination revealed composite filling and caries with periapical radiolucent area and sensitivity to percussion in the mandibular right canine. By careful evaluation of the diagnostic radiology, it was observed that the mandibular canine had two canals. The patient was diagnosed with acute apical periodon-titis and root canal therapy was given following the standard protocols.Conclusion. Although the prevalence of two canals in mandibular canine is low, the clinician should always be mindful of variations in the number of canals for appropriate therapeutic management.

Stručni saradnici, pedagozi, učestvuju u svim fazama vaspitno-obrazovnog procesa. Rade na planiranju i programiranju, unapređivanju i istraživanju vaspitno-obrazovnog rada, sarađuju sa nastavnicima, roditeljima, učenicima, prate i uvode inovacije, rade na povezivanju sa lokalnom i širom zajednicom, što sve upućuje na široku lepezu sve složenijih zahtjeva koji se pred njih postavljaju i na koje moraju adekvatno odgovoriti. Još u toku studija, budući pedagozi se osposobljavaju za radne zadatke i funkcije koje ih očekuju u vaspitno-obrazovnoj ustanovi, kakva je škola. Cilj nam je bio ispitati stavove pedagoga o profesionalnoj osposobljenosti za istraživanje vaspitno-obrazovnog rada, kao jednog od područja rada pedagoga, koje su stekli tokom njihovog studiranja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 32 pedagoga koji su već zaposleni u osnovnim školama na području Republike Srpske. U radu smo koristili metodu teorijske analize, te metodu empirijskog neeksperimentalnog istraživanja (servej metod). Zavisno od primijenjenih istraživačkih metoda, koristili smo tehniku anketiranja i skaliranja, a od instrumenata anketni upitnik i petostepenu skalu stavova u kojoj se ponuđeni odgovori odnose na procjenu opisanih ajtema. Analiza rezultata je pokazala da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u stavovima pedagoga o profesionalnoj osposobljenosti za područje rada istraživanje vaspitno-obrazovne prakse, u odnosu na godine radnog staža, kao i u odnosu na mjesto završenog studija. Istraživački nalazi upućuju na postojeći kvalitet profesionalne osposobljenosti pedagoga, istrajnost u održavanju kvaliteta istog, te doslijednost različitih univerziteta u pogledu osposobljenosti stručnih saradnika za navedeno područje rada.

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Veliki broj istraživanja pokazuje da eksplicitni i implicitni stavovi determinišu ponašanje. Verbalna produkcija, kao bihejvioralna manifestacija unutrašnjeg sveta osobe prema savremenim psiholingvističkim teorijama predstavlja, kako nameran, tako i automatski proces. Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je ispitivanje odnosa između različitih mera verbalnog ponašanja u vezi sa homoseksualnošću, sa jedne, i implicitnih i eksplicitnih mera stava prema homoseksualnosti sa druge strane. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 105 ispitanika. Kao mere stava korišćeni su Test homofobije (H25) i Test Implicitnih Asocijacija, dok su mere verbalne produkcije ekstrahovane iz dve eksperimentalne situacije korišćenjem programa za automatsku analizu teksta LIWCser. U prvoj eksperimentalnoj situaciji ispitanici su indirektno usmeravani na stavski objekat (homoseksualnost), dok su u drugoj situaciji instruisani da direktno govore o stavskom objektu. Rezultati su pokazali umerenu povezanost između eksplicitnih i implicitnih mera stava, kao i relativno nisku do umerenu povezanost ovih mera sa pojedinačnim merama verbalne produkcije. Dodatno, pokazalo se da u osnovi verbalne produkcije stoje implicitni i eksplicitni procesi i to da su spontani aspekti verbalne produkcije pre svega vođeni implicitnim procesima, dok namerni aspekti verbalne produkcije predstavljaju manifestaciju eksplicitnih stavova. Dobijeni rezultati u skladu su sa postojećim modelima odnosa implicitnih i eksplicitnih mera stavova i ponašanja, kao i savremenim psiholingvističkim teorijama.

U ovom radu predstavljena je konstrukcija i evaluacija Testa homofobije koji u sadržinskom smislu objedinjuje dosadašnja znanja i ideje o prirodi ovog fenomena. Test homofobije (H25) sastoji se od 25 stavki u formi tvrdnji kojima je pridružena petostepena skala Likertovog tipa. Na uzorku od 476 ispitanika proverene su psihometrijske karakteristike testa i njegova faktorska struktura. U celini test pokazuje dobre psihometrijske karakteristike (KMO = .99, α = .97). Faktorskom analizom ekstrahovana su dva visoko korelirana faktora, koja su interpretirana kao „homoseksualnost kao pretnja za društvo” i „homoseksualnost kao pretnja za mene”. Takođe, test je pokazao zadovoljavajuću konvergentnu validnost spram dve alternativne mere homofobije, kao i visoku predikciju diskriminatornih stavova prema osobama homoseksualne orijentacije. Dodatno, pokazano je da homofobija, merena konstruisanim instrumentom, ima veći broj socio-demografskih i personalnih korelata. Homofobiji su sklonije osobe muškog pola, religiozne osobe, osobe konzervativne političke orijentacije, zatim osobe koje imaju manje kontakta sa homoseksualnom populacijom, i osobe nižih skorova na dimeziji Otvorenosti, a viših na dimenziji Savesnosti. U celini, konstruisani instrument predstavlja pouzdanu i validnu meru heteroseksualnog stava prema homoseksualnoj populaciji, te predstavlja ekonomičan instrument pogodan za primenu, kako u istraživačke tako i u praktične svrhe.

U istraživanju je ispitivana razlika između umetnika i neumetnika u pogledu opšte kreativne sposobnosti i različitih aspekata kreativnosti. Uzorak je činilo 128 studenata Univerziteta u Beogradu (66 studenata umetničkih i 62 studenta neumetničkih fakulteta). U istraživanju je korišćen višedimenzionalni test opšte kreativnosti baziran na Gilfordovom modelu kreativnog mišljenja. Ovaj test procenjuje opštu kreativnu sposobnost i četiri aspekta kreativnosti nižeg reda: fluentnost, produktivnost, originalnost i elaboraciju. Rezultati su pokazali da nema razlike između umetnika i neumetnika u pogledu opšte kreativne sposobnosti. Sa druge strane, umetnici imaju bolje postignuće na subskali Originalnost. Dobijeni rezultati sugerišu postojanje opšte kreativne sposobnosti koja nije rezervisana samo za umetnike. Ipak, razlike u postignuću u domenu originalnosti upućuju na postojanje dominantnog načina kreativnog mišljenja u grupi umetnika.