Search

The article examines two lexemes from the speech of the Bulgarian Catholics of Belene, originating from rites and dances of the Orthodox population in the city, by which are named unacceptable actions. The examples are interesting for how confessional difference manifests itself through language, transforming neutral vocabulary into emotional-expressive with a negative or disapproving tone. By means of the word бръзъùцъ, related to the observance „Brazaya", a mocking and contemptuous attitude towards a woman with a funny, ugly or scary face is expressed. The second example under consideration, èръйшалдъ, derives from a dance characteristic of the Orthodox population of Belene, and is used in a negative sense for a person who expresses his joyous emotions unrestrained or who is rebellious and stubborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the use of the three lexemes for ‘life’ in Constantine of Preslav’s Didactic Gospel from the end of the 9th is analysed. The focus lies on their distribution, especially considering their contextual meaning. The systemised data are compared to those of the SJS and of the First Epistle against the Arians translated by the same Constantine. It is established that the Didactic Gospel – unlike the early Slavonic texts included in the Prague dictionary that show a higher degree of variation in the correlations between lexeme and meaning, but also unlike the First Epistle against the Arians, where ЖИЗНЬ dominates – presents a rather clear lexico-semantic differentiation in the translation correlates for Greek ζωή: for life as opposed to death ЖИВОТЬ is used, for earthly life it is ЖИВОТЬ, and ЖИЗНЬ for eternal life. The distribution of the synonyms in the Didactic Gospel coincides to a large degree with that described in general diachronic analyses. This tendency may be observed in both the translated and the original parts of the Didactic Gospel, deviations occurring mainly in biblical quotations, probably due to the direct influence of the well-known sacred text. The material analysed shows that Constantine of Preslav understood very well the semantics of the words used in the language of the original, but also the semantic nuances of closely related words in the target language and used them according to the textual meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the Old Bulgarian parallels of the Greek words with ἀ-privativum in the translation of Gregory the Theologian’s Oratio XXXIX, which was made in the first third of the 10th century. The correlates are systemized and considered in the context of other translated works of the early period of the Slavonic written heritage, on the basis of the data reflected in Slovník jazyka staroslověnského and its Řecko-staroslověnský index as well as in other 18 dictionaries to sources they do not cover. The comparative analysis offered allows for generalizations and conclusions in two directions. On the one hand, the material of Oratio XXXIX enlarges the list of translation correlates for words with ἀ-privativum with Greek words not registered for the period and their transponents as well as with non-filed counterparts of registered Greek lexemes. Some of these enrich the known word-formation nests with new derivates while others add non-witnessed stems to the translation paradigm. They all broaden the knowledge of the translation potentials of the literary language whose norm is still in a process of construction. On the other hand, some peculiarities are revealed, which could well be interpreted as local or individual translation markers: a) a relatively large number of correlates with preposition без or prefix без- in relation to those with не-, which is related with the Preslav origin of the translation; b) several transponents which do not belong to the word-formation nests which are habitual to the given Greek stems and which, at this stage, seem to be unique translation decisions; c) a relatively frequent usage of substantivated active participles (more often present ones) which are correlates of Greek participles, adjectives or adverbs, but are rendered by adjectives, present or past passive participles in the other texts observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Old Bulgarian text of the Orations against the Arians by Athanasius of Alexandria has survived in ten Russian copies, dating between the 15th–18th centuries (middle of the 17th c.), all of them preserving the colophon of Tudor Doksov, according to which the translation was done by Constantine of Preslav in 906. The article discusses how five, six or seven centuries after the Old Bulgarian translation, the Russian copyists perceived certain specific linguistic markers from the translation done by Constantine of Preslav: the theological terms, neologisms such as сѫтьство φύσις, бꙑшьнъ γενητός, лоу-ьшен-е βελτίωσις, the participle сѫ/сѫ- as an epithet of God, the archaisms братръ, съцѣглъ μόνος and some morphosyntactic devices (the adverb сегда/сьгда, the particle есе, the conjunction небонъ). Their substitution with other lexemes can be explained by diverse reasons: inability to understand the authentic meaning, inaccurate copying, adaptation of the text to certain theological interpretations in view of the time and place of the copying process. The copyists’ mistakes and reinterpretations of the lexemes that were irrelevant for the 15th–18th century serve not only as a revealing comment on various aspects of the copyists’ practice but also as a tool to look into the textual history of the composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the criticism of the translation of Constantine's Proglas, this study contains an argument advocating a new translation of the Old Slavonic fragment ï... ("ot ognja goreshtago"). When applying our proposal, taking into account the micro-stylistics, the semantics of the word combination with the lexeme fire will change thanks to the epithet from the simple semantics of the property of fire to an anthropologically relevant expression, naming the human condition, i.e. in the Slovak translation the whole expression will sound mučivého ohňa (tormenting fire). We identify the attribute in Old Slavic as a present active participle, which can be declined as an adjective. Such a translation is also supported by the relation of the expression with the verb ..., which occurs seven times in the paschal sermon of St. John Chrysostom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jan Pinborg’s article Speculative Grammar traces in a historical and problematical way basic questions of the semantic doctrine of modes of signifying (the theory of speculative grammars). Speculative grammars are investigated: (1) from their appearance and historical and conceptual ground (Aristotle and his Arabic commentators, Donatus, Priscian); (2) through the development and sophistication of the system of modes of signifying (considering in the same time its ontological and logical aspects); 3) to the theoretical criticism against them and the appearance of alternative semantic conceptions (Roger Bacon, Oc ham, Buridan…). The importance of the modistic doctrine for the further development of the logic and theoretical grammar is pointed out. A particular emphasis is put on the semantic character of the speculative grammars, together with its systematical account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the ways of rendering the lexeme temple in two Russian translations of the Quran of the Peter the Great era. These translations were made from the French translation of the Quran by André Du Ryer, first published in 1647. Du Ryer himself applies in this case the principle of unifying translation, rendering various nominations of the Arabic text denoting sacred buildings, by the one word temple. Two Russian translations of the Quran from the same French original reveal different strategies of rendering the lexeme temple. In the second (unpublished) translation, the lexeme temple is almost always translated as a khram. In the first translation, published in St. Petersburg in 1716, the translator demonstrates a greater variety in the ways of translating the word temple, using the lexemes kostiol (kościół), mechet’ (mosque) and tserkov’ (church). These lexemes in the first translation can occur in the same type of contexts and alternate within the same chapter, which indicates their ability to act as partial synonyms. In this usage, there is a certain similarity between the first translation of the Quran and the second translation of Metamorphoses, also made in the Petrine era from the Polish language, as well as with Petr Tolstoy’s Journey through Europe in 1699. The peculiarities of the translation of the French word temple in the printed Quran of 1716 to a certain extent support the hypothesis of E. Babayeva considering Petr Tolstoy as the translator of this text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the Latin loan words in Stanislav’s Menologion, tracing their function in the Old Bulgarian medieval manuscripts and the ways of their borrowing. The statistics shows that 21 out of 44 lexemes of Latin origin belong to the Old Bulgarian (OCS) canon, 15 out of them being attested in Codex Suprasliensis. The later occurrences are concentrated in hagiographic collections as well. Seven lexemes are hapax legomena and other seven are rare words with less than five occurrences in lexicographic manuals. Nine of the described lexemes represent early pre-Christian loan words and two derive from old borrowings. All nine have derivates in Old Bulgarian manuscripts or in the menologion itself. Three of the pre-Christian loan words have literary counterparts in the menologion and other two are literary doublets of early borrowings. Both pre-Christian loan words and literary borrowings (hapax legomena excluded) participate in synonymic chains with domestic and foreign lexis. The structure of this lexical group and its functioning confirms the hypothesis that the translation of the calendar hagiographic corpus took place in the Classical Old Bulgarian period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical corpus “Manuscript” contains voluminous data, presented in subcorpuses with a number of copies of the Gospels, Apostolos, Parimeinik, Parenesis, chronicles, and others. The quantitative ratios of lexemes form quantitative formulas that allow determining or clarifying the revisions of translations, identifying and characterizing the structural parts of texts, as well as the dynamics of changes in the lexical range and semantic structure of lexemes. Thus, quantitative formulas correlate in an exact way with different types of texts: the full service Gospel (“tetra-gospel”), the short aprakos and the full aprakos, the commentary and continuous Apostolos. The structural parts of the Laurentian and Ipatiev Chronicles are characterized by contrasting types of quantitative formulas. In the Kievan Chronicle, the word rat’, given its frequency, acts as the central unit of the princely circle sociolect. In the Galicia-Volyn chronicle, we witness a key and turning point in the quantitative growth in the lexeme voina usage, which replaces the lexemes bran’ and rat’ ‘war’, due to voina’s communicative advantages: it is monosemantic and opposite to the polysemantic lexemes bran’ and rat’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the Greek lexemes which motivate the appearance of Slavonic compound words with their first component ин- in direct singulative meaning or in denotations resulting from it. Their Slavonic transponents in translated writings from the ninth to the fifteenth century are systemized on the basis of both classical Palaeoslavic dictionaries and several dozens bilingual word indices to particular written monuments. The analysis undertaken allows the author to draw the following conclusions: 1) the root ин- ‘one’ takes part in words which translate 22 Greek lexemes and their Slavonic counterparts are 159 lexical units in total; 2) the spectrum of meanings conveyed by the morpheme ин- ‘one’ covers two main groups – first, a numerically small group of lexemes with a specific singulative meaning always parallel to Greek counterparts containing μονο, and, second, a numerically larger group of words which are characterized by meanings related to ‘gathering, cooperation, totality, integrity, unity’ and which are motivated by various Greek morphemes such as ὁμο, συν-, ὁλ(ος), (ἅ)πας; 3) there is certain evidence that the archaic root ин- was characterized by a semantic range which was broader than its main successor in the development of the language - the pronoun base jedin-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the history of a French loanword, introduced in Bulgarian language by the poet-publicist Hristo Botev. The research is within the realm of diachronic empruntology, viewed as a science for tracking interlanguage lexical transfers in their chronological order. The object of research is the lexeme "francophile", in the process of work the method of empruntological diachronic analysis being applied, which includes establishing the first text fixation of the french loan in standard Bulgarian language. The fate of the word in French and in Bulgarian languages is presented. Parallelly with this different derivative forms, which are compared to their Bulgarian counterparts. The results obtained allow for reconstruction of Bulgarian language fate of the French lexical creation "francophile" in a formal and semantic perspective, allowing for comparison of connotative uses of the French loan word francophile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the data about compound words with the first component н- ‘one’ in the Slavonic literature up to the fifteenth century. The sources used are both texts from the Old Bulgarian time (including those preserved in later copies) and later medieval translations. The systemized material is analyzed from the perspective of the type of works in which the lexemes are attested, the chronology of their appearance and their presence in the manuscript tradition. The research confirms the existence of 30 lexemes of the type, which belong to 15 word-formation nests. They are found in written sources of various genres but their distribution is not uniform and many of them are hapaxes. No data are obtained on the regional distribution of this type of words but it is confirmed that, as a whole, the compound words with н-, meaning ‘one,’ belong to the archaic lexical layer. Their place was gradually occupied by other two-root models (mostly with дн‑). The morpheme н- ‘one’ completely lost its derivational ability and remained attested only in copies of early texts. Among the three relict uses in translations of the post-Old Bulgarian time – нодоушьно, ноѧдъ and норогъ – only the latter appears more than once and in more than one work and its longevity is to be explained with the fact that it is known from the Bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with an issue that is significant in view of the buildup of word morphological structure, something frequently neglected by investigators, viz., morphemes encoding specific grammatical meanings of Bulgarian participles, which indicate in a specific way why participial forms belong to a separate lexeme class. Of course, there are authors who have discussed participial morphostructure (Pashov 1976, Vatov 1992, Kutsarov 2012, Kutsarov, I. 2007, Aleksova 2012, etc.). However, almost all of them (save Kutsarov, K. 2012, 2019) interpret the grammatical function of participial morphemes through the prism of the verb, i.e., if the participle is part of the verb form composed. Thus the study sets two basic goals: to describe the morphemic classification of Bulgarian participles according to their traditional description in the verb paradigm; to analyze relational and classification morphemes that belong to participles - morphemes that differentiate participles from adjectives and verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the problem of changes in the vocabulary of Slavonic canon law texts. The lexicon of canon law texts has been analysed by the researchers I. Bilyarski and A. Pichhadze on the basis of published Old Slavonic texts. As already noted by R.M. Tseytlin for many concepts in Slavonic writings there were already doublets in the 10th–11th century. The author compares the use of individual lexemes in the Commandment by John Chrysostom on church law and in the Ilovitsa kormchaya, and also uses the Efremovska kormchaya and the early Russian version of the Kormchaya. The study of lexical substitutions made by Old Russian writers provides important material for the study of the migration of texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the spelling, phonetic, morphological and lexical features of the Parisian Sticherarion. The Parisian Sticherarion includes stichera from September 1 to September 14, written in the margins of a Greek manuscript of Plato’s works (BNF, Paris.gr. 1808, pp. 25r – 34v). Phonetics and spelling indicate a significant antiquity of the monument. The morphological system is not so unambiguous. The Parisian Sticherarion demonstrates both archaic features and innovations, individual signs of the destruction of the case system are obvious. At the same time, the mixing of cases is not systematic. From a vocabulary point of view, two groups of words are of interest: a) lexemes noted in other manuscripts (Ilya’s book, the most ancient Slavic monuments etc.) as possible translations of the corresponding Greek words and b) lexemes that are not found anywhere in connection with the corresponding Greek words. The second group is divided into several subgroups: reflection of probable discrepancies in the Greek manuscript, non-standard translation using known lexemes, new meanings of known lexemes, new lexicographically undescribed lexemes, paronymic replacements of a Greek word in translation, including decomposition of a composite with elements of paronymy, and transliteration of Greek words using Cyrillic. The linguistic usus and individual linguistic and textual innovations (greekism иерио, indication of authorship in the title of the sticheron) indicate the appearance of the text in the West Bulgarian area or (according to A. Bruni) in the monastery center outside Bulgaria by a native of the West Bulgaria not earlier than the end of the 12th century or more likely at the beginning of the 13th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a rare Old Bulgarian meaning of the noun ѹлHца in written monuments related to the Preslav Literary Centre. In some of this translation school’s landmark works – The Dialogues of Pope Gregory the Great, Theology and Hexameron by John the Exarch of Bulgaria, the lexeme does not mean ‘a passageway, a passage between buildings’, but ‘a door, gates’ and ‘a window’. The author suggests that this meaning is a relic of the relatively late distancing between today’s successors to the Proto-Slavic *ula – улей (‘gutter, runway’), and улица (‘street’) whose unifying meaning is ‘free space yet limited by boundaries’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the texts of two lectures (readings) of the Book of Proverbs (1,1-9 and 3,13-20) in the Second Beram Breviary. They have been compared with six other medieval Slavonic texts, three Glagolitic and three Cyrillic: the First Vrbnik Breviary from the 12th-13th century, the Hrvoje's Missal from the beginning of the 15th century, the Czech Glagolitic Bible from 1416, the Grigorovich Parimejnik from the 12th century, the manuscript from the Russian National Library F.І.461 from the 14th century and the Ostrog Bible from 1591. The comparison shows that there are differences between the Greek and the Latin text, at the syntactic as well as at the lexical level. In the first lecture, both Croatian Breviaries most often follow the syntax of the Latin text, but they preserve the ancient Cyrillo-Methodian vocabulary. In the second lecture there are more differences between the Breviaries. The First Vrbnik Breviary follows the Greek text and is nearly identical with the Cyrillic texts, while the Second Beram Breviary, as well as the Hrvoje's Missal, contains a text, which is closer to the Latin text at the syntactic level, but usually preserves the Cyrillo-Methodian lexemes. It is significant that these two Croatian books (the Second Beram Breviary and the Hrvoje's Missal) contain texts, which are so close to each other. The three Cyrillic texts are nearly identical, they reproduce the Greek text and are evidently successors of an ancient translation, most probably, the one of SS. Cyrill and Methodius. The Czech translation follows the Latin text and it contains some typically Czech lexemes (opatrnost, robat, zprava, počatek, bazen, blazеn, nahrdlek, nalezenie, prodlenie, pravica, levica, cesta, pokoine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to analyze the lexeme дѣдъ / дѣдьць / djed, displaying the meaning ‘grandfather’, ‘elder’, or ‘forerunner’ in the oldest Slavic monuments. In Middle Bulgarian texts (the Synodicon of Tsar Boril from 1211), the diminutive form дѣдьць is used with reference to the elder of a Bogomil community (дѣдьць Срѣдьчьскъіи). The followers of the Bosnian heterodoxy only used the form djed, interpreted differently from scholar to scholar depending on the adopted conception of the Bosnian Church and its character. The review of the semantics of the term dědъ as part of the general Slavic linguistic picture demonstrates that it denoted the leader of a local dissident community, a spiritual father and teacher of Bosnian Christians. Thus, the word testifies to the presence of Balkan Manichaean influence on the religious life of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse a document containing a description of the costumes, footwear, and accessories from Tran administrative region (okrazhie) in 1888. During this period, the region included three separate districts (okolii): Tran, Tsaribrod, and Breznik. The aforementioned description was required by Bulgaria's Ministry of Internal Affairs. The document was signed by the vice secretary of the governor of the Tran region who summarized the descriptions sent by the administrators of the three districts mentioned. Albeit written ten years after the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman rule, when there was no unified standard for the administrative register of the literary language, and the orthographical rules varied in the influential grammars of that time, the document was written in a well-balanced style combining local words denoting clothes, as well as lexemes and forms considered by the administrator to be widespread and literary ones. Outside the clothing terminology, he did not use local lexis and forms. In addition, he tried to consistently follow the orthographic rules he knew using the historical letters ѫ, ѣ, ъ, and ь according to the etymology. The variation which occurs in the manner of designation of the definite article reflects the variation of the orthographic rules at the time being. The account on the female and male costumes witness the transition from linen and hemp underclothes to cotton ones, and from the rich embroidery of the female costume to ornaments made of lace and stripes. New elements of the costume certifying for a tendency towards alafranga style (European clothes) are sack and paletot, which replaced the fur-coats. Imported materials were used mostly for women's head coverings and summer dresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of the time concept in Pelevin's work The Sacred Book of the Werewolf. The category of time is one of the leading categories of this work. The authors try to characterise the function of time and space in the novel and study the lexemes expressing the categories of time making also a quantitative analyse of them. The writer plays with events, with space and time and puts them into a complicated interaction. The depiction of time and space in the novel does not reflect any real time and space — Pelevin in his narration uses passages of time and changes the space (builds partial chronotopes) violating the temporal and spatial continuity of narration which, on the other hand, helps him to suggest a continuality of human being. Frequent references to the events and heroes of other works by Pelevin show that the writer reproduces again the thoughts that were expressed in his other works earlier. The specific features of the depicted chronotope prove that Pelevin creates a postmodern text transcending it at the same time.

The layer of the West-Slavonic lexic of Vyzha Act Book was investigated in the following Article. Also, the History of formation of Polish and Czech lexical Borrowings and the Peculiarities of their Realization on the Modern Stage of the Development of Ukrainian Language were examined, the Reasons of language Influence were elucidated.

The present article discusses lexemes designating “bread made of corn flour” in the entire Bulgarian linguistic territory, collected upon Program collecting materials for the Bulgarian Dialect Atlas. Patterns are compared with the names of “corn” in the Bulgarian dialects. Data on corn, Zea Mays, as well as “corn bread” are presented in linguisticgeographic way, diverse and significant dialect material is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]