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China has entered the stage of high-quality development, and the construction of new-type urbanization is an important approach for the realization of the country's high-quality economic development as well as reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. The existing literature has produced a number of fruitful research results on the economic and environmental effects of the transformation of urbanization. However, few studies have tested the effects of the new-type urbanization construction on energy efficiency and their mechanisms from the perspective of exogenous impact. Therefore, in the context of China's actual situation, this paper constructed a theoretical framework of 'technological progress－population agglomeration－urban expansion,' and then deeply explained how the comprehensive pilot policy for new-type urbanization affected energy efficiency. Based on the panel data of 285 cities in China, this paper made an innovative breakthrough from the existing empirical analyses by dividing energy efficiency into total-factor energy efficiency and green total-factor energy efficiency, choosing the comprehensive pilot policy for new-type urbanization as a quasinatural experiment, and using the difference-in-differences method to examine the mechanisms and impact of new-type urbanization on energy efficiency. The results showed that: ① After a series of robustness tests, the impact of the comprehensive pilot policy for newtype urbanization on total-factor energy efficiency and green total-factor energy efficiency was significantly negative, and the effect increased year by year. ② Mechanism analysis showed that new-type urbanization mainly hindered the improvement of energy efficiency by promoting technological progress, boosting population agglomeration, and stimulating urban expansion. ③ According to the analysis of the effect of the regional biased policy, the regionally biased policy leaning toward the central and western regions did not promote the energy-saving effect of new-type urbanization. ④ According to the analysis of the effect of urban agglomeration mode, joining an urban agglomeration helped enhance the effect of the new-type urbanization on energy efficiency. This study provides empirical evidence and policy implications for promoting China's new-type urbanization, avoiding unfavorable factors, and achieving a 'win-win' situation of the high-quality development of new-type urbanization and the improvement of energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has embarked on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to discuss how to achieve the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and basically realizing modernization together. Based on the statistical data of provincial carbon emissions and economic development characteristics from 1997 to 2019, this paper proposed an empirical model of systematic analysis using the improved Kaya‑GDIM model and the expanded economic growth model, with total energy consumption as the transmission variable. This paper also used the Mann Kendall trend test, the Tapiocarbon decoupling index, and other methods to study and judge provincial carbon emissions and economic development status. On this basis, we divided the provinces with similar characteristics into groups. Based on the comprehensive investigation of the characteristics of the driving factors of combined carbon emissions and economic growth among provinces, we proposed a matching coordinated realization scheme for the goals. The results showed that: ① According to the comprehensive judgment based on the multivariate index, 30 provinces could be divided into four categories. ② Provinces should choose the coordinated realization scheme according to the characteristics of their carbon emissions and economic development driving mechanisms. The leading demonstration group should focus on the deployment and R&D of high energy efficiency technology and the improvement of total factor productivity. The quality improvement group should focus on promoting the transformation of production factors from quantity to quality improvement. The quantity growth group should focus on improving the dilemma of insufficient quantities of physical and human capital. The structural transformation group should adhere to the energy transformation and ensure a fair transformation. ③ In recent years, the slowdown of economic growth has effectively alleviated the rapid increase of carbon emissions. However, there is still much room for improvement in relevant work. In the future, we must speed up the low carbon regulation capacity and promote the decoupling of economic growth from carbon emissions, which are key to the smooth realization of the goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and basically realizing modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written based on an investigation of the statuses of rural living environments in China. By combining the main problems in rural living environments and the clean utilization of resources in China, this paper reviews and comparatively analyzes the development statuses of the clean utilization of three rural resource technologies, namely the resource utilization of rural organic waste, biomass fuel, and construction raw materials derived from organic waste. The feasibility was analyzed by considering the waste types, process paths, technical indicators, technical advantages and disadvantages, regional adaptability, and quantitative indicators. Thus, the direction of sustainable research is revealed. Furthermore, this paper proposes a specific and comprehensive technical scheme for clean resource utilization in terms of waste recycling and energy utilization in villages and towns in north and northeast China. This scheme integrates the technological utilization of multiple organic wastes fermentation, low-nitrogen combustion technology of biomass mixed materials, construction technology of active and passive village buildings, and informatization of rural living environments. It can supplement the technical scheme for improving rural living environments in north and northeast China, thereby accelerating the construction of infrastructure for such environments and laying the foundation for the synergy of living environment improvement and rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the global efforts to respond to climate change and achieve 'carbon neutrality,' vehicle electrification in the automobile industry has become a trend. In recent years, the development of electric vehicles has been regarded by many governments as an important way to promote clean and low-carbon development of the transportation sector, and major developed countries have launched their own development strategies for electric vehicles. However, there is still much debate in China about whether the promotion of electric vehicles can help achieve real emission reductions, especially in the high coal power generation structure. Most existing studies on the carbon emissions of electric vehicles in their life cycle only used countries or regions as the research boundary, ignoring the provincial level and the measurement of future emission reduction potential. As a result, the differences in emission reduction effects of electric vehicles in different spatial and temporal dimensions have not been revealed completely. This paper constructed a life cycle assessment model based on multiple spatial and temporal dimensions and introduced the differences in emission reduction effects in different provinces and periods (2019 and 2035). The findings showed that: ① In 2019, all types of electric vehicles except plug-in hybrid electric vehicles could reduce carbon emissions at the national level. At the provincial level, the carbon emissions of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Anhui (a region with the highest carbon emissions in China) were 141 g/km (about 14 times) and 148 g/km (about 3.6 times) higher than those in Tibet (the region with the lowest emissions in China), respectively. ② By 2035, all types of electric vehicles would significantly reduce carbon emissions, with fuel cell vehicles being the most effective. In areas where renewable energy would be used in a high proportion (such as Sichuan, Yunnan, and Qinghai), priority should be given to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. Since there would be no need to build large-scale charging infrastructure for the developing hybrid electric vehicles, it is suggested to give priority to the development of hybrid electric vehicles in areas with a high proportion of fossil fuels in short- and medium-term planning. Considering that it takes time to adjust the power structure for each area, it is suggested that all regions and provinces take full account of the trend in advance and choose low-carbon transportation routes more suitable for their own development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. New energy decarbonization will be a major focus area for achieving the 'dual carbon' goals since it accounts for about 20 percent of China' s total energy consumption. The Xiong' an New Area' s geographical advantages and natural endowments have brought abundant wind and solar energy resources and have huge development potential in the field of new energy development. This paper summarizes the Xiong' an New Area' s resource endowment and achievements in developing new energy, and comprehensively analyzes the opportunities and challenges faced by this area in the process of building a national new energy demonstration zone in the context of achieving the 'dual carbon' goals. It sorts out the new energy development policy of the Xiong' an New Area and its history of new energy development and then points out that the current development of new energy in this area lies in power project construction, power grid construction, green energy consumption, energy storage development, and new energy equipment. This study believes that the Xiong' an New Area will experience three development stages of carbon neutrality: initial carbon neutrality, fluctuating carbon neutrality, and stable carbon neutrality, because this area has carried out green power planning simultaneously in the initial construction stage and has more green power supply. With the expansion of population and economic scale, the rapid increase in energy demand would lead to the decline in green power supply ratio, causing carbon neutrality to fluctuate and change over time. With the population and economic structure in a stable development stage, the proportion of high-value-added and high-tech industries would increase, and energy utilization technologies such as green electricity would make progress, resulting in the arrival of the stable carbon neutrality development stage. On the other hand, from the perspective of carbon sink potential corresponding to carbon sources, the planned proportion of the blue-green space and the construction land in the Xiong' an New Area would keep its carbon sink capacity in a relatively stable state for a long period of time. Therefore, in addition to the value-added of the natural carbon sink system, carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies and other means of artificial carbon sink can be used as adjustment tools under the carbon neutrality system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the goal of 'Net-zero Europe' by 2050, the European Union (EU) has set up detailed policies in the fields of energy and climate. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of relevant policies in the EU and UK and their implications for China by reviewing these policies in the achievement of the carbon neutrality goal and other goals in the energy and climate fields. The characteristics of these energy and climate policies include: ① Top-down and bottom-up approaches are adopted to distribute the EU' s overall emission reduction targets to member states in accordance with the principle of fairness, and each member state formulates and adjusts its own goals to ensure the realization of the overall goals. ② Detailed transition plans are formulated for the power, industry, transportation, and building sectors; importance is attached to the application of new and renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and hydrogen energy; specific goals are set concerning coal power transition, nuclear energy development, energy efficiency improvement, carbon capture and storage, electrification, and building renovations; and the importance of energy security in transition planning is stressed. ③ A sound and mature emissions trading system and a fair transition mechanism are established to support the realization of the transition goals, and developing countries are helped to reduce emissions through technical dialogues and climate financing. To reach peak carbon emissions and achieve carbon neutrality, China should develop relevant roadmaps at national, sectoral, and provincial levels and strengthen R&D of key decarbonization technologies. At the same time, China should enhance its regulatory regime, and improve the carbon emissions trading system, the green financial system, and the just transition mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world' s largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China faces a serious situation in energy conservation and emission reduction. However, China' s digital economy is still developing rapidly. In order to explore how the development of the digital economy affects energy consumption and CO2 emissions, this paper took the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2019 as a sample, used the entropy method to analyze the digital economy level of each province, and built a double fixed effect model to empirically analyze the 'positive U-shaped' or 'inverted U-shaped' relationship between the digital economy and energy or between the digital economy and CO2 emissions. The results showed that: (1) There were inter-provincial and regional differences in the level of digital economy in China. Guangdong Province and China' s eastern region had the highest level of digital economy, while Qinghai Province and the western region had the lowest level of digital economy. (2) Both the digital economy and ECSC and the digital economy and CESC had significant ' positive U-shaped' relationships, while the digital economy and ECST, the digital economy and ECEF, and the digital economy and CEEF all had significant 'inverted U-shaped' relationships. The energy-saving effect of the development of the digital economy was greater than the carbon emission reduction effect. (3) There was heterogeneity in the nonlinear relationship between the digital economy and ECSC, ECST, and ECEF, the digital economy and CESC, and CEEF in the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions. (4) Digital infrastructure, digital innovation environment, digital user scale, and digital industry scale had different nonlinear effects on ECSC, ECST, and ECEF, as well as on CESC and CEEF. Accordingly, to provide empirical support and a theoretical basis for China's development of the digital economy while taking into account the effects of energy conservation and carbon emission reduction, this study puts forward relevant policy suggestions from three aspects: narrowing the gap in the level of digital economy, formulating digital economy development policies, and focusing on key points for the development of the digital economy. These suggestions are also conducive to boosting China's goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization becomes the primary source of carbon emissions and energy demand growth in China with industrialization entering the middle-later stages. With the current highconsumption and high-emission urban development model, the resulting resource consumption and carbon emissions become a major environmental issue and a sustainability problem. Based on the panel data of the bay area economic zone of Zhejiang province from 2003 to 2017, this paper analyzed the overall spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of carbon emissions of the economic zone. The main sources of carbon emissions will be studied in detail by incorporating the urbanization level, energy consumption structure, land use, economic development level, industrial structure, population agglomeration, openness, and technological progress into the STIRPAT (the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) extended model. We further investigated the driving mechanism of carbon emissions and spatial and temporal heterogeneity of carbon emissions from the perspective of urbanization using the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR). The results showed that: (1) The scale of carbon emissions has increased with time, but the growth rate has not been large with a decreasing growth rate. Carbon emissions in different regions are significantly different. The carbon emission is less intense through the years with a spatial distribution pattern of increasing from the southwest to the northeast. (2) The level of economic development and the degree of openness to the outside world are the dominant factors that affect the carbon emission level, followed by energy consumption structure, technological progress, and urbanization. (3) These influencing factors show substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity that the direction and intensity of the fluctuations of various driving factors vary from time to time and region to region. This paper analyzed the impact of the driving factors of carbon emissions in the economic zone of Zhejiang Bay Area explicitly, providing scientific support for the implementation of regionally differentiated carbon emission reduction strategies. It is necessary to fully examine the actual development of each region to formulate a differentiated carbon emission reduction regulation strategy. In particular, these measures should be taken into consideration for reducing carbon emissions in the area: enhancing the efficiency of comprehensive utilization of resources by accelerating the construction of science and technology innovation corridors, and promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries by fully introducing modern service industries and high-end manufacturing based on information technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national economy is a complex system composed of many different industries and interdependent industries. Scientifically identifying the correlation conduction structure of industrial carbon emissions is of great theoretical and practical significance for achieving the goal of carbon emission reduction in China. Therefore, the total carbon footprint was defined from the direct and indirect angles. Based on the energy consumption and the direct consumption coefficient of production service, the admissibility of the function improvement was created to update the input-output table and ram the data source base. Then the balanced input output industrial total carbon footprint life cycle model was designed to calculate the total carbon footprint of the industry. Using the WT index method, China's industry total carbon footprint complex networks in the new and old normal periods were constructed, and the characteristics of networks were analyzed from the point of view of the whole network, nodes status and community structure. By comparison, it was found that the structures of China's industrial total carbon footprint complex networks in the new and old normal periods were reasonable. Compared with the old normal period, the total industrial carbon footprint in the new normal period industry linked closer, the core key industries had stronger control influence, and the community structure was generally stable. At last, the paper put forward countermeasures and suggestions, which were a comprehensive consideration of the total carbon footprint of the industry, taking into account the individual and the overall characteristics, focusing on the key nodes and taking full consideration of the characteristics of the industrial community. And we hope this paper could improve the efficiency of China's industrial synergistic emission reduction in the new normal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is rich in crop straw resources, but straw burning is serious and resource utilization is not high. To solved the ecological pollution and resource waste caused by straw burning, and let straw carbonization equipment market promotion. The orthogonal experiment of carbonization process was designed according to the literature and the results of preliminary experiment. The straw biochar produced by process test was analyzed. The thermal characteristic parameters and combustion characteristic parameters were calculated. Straw biochar yield, fuel ratio, hydrocarbon atomic ratio, alkalinity index, high calorific value and dimensionless comprehensive combustion index Z were used as quality evaluation indexes for high quality straw biochar. Grey correlation analysis method and comprehensive quality score method were used to analyze the evaluation indexes and influencing factors, and the response surface method designed by CCD experiment was used to optimize the production process of straw biochar directional regulation. The experiment provides a theoretical basis for improving the energy utilization rate of straw and provides a large number of data support for the popularization and application of continuous straw carbonization equipment. The results showed that temperature was the primary factor affecting the quality of straw biochar. The five evaluation indexes of straw biochar quality except the yield of straw biochar were ranked as follows: Z > H/C >FR >AI >HHV, the quality of straw biochar produced by the equipment is stable and close to the burning quality of bituminous coal. In the orthogonal experiment, the experiment in group 16 and group 12 obtained a higher comprehensive score, and the optimal process parameter combination was A3B4C1. CCD test results after response surface optimization, in the balance of the two response values to meet the maximum, the predicted optimal process parameters are: cut after the corn straw, after 600 ℃ thermal carbonization for 50 min, the production of straw biochar output is 53.05%, its combustion index Z is 0.726 6. The empirical test showed that the difference between the experimental value and the predicted value was less than 0.2%, the fitting model and the response surface optimization method were accurate and feasible, and the combustion quality of straw biochar produced by the optimal carbonization process was greatly improved. The C content and H/C of straw biochar produced under the best technological conditions are increased by nearly 2 times, which is closed to the combustion quality of bituminous coal and anthracite, and far better than the barbecue biochar purchased in the market. Through the carbonization process in this study, the utilization quality of straw biochar can be controlled directionally, forming a reproducible and generalized quasi-directional regulation method of high quality fuelized straw biochar. The analysis methods greatly reduce the experiment times, choose the appropriate fuel straw biochar quality evaluation index, and on the premise of saving the cost of raw materials and energy, quick understanding of high quality energy straw biochar production process parameters, facilitate continuous piecewise uniform crop straw carbonization market-oriented all-round production system of rapid popularization and application.In addition, the experimental design and data analysis method in this paper can also provide data support for the production of straw carbonization process using straw as raw material for adsorption and fertilizer carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop straw is a valuable biomass energy resource and raw material for livestock forage, organic fertilizer and industrial use. However, the comprehensive utilization level of straw resources in China is not high due to various reasons including agricultural intensification, capital shortage and farmers’ cognition. Regional, seasonal and structural surplus of crop straw is common in China and a lot of straw is discarded and burned casually, especially in rural areas. It is not only a huge waste of resources, but also leads to serious atmosphere and soil environment pollutions. Thus, it is of great importance to improve the straw utilization rate. That take regional planning as a whole and realize full utilization of the regional total straw resources is a good strategy. Assessment of regional straw resources’ quantity, type, and distribution pattern is the prerequisite to achieve regional straw resources full utilization. In addition, the utilization modes and levels of straw resources are also restricted by many other factors including the social and economic development status. Thus, to make better use of straw resources and optimize utilization structure, it is necessary to take all the above factors into comprehensive consideration, carrying out scientific layout and rational planning. Hunan province is an important agricultural province and also a main producing area of double cropping rice in China. The present study estimated the straw quantity and amount per capita of the main crops in Hunan province. The spatial distribution patterns of straw resources in Hunan province were also analyzed. In addition, the paper also analyzed the potential of full utilization of the total straw resources in the province through comparing the current straw utilization structure and quantities with their corresponding competitive straw demands. The results showed that the theoretical and collectable amount of the main crop straw resources in Hunan province in 2018 were 4 021.7× 104 t and 3 039.1×104 t, respectively. The mean amount per capita of straw resource is only 0.68 t, which is much lower than the national average level. The straw of rice, rape, maize and vegetables accounted for 64.7%, 16.0%, 6.1% and 7.5% of the total straw resources of the Province, respectively. The various types of crop straws exhibited different spatial distribution patterns. The amount of rice, rape and vegetable straw increased from west to east and south to north in the province, whereas corn straw displayed an opposite distribution trend. Through estimating the potential utilization ways of straw resources, the competitive demand of straw in Hunan province included 887.3×104 t for fertilizer, 885.1×104 t for fodder, 65.7×104 t for raw material and 83.2×104 t for stroma material. The remaining amount of straw for potential energy utilization was 1 117.9×104 t. Considering the current straw utilization structure and the results as above, the overall trend of realizing full utilization in the province should be to improve the ratio of fodder and energy utilization and slightly reduce fertilizer utilization on the basis of maintaining the amount for stroma and raw material utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote the transformation of China's energy consumption and reduce CO2 emissions, this paper first uses the club convergence test method to conduct a detailed empirical study of the differences in the inter-provincial evolution of different types of fossil energy consumption. Then, based on the results of convergence clustering, a hierarchical (group) forecasting method is used to predict short-term CO2 emissions at different levels. The results show that due to the different dependence of economic development on coal consumption, coal consumption of various provinces converges to three levels. Driven by the energy intensity and structural effects, the province's oil and natural gas consumption have generally converged upward. The forecasts indicate that CO2 emissions from fossil fuels will be dominated by coal, which is dominated by the 13 provinces in clubs2. Meanwhile, oil consumption will increase CO2 emissions, natural gas will reduce total emissions, and provincial CO2 emissions and its growth rates will still have large differences. These findings have important implications for the establishment of specific regional energy consumption and emission policies:clubs2's provinces are key areas for controlling coal consumption and reducing CO2 emissions; strictly controlling oil consumption in high-income and heavy-industry provinces will further reduce total CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of capital, intermediate inputs play an important role that cannot be ignored in the process of production. Their coefficient size reflects a country's economic growth mode. Current mainstream economic growth theories only consider the value added production function, rather than gross output production function, thus ignoring the role of intermediate inputs in the production process and the evaluation of economic efficiency. This paper is based on the statistical characteristics, basic model and empirical test of the basic paradigm. From the perspective of statistical characteristics, China's intermediate inputs coefficients are significantly higher than that of U.S. and Japan and other developed countries. The energy consumption per unit GDP is far over the world average level, which shows that the characteristic of China's economic growth is of extensive growth mode. By using theoretical derivation and numerical simulation, this paper has drawn the conclusion that a country's economic growth mode is related to the intermediate inputs elasticity of substitution, value added rate (VAR), technical level, and some other parameters. Firstly, there exists substitution rather than complementary linkage between primary investment and intermediate inputs. Secondly, economic growth rate shows negative correlation with the size of the elasticity of substitution of intermediate inputs, and the greater, the slower, and vice versa. Thirdly, inverted U shape shows that with the increase of intermediate inputs rate, the equilibrium output increases first and then decreased. In other words, there exists an optimal VAR. In the empirical analysis by using data of China, U.S., Japan and Brazil, the paper proves that there are obvious differences in the elasticity of substitution of intermediate inputs among different countries at their different stages during development. On the one hand, there is a different elasticity of substitution at different stage for a country with a certain independence, and the elasticity of substitution of U.S. is much higher than that of China. On the other hand, there is deviation between the actual VAR and the optimal VAR among these countries, and the deviation of China and Brazil is much larger than that of U.S. and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the reform and opening up, the urbanization rate in China has risen about 40% from 1978 to 2016, and it has been rapidly advancing at a rate of 0.5 percentage points higher than the world average each year. In the process of city booming, there inevitably exist problems such as extensive land use, urban sprawl and excessive energy consumption. In recent years, environmental pollution such as haze caused by excessive energy consumption has impacted seriously on the life quality of urban residents, and the problem is even more serious in large cities. In western countries, it has been proved that compact city is an effective development mode in alleviating energy shortage and environmental pollution in large cities. However, the concept of compact city has not been given enough attention in China. In this paper, we focused on the relationship between energy efficiency and compactness. The energy efficiency and compactness of 29 large cities during 2003- 2014 were measured with superefficiency- DEA model and entropy value method, and then quadrant map approach was introduced to explore the relationship between urban compactness and energy efficiency. The results showed that energy efficiency was relatively low but was increasing slowly. The regional disparities of the relationship between urban compactness and energy efficiency were significant. The eastern part of China mainly had high coordination relationship, while the middle and western part of China mostly had low coordination relationship. From the perspective of the scale of cities, larger cities had higher energy efficiency. As the city size increased, the proportion of high coordination type became higher and higher. Megacities mostly fell into the categories of high coordination, and small cities mostly fell into the categories of low coordination. The quadrant diagram analysis after eliminating other possible affecting factors showed more obvious result that more compact city had higher energy efficiency. To improve the energy efficiency, multi-functional composite utilization of economy humanity and ecology should be realized by putting more investment into the construction of public service facilities and infrastructure, intensifying industrial land use and perfecting the functional system of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Thirteenth Five-year Plan for Geothermal Energy Development and Utilization" sets forth the guidelines and targets for the development and utilization of geothermal energy, and that becomes the basis of Chinese geothermal energy development and utilization during the "13th Five-Year" period. Due to the impacts of geological conditions, the use of geothermal energy is limited. Light and heat are abundant in the desert, however, because of its harsh conditions, shallow geothermal energy has not been effectively utilized. At present, China has actively explored the development of modern and sci-tech agriculture in the desert region. The application of shallow geothermal energy provides a better opportunity for the development of desert agriculture, especially the greenhouse. Ground source heat pump technology as an important way to apply shallow geothermal energy in China has been widely used. Geothermal conductivity has a great influence on the determination of the number and depth of boreholes, thus it affects the initial investment of the system. At the same time, inaccuracy of geothermal thermal and physical parameters lead to mismatches between the designed system and the actual load, so that they cannot give full play to their energy-saving advantages. Therefore, determining the geothermal thermal properties of accurately is the basis for the design of ground source heat pump system. In this paper, a desert source heat pump project in Ningxia desert area was used to carry out geothermal thermal response test. There were large sandstorms and no stable water source in the test area. The testing process in this project was designed according to the unique geomorphology and climatic conditions of the desert area. The heat transfer coefficient of ground heat exchanger in this desert area was tested by analyzing the average geothermal coefficient. The testing data were as follow: The soil temperature was 16.52 ℃; The average thermal conductivity of the soil was 1.12 W/(m·℃) by using the theory of linear heat source. In the cooling mode, the ground heat transfer was 40.94 W/m; and the heat transfer of the ground heat exchanger in the heating mode was 25.28 W/m. By comparing with the data of the related tests in the eastern part of China and combining with the operation scheme of the climatic conditions analysis system in the desert area, the operation scheme considers adding heat source in winter to assist heating, and a hybrid energy storage desert source heat pump system suitable for summer operation in the desert area was proposed, which could provide a solution for the limited use of shallow geothermal energy in desert areas. The results can provide a reference for the thermal response experiment in the desert area and the application of desert source heat pump system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and environmental issues associated with the automotive industry constraints gradually expanded, with the continuous development of new energy vehicles and vehicle types constantly updated, the future of Chinese auto energy saving and environmental benefit analysis has yet to be analyzed. Firstly, this paper cited competition mechanism based on biological populations Lotka-Volterra model, using MATLAB modeling, simulation electric vehicles, conventional cars and natural gas vehicles in the next 40 years to maintain the amount of curve; combined with energy consumption and emissions in the process of car use and fuel production, car ownership of three models, quantitative analysed the energy conservation and emissions reduction benefits of automobile type change in the future. The results showed that: the future of conventional cars and natural gas car ownership will show the first increase after a decrease of parabolic trends, electric car ownership is "S" trend continues to grow; future total energy consumption and carbon emissions from vehicles show increased and then decreased of parabolic trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving energy efficiency is an important approach to decrease energy consumption, and the magnitude of energy rebound effect caused by technology progress directly affects the effectiveness of energy effect policies. This paper briefly reviews the main theory of energy rebound effect, with China's 30 provincial government panel data from 1996 to 2011, builds a double logarithm and a panel error correction model to empirically analyze the direct rebound effect of urban residential electricity use. The results show that: the Chinese urban residential electricity consumption exists a partial rebound effect, and the longterm rebound effect is 0.71, the short-term rebound effect is 0.47. A majority of the expected reduction in urban residential electricity consumption from efficiency improvement could be offset due to the existence of rebound effect. The rebound effect impairs the functions of energy efficiency policies, and therefore the Chinese government should take the effect into consideration when formulating energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Japanese nuclear leakage, the State Council of China claimed to stop approving new nuclear power projects before nuclear safety program was enacted. Since nuclear power is one of the most important clean energy sources, how will this affect China's emissions reduction target in 2020, and how should we adjust development planning of other clean energy sources in order to meet China's commitment of emissions mitigation? To address these questions, a CGE-based clean energy development model for China was developed in this paper. In the proposed model, nuclear power, hydropower and other clean energy sources were involved in production module as important energy inputs. Based on the data for the year 2007, the model was run up to the year of 2020 with different scenarios of other clean energy development. Simulation results indicate that whether or not China can meet emissions mitigation commitment under the scenario of stopping approving is closely dependent on diverse factors, especially energy consumption elasticity; however, accelerating the development of other clean energy sources will make large contributions to China's emissions reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed production and consumption situation of fossil fuel in Sichuan province. It showed that fossil fuel in Sichuan suffered from insufficiency, low quality, difficult mining, contradiction between production -- consumption structure and energy storage structure, high intensity and low utilization in energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emission. Under the low -- carbon development with the consideration of economics and environment, the proposals for fossil fuel development in Sichuan province are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]