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The research focuses on four issues. First, researches on China's image becomes the hotspot again. The China's image in the eyes of westerners and westerner medias becomes multinational. With the development of new media technology, the construction of China's national image has raised new questions. Second, Many scholars think 2013 as the "big data year". The rapid development of big data is bringing this concept from the theoretical level to ordinary life. Third since the frequent sudden public crisis, the government image encountered an unprecedented crisis. The traditional media, new media and the news spokesman system combination interaction can shape the government image effectively. At last, Combined with the research about the concept of "citizen journalists", the research focuses the debate on this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalization has enhanced cultural exchanges among different countries and peoples. The communication in the cross-cultural context relies on various linguistic landscape, which materially presents language and text. In multilingual environments, linguistic landscapes have become a hot spot of academic attention. Many studies from the field of sociolinguistics have revealed issues such as identity and power in linguistic landscapes, but they usually focus on one ethnic group or one language in conventional social contexts and the use of multiple linguistic landscape in cross-cultural context needs to be further researched. This study focuses on the intersection of multiple languages and subjects in the same physical space in a particular international tourism context, aiming to present more differentiated relationships between linguistic landscapes and identity. Taking Bangkok and Chiang Mai, Thailand, as samples, this paper examines and compares the perceptions and identities of Thai residents, Chinese tourists, and non-Chinese tourists on the linguistic landscape through two interrelated sub-studies. Study 1 explores the relationship between residents' perceptions of the informative and symbolic dimensions of the Chinese and English linguistic landscape, place identity and support for the Chinese and English linguistic landscape. The result shows that the symbolic dimension of English linguistic landscape positively affects local residents' place identity and further affects the support degree of the use of English linguistic landscape, while the informative dimension of Chinese linguistic landscape make effects like that. Study 2 examines the relationships between Chinese and non-Chinese tourists' perceptions of informative and symbolic dimensions of the Chinese and English linguistic landscapes, national identity, cultural identity, collectivism and satisfaction. The result reveals that the symbolic dimension of linguistic landscape is more likely to positively influence the national identity and cultural identity of tourists. And, the linguistic landscape is more likely to positively affects the cultural identity of tourists. Besides, the moderating effect of collectivism is also examined among Chinese tourists. This paper expands the study of linguistic landscape in the context of international tourism through multi groups, but further progress is still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educational Policy Forum is the property of National Chi Nan University, Department of Education Policy & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Philosophy is the property of Research Center for Humanities & Social Sciences, Academia Sinica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the middle of the 20th century, peace and development have been the themes of the world. The global economy has been growing at an unprecedented speed, breadth and depth, and the economic center of gravity has shifted from west to east, profoundly changing the pattern of global economic geography. In the future, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, as well as changes in the global governance system and order, will further accelerate this change. In the face of changes unseen in a century, this paper summarized the overall evolution characteristics and patterns of global economic geography pat‐tern since the middle of the 20th century. This paper concluded that the pattern of global eco‐ nomic geography is characterized by a gradual slowdown in growth, shift of the economic center of gravity to the east, decline in the degree of polarization, and trade as the main driver of development. Global economic geography has formed an evolutionary model of regional economic integration development, spatial spillover of regional economic development, and industrial chain linkage. In the future, the center of gravity of the global economy will continue to shift eastward, and the evolution of the global economic landscape and the transformation of the inter‐ national order will accelerate. Countries should work together to address global issues and pro‐ mote the economic and social development of mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Comparative Education is the property of Chinese Taipei Comparative Education Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regional coordinated development is a complex, systematic and scientific issue advancing with the time which has attracted much attention. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) aims to develop into a world-class bay area and urban agglomeration. The development of GBA depends on regional coordinated development to enhance its international competitiveness. At present, the process of globalization has experienced multiple turning points, the regional governance system has been continuously optimized, and the technological innovation has evolved rapidly. The coordinated development of the GBA is facing institutional changes. Therefore, through the systematic analysis of the connotations and mechanisms of the coordinated development of the GBA, this paper describes the three stages of regional coordinated development since 1978, including the integration of regional production factors represented by the'front shop, back factory'mode (1978-1996), the regional system integration led by institutional cooperation (1997-2014), and the regional all-round integration guided by national strategy (2015-). In the meantime, the paper analyzes the five dimensions of the coordinated development of the GBA in the new period, including industrial collaborative innovation, environmental collaborative governance, resource collaborative allocation, service collaborative sharing and institutional collaborative arrangement. These five dimensions are helpful to understand the key areas to promote the coordinated development of the GBA in the coming decades. Furthermore, this paper holds that the regional coordinated development of the GBA is undergoing mechanism changes at four levels, which are mainly reflected in the transformation of globalization, the integration of the internal and external market, the rescaling of governance, and the energization of regional in-depth development facilitated by the new infrastructure. These institutional changes have the potential to generate a new model for the coordinated development of the GBA. This paper takes into account the retrospective review and forward-looking prospect on the coordinated development of the GBA, aiming to provide an entry perspective and analysis framework for related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, "public art" had been noticed and discussed by western scholars, which eventually spread to Japan and China too. In this context, Harriet F. Senie and Sally Webster published their co-edited Critical Issues in Public Art : Content, Context and Controversy in 1992, which was translated into Chinese and published in Taiwan, China, in 1999. By analyzing its publishing backgrounds in China and America, this paper compares the development and academic context of "public art" between east and west, and then clarifies the international trend of "public art" and its drawback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the growth processes of six major cities in Central Asia since independence from the perspectives of population, land use, economy, and society. It also dis‐ cusses the factors that have influenced the growth of six major cities from the perspective of in‐ ternal and external dynamics. The analysis is based on statistical data and field research. The following are the primary conclusions: (1) Six major cities have developed rapidly after the inde‐ pendence, which is manifested by the rapid expansion of urban construction land before entering the 21st century, and then by the rapid agglomeration of population. At present, they have be‐ come the national economic centers with high economic contribution, but their level of social de‐ velopment remains a weakness. (2)The development of the six major cities differs greatly, and each has its characteristics in terms of urban industry and space. Almaty and Astana have strong economic strength, Tashkent has a large population, Bishkek and Dushanbe have concentrated urban population, and the construction of Astana and Tashkent is accelerated later on. (3) The development of the six major cities is influenced by both internal forces and external forces. The government, market and science and technology jointly drive the development of the city's social economy, but the science and technology support capacity is insufficient. External forces, such as foreign trade, transport and foreign policy, promote participation in globalization, but there is an urgent need to optimize the business environment. It is concluded that for countries with small populations and economic scales, the linkage between internal and external force is the key to achieve rapid national development, and the capital must undertake the important mission of internal and external linkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre & Folklore / Mínsú Qǔyì is the property of Shih Ho-Cheng Folk Culture Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The airworthiness certification is an internationally accepted legal administrative act to ensure civil aviation safety, an important component of the core competitiveness of the national civil aviation industry, and an important force in promoting the healthy development of the civil aviation industry and the strategic transformation of the national economy. In this paper, the “three principles” model of airworthiness certification is proposed, aiming at compliance of technical standards for airworthiness certification, differences in airworthiness management standards, and acceptability of airworthiness certification results among countries. Through an in-depth analysis of the concept, model, and practice of the “three principles” of airworthiness certification, the theoretical connotation of the “three principles” relationship of airworthiness certification is revealed, and the relationship model between the “three principles” of airworthiness certification is established. The study of this model can guide the international cooperation on airworthiness and the construction of airworthiness regulatory system. In addition, the effectiveness of the “three principles” model has been verified in airworthiness certification practice. Through the research on “three principles” of airworthiness certification, we can continuously improve the compliance of technical standards, narrow the differences in management standards, and ensure that the certification results are widely accepted by the international community. This will enhance the international discourse and influence of China’s civil aviation airworthiness certification, and create a fairer international policy environment to facilitate the development, expansion and internationalization of China’s civil aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianshizhai Pictorial is a mirror of the late Qing Dynasty, and it is helpful for people to understand that special historical stage. The creation of pictorial is closely related to the historical process of globalization at that time. From the perspective of globalization, this paper conducts a textual analysis of pictorial images, examines how Chinese pictorial interacts with the globalized world, and how the depiction of the Western world reflects the globalization of the late Qing Dynasty. It is found that the pictorial used the form of format and image representation to construct global discourse, showing the characteristics of a mixture of Chinese and Western, providing people with a picture of the late Qing Dynasty intertwined with China and the West, which not only hides the collision and fusion of cultures, but also reflects the complex and contradictory emotions of people at that time and have also shaped a different concept of global time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional coordinated development is a complex, systematic and scientific issue advancing with the time which has attracted much attention. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) aims to develop into a world-class bay area and urban agglomeration. The development of GBA depends on regional coordinated development to enhance its international competitiveness. At present, the process of globalization has experienced multiple turning points, the regional governance system has been continuously optimized, and the technological innovation has evolved rapidly. The coordinated development of the GBA is facing institutional changes. Therefore, through the systematic analysis of the connotations and mechanisms of the coordinated development of the GBA, this paper describes the three stages of regional coordinated development since 1978, including the integration of regional production factors represented by the ‘front shop, back factory’ mode (1978-1996), the regional system integration led by institutional cooperation (1997-2014), and the regional all-round integration guided by national strategy (2015- ). In the meantime, the paper analyzes the five dimensions of the coordinated development of the GBA in the new period, including industrial collaborative innovation, environmental collaborative governance, resource collaborative allocation, service collaborative sharing and institutional collaborative arrangement. These five dimensions are helpful to understand the key areas to promote the coordinated development of the GBA in the coming decades. Furthermore, this paper holds that the regional coordinated development of the GBA is undergoing mechanism changes at four levels, which are mainly reflected in the transformation of globalization, the integration of the internal and external market, the rescaling of governance, and the energization of regional in-depth development facilitated by the new infrastructure. These institutional changes have the potential to generate a new model for the coordinated development of the GBA. This paper takes into account the retrospective review and forward-looking prospect on the coordinated development of the GBA, aiming to provide an entry perspective and analysis framework for related issues.

Currency mismatch has drawn attention of the scholars in the recent 20 years. Scholars have proposed lots of empirical measures of currency mismatch of bank that only focus on stock currency mismatch, which leads to some limitations in the conclusion. Based on this fact, this paper comes up with a new indicator of flow currency mismatch, which can be used to analyzing the cause of currency mismatch of bank deeply and dynamically. Then this paper gives an empirical analysis of the relationship between the currency mismatch and some economic variables using ADL model. The study shows that the proper depreciation of domestic currencies, appropriately expanding imports to reduce the trade surplus can effectively reduce the currency mismatch in China from the perspective of stock and the promotion of RMB internationalization can effectively reduce the currency mismatch in China from the perspective of flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Resources / Ziran Ziyuan Xuebao is the property of Journal of Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Management & Business Research (2521-4306) is the property of Chinese Management Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Research in Education Sciences is the property of National Taiwan Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Media Report Overseas is the property of Edmondson Intercultural Enterprises and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of globalization, in the past three decades the labor market and industry in Taiwan have experienced rapid structural change and transformation. This has been accompanied by rapid changes in the distribution of income. Data from the Taxation Center show that the income gap between Taiwan's richest 5% and poorest 5% of households increased from 32-fold in 1998 to 93- fold in 2010. The annual growth rate of the average individual worker's regular salary was 2.5% during 1992-1999 in real terms, but this went down to 0.3% in 2000-2007, and dropped further to -0.9% in 2008-2011. This has resulted in the coexistence of an expansion of the gap in household income and stagnation in real wage growth. Using data from the Manpower Utilization Survey and the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, this paper will analyze and explain the cause of this paradoxical result. We found changes in the industrial structure have a significant impact on household income inequality. The increasing share of the service sector of the economy has significant and differential effects on regional development, highlighting the importance of development trends in regional industry specialization and the formation of increasing regional income disparity. The increasing proportion of female employment relative to male employment also increased household income inequality, and the deterioration effect of a rapidly aging population and an increasing unemployment rate on households' income inequality is also considerable and should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a 5000 — year culture with distinct civilized and national characteristics. In the process of globalization, Chinese culture and other national cultures are interacting with each other so as to understand the other countries and be understood by other nationalities. Under such a background, Confucius institutes, as a platform for the dissemination of Chinese culture, have been developing for 14 years, presenting a strategic and practical track of the dissemination of Chinese culture. In this paper, the achievements of Confucius institutes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new millennium, two features have developed in China's macro-economy: The first is the close association of macroeconomic fluctuations with foreign demand shocks; the second is the addition of processing trade to the foreign demand structure and its eventual precedence over normal trade in gross value. Owing to the development of these two features, the classic International Real Business Cycles Theory has failed to explain China's macroeconomic fluctuation and meanwhile there has been little research on such a typical foreign demand structure. To fill the gap between theory and reality, this paper further categorizes the trade sector in the International Real Business Cycles Theory into processing trade and normal trade. Under such a categorization, two key assumptions are put forward: (1) the home elasticity of substitution for intermediate goods is relatively small in the processing trade sector; (2) the home value added for intermediate goods is relatively small in the processing trade sector. With these assumptions, two contradictory mechanisms of the home effect of foreign demand shocks emerge in partial equilibrium; Assumption 1 means that the processing trade sector is adjusted more readily in the case of foreign demand shocks; Assumption 2 means that it is adjusted less readily in that case. After calibrating and simulating the theoretical model, this paper examines the compound effect of the two contradictory mechanisms in general equilibrium. The results show that the foreign demand shocks in the processing trade sector more strongly affect China's investment and import/export, while those in the normal trade sector more strongly affect China's GDP. These results indicate a possible dilemma that the adjustment of China's foreign demand structure may encounter. In other words, the rise in the share of either the processing trade or normal trade will not reduce the influence of foreign demand shocks on China's macro-economy. The only difference lies in the fields affected most strongly by the shocks. As the model indicates, the dilemma in the macro-economy partially stems from the changes in China's foreign demand structure in the past decade, which reflects its comparative advantage in labor and technology in its participation in the global production process, a fundamental and constant fact. There is a need for greater tolerance for a more volatile Chinese macro-economy as it is the result of the encounter of economic fundamentals and globalization. It is necessary to explore new ways to reduce the volatility of Chinese economy, such as seeking bigger control in the global value chain and diversifying foreign markets. This paper is an attempt to incorporate China's foreign demand structure into an international real business cycle model, with the quantity characteristics of the processing trade and normal trade as the starting points of modeling. Future research may examine the links between different stages of the processing trade, which means that if one link in the supply of intermediate goods is affected, the whole production will be affected (the most famous example is the 2011 Fukushima earthquake, which led to an abrupt stop in the global semi-conductor industry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend of globalization has led to a strong demand for the culture-specific or emic approach in scholarly research. It is the purpose of this paper to provide an opportunity for scholars to have their voices on the issues of indigenous scholarship. The paper consists of four essays examining the theme from four aspects, namely, the centrality of culture and communication, the Asiacentric communication paradigm, the development of Chinese communication theories, and an indigenous view of the study of resilience. It is hoped that the paper will contribute to the better understanding of indigenous scholarship and further provide a possible direction for the future investigation in this line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining what is valued as "heritage" in the complexities of Chinese historical "neighborhoods" has been a challenging task in line with current criteria of heritage preservation in China. The idea of what constitutes heritage in the government and experts' documentation is very much dominated by Western heritage discourse that tends to deny indigenous values of "heritage by favoring a high culture of "monuments," "authenticity," immortality," and "the West." As a result, "mundane" architecture, temples, historical sites and cultural practices associated with unrecognized traditional values, either material or intangible, are endangered by the processes of globalization and urbanization. The study attempts to explore a non-Western approach to the study of Chinese heritage based on two cases of heritage recovering projects--the Shuitingmen Neighbourhood in Quzhou City and Dongwushan Village in Fuyang. Quzhou, renowned for its rich cultural remains and its Southern Confucian Lineage, is included in the list of National Historical and Cultural Cities by the central government of China. The project focuses on the investigation of local neighborhood culture and the interpretation of oral histories and local gazetteers compiled by Confucius scholars in the past. This gives us a window to see how ancient Chinese made sense of heritage, place and the past, and how to value and utilize it in the present. The paper contends that they usually saw heritage as a means to secure sustainability of present enterprises by making judgments through the perspective of the past. For them, heritage was a carrier of virtue,and could be a site, a tree,or even glasses on the site. As long as people in the present value it with admiration, it becomes a site of heritage. Thus it is the discourse that is capable of activating a sense of virtue instead of the materiality of the past per se that is considered essential to the recovery of heritage and its meanings. Confucian scholars developed a unique discourse of "authenticity" in their recording of cultural heritage, which is usually termed as "cut-and-paste method. " The discourse, on the one hand, maintains the authenticity of source materials in terms of text, but on the other hand, embeds the authors' historical inquiry for "understanding the boundaries between heaven and man (or the relation between nature and the human-made), and the transformation of ancient and modern times." In the ancient Chinese perspective,what constitute the "meaning" of heritage are historical activities tied to the site, describable in the subtle textualization of "living and doing" which cannot be conceptualized in forms of terms, either metaphysical or scientific. This marks a difference from contemporary heritage practice in China where heritage is usually represented through theoretical statements imbued with judgmental language, analytical categories, and scientific thesis. Confucius explains the style of historical discourse. "I would rather reveal the world in its depth and clarity through subtle descriptions of actual events rather than carry my thought in empty words." Enlightened by ancient Chinese Sages, we embark on developing an indigenous, non-Western approach to the meaning-making of cultural heritage. The paper demonstrates an instance of heritage description about a family temple site where no authentic materials from the past are identifiable. The narrative is constructed using heterogeneous forms of fragmented texts, such as site description, memory tales, tourism brochures, records in local gazetteers, genealogy family books,Chinese classics, etc., each being seen as an epitome of discourse,a picture of the past. Confucian strategy of "cut-and-paste" is employed to weave fragments together readably in a morally concerned order. The narrative maintains rigidity and authenticity in text composition, and also opens up the creativity, multiplicity and fluidity in terms of meaning-making possibilities. In so doing, the boundaries between material and non-material heritage,and that of monumental and mundane and authentic or inauthentic are blurred in order to seek out the past while actively embracing the present. The implications of this inquiry may move us beyond the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD), opening up cultural space not only to recognize competing heritage discourses, but also to engage in different ways of making "heritage." Moreover,it may reclaim an ancient heritage discourse which allows the past to shed light on the present holistically in the linguistic fabric of authentic description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on community relationships in mixed small-population ethnic groups has been an important tradition of social anthropology in the West. It tends to exaggerate the conflicts and "self" boundaries between groups and draw ideological conclusions with obvious dualistic and "other" binary, which has led to the misunderstanding and misleading of human relationships. Based on my five-year participant-observation and study on the oral materials, this paper aims to summarize the structural characteristics between the ethnic groups through an ethnographical analysis of a mixed community, and to explore the attributes that reflect the multi-layer subjectivities and the symbiosis of the ethnic groups. This paper thus strives to reveal a cognitive paradigm corresponding to the human existence that goes beyond dualistic and separatist understanding. In a historical perspective, we find that the formation of the symbiosis pattern had deep material drive, and that the complementary symbiosis was the logic foundation for pluralism to turn to an organic whole. In the process of cognitive, emotional and ethical interactions between ethnic groups, the shared inter-ethnic domain of symbiosis came into being, which implies the inherent requirements for the groups to spontaneously form a unity of their existences and values. Once the ethnic symbiotic structure stabilized in both senses of time and space under certain material conditions,it can provide a set of symbol systems under which people can operate, and especially when ethnic groups appear as emotional subjects, an adjusting mechanism can play an important role between the symbiotic groups. It is certain that close contacts between ethnic groups do not mean assimilation or perishing of a certain group. On the contrary, heterogeneity is even more required for the ethnic subjectivities in the symbiotic structure. We also start to realize that the process of ethnic symbiosis is different from the process of a single ethnic group's development,but is synchronous optimization and common development between groups. At the same time,ethnic symbiosis is not only a process that produces new patterns of symbiosis but also forms a new material structure so as to promote the ethnic relations to a higher orderly level. An even richer content of ethnic harmony has gone beyond the pages here. What we can achieve in this paper is to summarize general principles of theoretical reconstruction that can better deal with the relationship between particularity and universality. It is well known that the complexity of globalization has brought new challenges for us to construct harmonious ethnic relations that require researchers to pursue good academic inquiry and scientific research methods in order to grasp and interpret the ethnic relations and their microscopic behaviors,and to provide a reasonable perspective and method for the construction of harmonious ethnic relations. This paper is our effort in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With fast globalization and large-scaled transnational population migration, different ethnic groups and cultures exchange, collide, and even conflict with one another, which has shown unprecedented trends in breadth and depth. Diaspora research has thus risen and proliferated. It has stepped into various areas of culturology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, politics, and literature, and all fields are interrelated; nevertheless, diaspora research has the characteristics of the sociology discipline and all branches are related to sociology as ethnic groups, immigration, emigration, refugees, ethnicity, and transnationalism are all major concepts of concern in sociology. Multicultural theories have greatly stimulated the development of diaspora studies and they have become the important theoretical basis for diaspora research. Being the major targets in diaspora studies, diaspora groups are classified into the classic group and the modern group. Distinguishing the two helps depicting the historical frame of diaspora issues and their developmental trends. Immi/Emigrants have a special position among the diaspora groups, with ethnicity being the core of diaspora studies. Transnationalism has become the realistic expression of diaspora as transnational mobility is now the reality that has attracted keen attention in current diaspora studies. Classic diaspora concepts have been changing along with rapid societal changes and diaspora studies are closely related to these changes. Concepts change in meaning, similarities and differences, and interconnections and transformations. Such conceptual changes directly reflect the change trends in reality. The current paper distinguishes the differences in diaspora conceptual changes; discusses the origin, developmental history, and characteristics of diaspora studies; and tries to speculate the future developmental trends in diaspora research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super-organization is a new mode of development which provides the enterprises with new ideas to use external resources to the greatest extent so as to gain competitive edge in the background of globalization. Knowledge conversion among organizations can promote the formation of super-organizations. This paper is intended to analyze the process of the formation of super-organizations through employing Game Theory. It is found that the main driving factor for the super-organizational formation is from knowledge conversion, which is caused by the differences in the storage of knowledge possessed by different organizations and the ensuing comparative advantages acquired by these organizations. In the light of this observation, this paper tries to discuss the super-organizational formation mechanism with game theory and from the perspective of knowledge conversion, and to explore the strategies that the organizations may take in the process of maximizing their profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, more universities are establishing translation departments or centers and the Taiwan government is also paying more attention to translation work and internationalization, such as setting up Chinese-English bilingual websites, road signs and floor plans for public buildings, translating documents, publishing translated books, and launching standard certification examinations for professional translators and interpreters. Some common problems in Taiwan translation development have been frequently discussed. For example, what is the current translation situation and what are the problems? What is the national translation policy? How should government resources for translation be allocated? How can the resources be integrated to achieve better performance? How should professional translators be qualified? These issues will eventually affect the knowledge power and competitive edge of the nation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current translation work done by different government divisions in order to explore issues in Taiwan translation development. Some possible proposals for Taiwan translation development include: developing a national translation policy, translation databases, and translation quality assurance mechanisms, differentiation of translation professions, a credit system for academic translators, the promotion of academic and cultural achievements, the use of technology, and conducting fundamental research on translation development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the representation of industrial modernization changed after the appearance of the concept of "industrial heritage," and to clarify its meaning for local communities. At present, local communities are at a crucial juncture facing de-population and financial deficit issues due to giobalization and neo-liberalism. Particularly periled are former coal-mining areas that failed to attract enterprises and to develop tourism. Industrial heritage is expected to be a local resource for new development in such areas. In order to clarify how local people represent industrial heritage in such a harsh situation, this paper analyzes the logic and practice of local people when interpreting the concept of industrial heritage and representing it based on their own experience and memories. The concept of industrial heritage involves promoting the participation of local people in the representation process of industrial modernization. However, in the meantime, this representation inevitably leads to people evaluating industrial modernization including those issues that are politically sensitive. This situation results in local activities utilizing industrial heritage for the revitalization of the local community, which is in a very insecure position. Through representation analyses, participant observations, and interviews with related persons, this paper compares the representation of museum exhibitions and the representation of tour guides in former coal-mining areas. In doing so, it examines how the representation of industrial modernization is changing. Moreover, this paper also suggests that the so-called "strategic" nationalism along with various potential meanings arising from the material presence of factories and apartments can help overcome the abovemenfioned insecure local meaning of industrial modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has accelerated the flux of immigrants and increased the number of ethnic minorities and the degree of cultural diversity. On the one hand, immigrants and ethnic minorities have a positive effect, both socially and economically, on the host society. On the other hand, the rise of cultural diversity led by them has resulted in ontological insecurity among the majority. Multiculturalism has conventionally perceived the issue of diversity as positive. However, Multiculturalism has been criticized recently because the recognition of cultural diversity does not create common ground among different groups, but instead, intensifies social tension, A new philosophy and policy is required to address the issues of social unity and cultural diversity. The appeasement between social unity and cultural diversity requires two-way processes. The first is to reduce cultural diversity and promote a sense of common "belonging," and the second is to enable people to adapt to diversity and increase the feeling of "security" toward diversity. These two processes, however, are politically opposed. How can they be compatible? This paper works on this question by exploring the social integration policy in Britain. I divide Britain's social integration policy into three stages on the basis of the relationship between belonging and security: after WWII till 1979, Thatcher and Major's Conservative Government (1979-97). and Blair's new Labour Government (1997-). The appeasement of belonging and security has been achieved by the three political barters between anti-immigration laws and racial relation laws in the first stage, by the division between national assimilation policy and local multiculturalism policy in the second stage, and by citizenship policy and Britishness as a liberal form of national identity in the third stage. This paper focuses on the social integration policy and philosophy of the new Labour Government because it proposes a post-multiculturalism discourse for social integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to consider the analytical framework and basic premises while exploring the situation of multiple second modernities under glocalization. and deals with Japan as a case study. In doing so. the paper sets up as its subject the different patterns of relationships between the individual, intermediate groups, and the state in each locality and pursues the transformation of these patterns in contemporary society. As an implication, it concomitantly explores the relationship between globalization and sociological theory. The structural tensions inherent in modern society between traditional and contractual elements are periodically expressed in the institutional patterns of the relationships between the individual, intermediate groups, and the state in each area. As part of its basic analytical frame, this paper considers the similarities and differences between the theory of glocalization and that of multiple modernities in order to articulate the two approaches; further, this paper tries to form a typology of the "West," "U.S.A." and "Japan" in terms of their relational patterns with respect to the three factors mentioned above. In the age of multiple second modernities, relational patterns are expressed as configurations of individuality (and not the individual), intermediate networks (not intermediate groups) and transforming states (and not just states). To observe the distinctness of each locality in all its plurality, we need to consider not only the institutional structure of the three factors but also the more fundamental logic behind all collective/individual formations in each society in question. In considering these issues, our paper focuses on the case of Japan, in order to analyze contemporary Japan as one of states that exhibits multiple second modernities under the glocalization process. Our findings are based on our observations of Japan's historical and cultural distinctness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to evaluate, from an unofficial perspective, how Chinese youth can participate in a world undergoing globalisation. It suggests that Chinese young people should learn about Chinese and Western cultures in tandem and know how to tell the differences, and the advantages and disadvantages of both. There are four parts to the paper: 1) globalisation or internationalisation, 2) the extent of knowledge about globalisation amongst China's youth, 3) globalisation and employment issues for China's youth, and 4) Chinese culture for China's youth in the midst of the impact of globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a great deal of talk about widening social disparities in Japan. A number of books have been published declaring that Japan is now on the threshold of being transformed into a "society of disparities." This paper discusses some of the methodological difficulties that must be taken into account when considering widening disparities between the haves and have nots, seen from the standpoint of the sociological study of education. Firstly, the recently published works, with their declaration that social disparities are widening, are making an assertion about an uncertain future. The same point can be made about studies that examine the actual state of the social disparities on the basis of empirical data. This means, in other words, that any discussion of the effects of various current phenomena characterizing education on future social disparities always contain an element of uncertainty. Secondly, the extent to which social disparities are likely to grow in the future will be significantly affected by our current and future political choices. In determining, for example, the extent to which the ongoing process of globalization will transform economic and educational systems, it is utterly useless to make guesses based on simple forecasts. Rather, considering the combined effects of people's political choices and the social influence of experts at present and in the future, it is extremely difficult to predict the direction of change. Considering the foregoing factors, it is far from easy to carry out studies on how to reform the existing educational system and help alleviate the problems of inequalities that now beset the system, in ways that are acceptable to everybody. This paper calls attention to two crucial points. First, researchers studying the relationship between social inequality and education cannot remain indifferent to the question of political choices or choices among competing values. In other words, they must endeavor to analyze the issues of inequalities in education and formulate, on the basis of their analyses, concrete political visions or political programs. Another important point is that once the social disparities and their extent have been identified through academic investigations, it is necessary to call upon citizens, who have the competence to make political decisions, to decide whether they find the gaps acceptable or not. In order to make this possible, it is essential for school education to perform the function of helping children to develop the ability to make political decisions. And the question of what should be done to reinforce this function of school education needs to be studied in a sincere manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Philippine folk dances have generally been performed by student organizations at colleges and dance troops at Filipino towns in the US, mainly on the West Coast. The purpose of this paper is to consider what kind of meanings the folk dances assume for Filipinos by examining these two different types of groups. This analysis can offer a key to understanding the significance or meaning of the homeland for modern immigrants and also the kinds of situations faced by nations in the present globalization era; this is because these dances were originally conceived to embody the Philippines as a nation-state. The dances performed by these two groups have much in common. The majority of their members are second-generation Filipinos. Their dances have almost the same style as that of the most famous folk dance troop in the Philippines and allow the performers to overcome their negative image of the Philippines and themselves. However, there are relative differences between the two groups. The folk dance of the community group expresses the members' long-distance nationalism toward the Philippines. On the other hand, the dance of the college students allows a glimpse of their Filipino ethnicity, which lies beneath their American identity. This paper analyzes the causes of these differences in order to show the complexity of modern transnational phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the study on religious freedom in China, the deepening growth of Christianity in China, and Christian faith and the Western legal tradition in the context of globalization.

As both a production and social matter, particularly a class matter, the topic of labor was important worldwide and became the focus of social science research and thinking which has given rise to a lot of classical theories. In this era of capital globalization, while the labor movement seems like a fading trend in all the major capitalist countries, Chinese workers pose unique stances: not only because of their huge numbers, but also because of their miserable living conditions, as well as the compelling forms of their struggles. The background of all these issues is the collusion between capital and power, which has been called "Chinese characteristics". Facing labor issues in the new era, especially dealing with the "new generation of migrant workers", the classical theories have encountered many challenges from "Chinese characteristics". This paper aims to explore the relationship between the working-class formation and the emergence of civil society, within the context of the specific institutional allocation and the transformation process in China. Drawing upon structuration theory, it pays special attention to structural forces such as political power, capital and labor, and their interactions. This study suggests that for Chinese workers, the basic citizenship rights are embodied in the implementation of working rights and also of the rights to organize. Therefore, the citizenship rights are the premise of the working-class formation in China, and the way out for working class lies in the fact that they become independent social forces. As a conclusion, the formation of the new working- class and the development of the civil society in China must be a simultaneous process. In other words, the labor movement itself is an important part of civil society building. And the process for Chinese workers to access full citizenship rights, namely the acquisition and protection of working rights--the basic citizenship rights, are fundamental for the solution of the conflicts between labor and capital, and also for the justice during the transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how an organization allocates and manages its decision-makers' attention is of primary importance to the interpretation of organizational behavior. Extant research has shown that managerial attention is closely related to a firm's innovation, entrepreneurship, strategic decision-making, and internationalization. This paper begins by introducing the definition, measurement, and metatheories of managerial attention. Next, it focuses on reviewing the relationships between managerial attention and firm behavior such as innovation, entrepreneurship, strategic decision-making, and internationalization. Finally, it addresses the limitations of existing research on managerial attention and future research opportunities. Scholars define managerial attention as the noticing, encoding, interpreting, and focusing of time and effort by organizational decision-makers on issues and their solutions. Managerial attention is shaped by both top-down (schema-driven) and bottom-up (stimulus-driven) attentional processes. It can be classified into three ideal types, i. e., attentional perspective, attentional engagement, and attentional selection. The measurement of managerial attention is critical to empirical studies. There are three main measurement methods of managerial attention in extant literature, i. e., content analysis, questionnaire survey and case study. The content analysis method is the most commonly used for measuring managerial attention. Five metatheories, i. e., the behavioral theory of the firm, managerial cognition, issue selling, attention-based view of the firm, and ecology of attention are commonly cited to study attentional structures, processes, and outcomes. The behavioral theory of the firm views organizations as problem-solving entities with limited attentional capacity. The metatheory of managerial cognition views organizations as interpretation systems, and it contends that enactment and sense-making, rather than goals and decision making, are central to organizations and organizing. The metatheory of issue selling views managerial attention of senior management as a scarce resource for which middle managers and other organizational members compete. The attention-based view of the firm takes firms as systems of structurally distributed attention. The ecological perspective of attention primarily looks on attention as salience and treats selective attention as more of a bottom-up process. According to extant literature, the research on the relationship between managerial attention and firms' innovative behavior primarily investigates the internal mechanisms of top managers' attention affecting firms' behavior of technological, organizational, management, and marketing innovations. The research on the relationship between managerial attention and firms' entrepreneurial behavior focuses on exploring the mechanisms of managerial attention allocations in the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition process. The research on the relationship between managerial attention and firms' strategic decision-making behavior mainly investigates the influencing mechanism of top management teams' attention allocations on firms' strategic choice and response. The research on the relationship between managerial attention and internationalization behavior focuses on investigating the influencing mechanism of top managers' attention on firms' global strategic position and their internationalization performance. These studies may provide new insight into the understanding of a firm's behavior, but there are still some limitations. In conclusion, the research on managerial attention is still in the pre-paradigm phase, and many critical scientific problems are expected to be solved by scholars. Taking the existing research findings and theoretical development into account, it is believed that more research is needed in the following three aspects: (1) To develop more research methods of managerial attention. According to the methodological fit in management field research, future research can use qualitative, quantitative or mixed research methods based on the needs of research questions. (2) To lucubrate the mechanisms of managerial attention which affect firm behavior. (3) To further explore the factors which affect the allocation of managerial attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research report, based on communication literature, is organized in five sections: 1. Presenting the background information to understand what Chinese communication scholars have been conducting during 2010-2012 regarding communication research, teaching and application. In 2010, the research programming and academic orientation of communication research in China is to enhance the dissemination of research practice, applicability, theories, scientificity and internationalization in the field. 2. Education Emphasized. In the view of the present situation, advanced education in journalism and communication in China has been moving forward, according to the latest data from the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, by 2011 November, the educational units in journalism and communication reached 982, in which 40 are communication education units. 3. Publications Increased: In the past, 451 books on communication research, 1970 papers or articles in academic journals, 49 translation books and 32 translations from English into Chinese have been published. 4. Seminars and Academic Exchanges: During the period of time, seminars and academic exchange activities constantly unfold. The conferences and seminars of communication study kept being held, giving more attention to new media issues than before. In total 54 conferences, 19 conferences are about new media, or 35% of the total conferences. 5. Problems: This report would show that the achievements of the discipline or problems that involve the development in subfields are mainly reflected in social influence, creative theory and applications of communication study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal for Beijing's future developmental construction is to be a global city considered to be at the advanced level of urban development as well as in the upper tier of the network of cities in the world. A global city is one with a great influence and control in the world in terms of the politics, economy and culture, and which also serves as an international financial center, a decision-making center, a gathering spot of international events with advanced talents as well as a center for cultural exchange around the world. Against this backdrop of constructing a global city, the objective of building an internationally top-rated tourist city has been put forward in Beijing and have become the backbone in constructing Beijing as a global city with Chinese characteristics. It is well justified that the concept of global city has posed some requirements on the construction of an internationally top-rated tourist city for Beijing. However, what is the essence of global city today? Where is Beijing situated in the pattern of global city? What is an internationally top-rated tourist city and how is it connected with the global city? How far away is the development of Beijing tourism in relation to the objective of constructing a global city as well as an internationally top-rated tourist city? What are the top priorities or the directions for future development? All these questions are in urgent need of discussion and resolution. Based on the essence of global city, this paper explores the relationship between global city and tourism and concludes that a global city is definitely an internationally top-rated tourist city while it is not necessarily the other way around. A global city being considered an internationally top-rated tourist city is determined by the global controlling power and influence it possesses as well as the dependent, derivative and accompanying features of the tourism industry. Generally speaking, a global city presupposes that it is definitely an internationally top-rated tourist city while the latter is just a prerequisite of the former. As a comprehensive mega-city, Beijing lags behind internationally top-rated tourist cities. And this distance, viewed from the perspective of constructing global cities, lies mainly in its distance from the development level of global cities which represent the supreme state of cities around the world. To construct a global city, the tourism development in Beijing should be orientated along the following lines. Firstly, strengthen the informationalization of tourism to promote the transformation of tourism from traditional service industry to modern service industry. Secondly, intensively develop a cultural innovation industry to enhance its positive influence on tourism. Thirdly, actively provide guidance to the gathering of the headquarters of international tourism corporations and speed up the pace of "going global" for tourism enterprises in Beijing. Fourthly, make every effort to construct the capital of international exhibitions and constantly increase the proportion of international MICE tourism. Fifthly, coordinate the development of tourism in urban and rural areas, and intensively develop urban tourism. Sixthly, drastically implement the developmental strategy of regional tourism integration and promote the unification course of tourism in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two paradigms are heavily utilized in intercultural communication, positivistic and interpretive. These two paradigms, holding different philosophies, present different worldviews in interpreting reality, human behavior, culture and communication. Focusing on differences between positivistic paradigm and interpretive paradigm, this paper intends to examine the paradigm debates in intercultural communication studies. Additionally, a new perspective of global integration will be introduced to intercultural communication in the context of globalization. Space and time, the two most important dimensions in cross-cultural studies, are integrated into this new perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, commercial disputes account for a large portion of cases the court has to handle in China. However, the court is still resorting to traditional civil law concepts or administrative law concepts when solving these commercial disputes. This has created a lot of troubles when deciding such cases. By analyzing several sample cases, this paper aims to demonstrate the importance and the urgency to realize the independence of commercial dispute trials through throwing light on the following issues: the special characteristics of the commercial law concepts; the special characteristics of the means of remedies in commercial cases; the special characteristics of the commercial laws and regulations; and the internationalization of commercial law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the overseas dissemination of Chinese film and television programs, differences in values will give overseas audience caused a certain degree of understanding and accepting obstacles. Therefore, the Values orientation research of the Chinese overseas movies and TV programs is necessary. This paper mainly analyzes the Chinese film and TV programs values of tradition and modernity, localization and globalization, official and public problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]