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It is essential to adhere to the optimization of national land use development patterns and the green development policy for achieving ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. This paper used the undesirable output SBM model to measure the green development efficiency of 36 prefecture-level cities in the restricted development zones of the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2019. It also used the Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FsQCA) method to explore the complex influence mechanism of the linkage of various influencing factors on the efficiency of green development. The results showed that: ① The green development efficiency of the restricted development zones in the whole basin showed an overall fluctuation and upward trend, and the green development efficiency of various regions in the basin varied significantly. The downstream restricted development zones had the highest green development efficiency, followed by the middle stream restricted development zones, with the upstream restricted development zones having the lowest efficiency. ② The areas with high green development efficiency in the restricted development zones of the whole basin changed from cluster distribution to contiguous distribution, the effective efficiency areas changed from being concentrated in the upper and middle reaches to the middle and lower reaches of the areas, and the green development efficiency of the restricted development zones on the southern bank of the Yellow River was significantly higher than that of the areas on the northern bank. ③ Each of these factors--the level of economic development, urbanization, environmental regulation, degree of trade openness, advanced industrial structure, and investment in science and education--could not singularly become a necessary condition for promoting the formation of high green development efficiency in the restricted development zone of the Yellow River Basin. ④ Four models were identified as those that could promote green development efficiency in the restricted development zones in the Yellow River Basin. In terms of the different types of cities, the 'environmental regulation + export-oriented economy' linkage model could promote the green development efficiency of agricultural cities in the restricted development zones of the Yellow River Basin. The linkage model of 'basic dynamic + environmental regulation + export-oriented economy + industrial upgrading' could promote the green development efficiency of resource-based cities in the restricted development zones of the Yellow River Basin. The two models of 'export-oriented economy + industrial upgrading' linkage and 'basic dynamic + industrial upgrading + science and education investment' linkage could promote the green development efficiency in the old industrial bases in the restricted development zones of the Yellow River Basin. Based on the perspective of configuration association, this paper provides policy suggestions for promoting green development in agricultural cities, resource-based cities, and old industrial base cities in the restricted development zones of the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of low-carbon development lies in reducing carbon sources and increasing carbon sinks, and the construction of free trade zones (FTZs), as an experimental field for China' s comprehensively deepening reforms, is of great significance to urban lowcarbon development. Based on the panel data from 288 cities in China from 2007 to 2020, this paper first comprehensively evaluated the carbon neutrality levels of cities from two aspects: carbon emission and sequestration. Then, it used the multi-period difference-indifferences method and the spatial Durbin model to explore the 'low carbon effect' of the establishment of FTZs. The results showed that: the establishment of FTZs had a significant impact on the low-carbon development of the cities where they were located. Specifically, the establishment of FTZs could drive urban low-carbon development from within the cities by improving their digitization and resource allocation efficiency. At the same time, increased government attention to green development enhanced the carbon emission disincentive and boosted carbon uptake facilitation, fostering a more robust urban low-carbon development. Moreover, the carbon emission suppression effect, carbon absorption promotion effect, and carbon neutral effect of establishing the FTZs varied according to the batches of the establishment, city location, and city characteristics. The 'low-carbon effect' of the first two batches of FTZs, the region south of the Qinling-Huaihe River, and the cities with a higher degree of openness were more pronounced overall. Furthermore, the establishment of the FTZs also had a certain spatial spillover effect on urban low-carbon development. Based on these findings, the paper suggests prioritizing top-level design, exerting comparative advantages, and promoting the low-carbon development benchmark area in a gradient manner. Acceleration of trade facilitation and digital financial reform, promotion of the digital transformation of traditional industries with advantages, and encouragement of digital and low-carbon deep integration are also recommended. The introduction of highquality foreign investment should be combined with the improvement of the effectiveness of supervision and services to improve the efficiency of resource allocation. The study proposes leveraging digital platforms and free trade alliances to maximize the FTZs' catalytic effects. Overall, this study offers significant theoretical and practical insights for enhancing the construction of the FTZs, promoting urban low-carbon development, and advancing towards the goal of carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research explored the temp-spatial evolution characteristics for the spatial mismatch and vulnerability among the tourism-economy-ecosystem along the Yangtze River Economic Belt by using research methods including the spatial mismatch and vulnerability based on the panel data from 2004 to 2018. The results are as follows. (1) The overall mismatch along the Yangtze River Economic Belt presented a polarized development trend within which Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang showed a typical positive mismatch and other provinces showed a negative mismatch; the overall spatial mismatch index tended to be more severe, the phenomenon of antagonism occurred more frequent and the situation of mismatch became more critical. (2) The overall vulnerability index along the Yangtze River Economic Belt presented a fluctuating trend and the healthy, risky, and severe development trends coexisted within the development process of each province’s vulnerability index. (3) The nine provinces and two cities could be decided into 3 typical categories of planned development regions by the comprehensive spatial mismatch and vulnerability index: Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Hubei belonging to developing regions; Hunan, Chongqing, and Sichuan belonging to development and protection regions; Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan belonging to protective regions. In the end, the paper puts forward specific suggestions on how to eliminate the spatial mismatch and vulnerability situation in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from both macro and micro perspectives, so as to provide theoretical reference for the high-quality sustainable development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and other major river basins. The research explored the temp-spatial evolution characteristics for the spatial mismatch and vulnerability among the tourism-economy-ecosystem along the Yangtze River Economic Belt by using research methods including the spatial mismatch and vulnerability based on the panel data from 2004 to 2018. The results are as follows. (1) The overall mismatch along the Yangtze River Economic Belt presented a polarized development trend within which Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang showed a typical positive mismatch and other provinces showed a negative mismatch; the overall spatial mismatch index tended to be more severe, the phenomenon of antagonism occurred more frequent and the situation of mismatch became more critical. (2) The overall vulnerability index along the Yangtze River Economic Belt presented a fluctuating trend and the healthy, risky, and severe development trends coexisted within the development process of each province’s vulnerability index. (3) The nine provinces and two cities could be decided into 3 typical categories of planned development regions by the comprehensive spatial mismatch and vulnerability index: Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Hubei belonging to developing regions; Hunan, Chongqing, and Sichuan belonging to development and protection regions; Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan belonging to protective regions. In the end, the paper puts forward specific suggestions on how to eliminate the spatial mismatch and vulnerability situation in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from both macro and micro perspectives, so as to provide theoretical reference for the high-quality sustainable development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and other major river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the effects of expected economic growth targets and environmental constraint targets set by Chinese local governments at the beginning of the year on high-quality development can provide empirical evidence for optimizing expected target management, improving macro-control, and fulfilling governance efficiency in the new development stage to some extent. Therefore, based on the theory of economic growth accounting and the stochastic frontier model, this paper calculated the level of high-quality development at the urban level, extracted the economic growth targets and environmental constraint targets from the Report on the Work of the Government with text analysis, constructed instrumental variables based on the spatial weight matrix, and then discussed the effects of the expected development targets formulated by local governments on high-quality development, conditional heterogeneity, and mechanisms. The results showed that: ① Excessive economic growth targets were not conducive to high-quality development, while environmental constraints targets had a significant role in promoting it and could slow down the erosion effect of excessive economic growth targets on high-quality development. This conclusion still held after solving a series of robustness tests, such as the endogenous bias. ② Heterogeneity analysis found that, with the implementation of the ecological civilization concept, China' s economy could achieve a win-win situation of quantity increase and quality improvement. To better promote high-quality development, the target positioning of cities with good economic foundations should weaken economic increment and strengthen environmental constraints, and the growth targets and environmental constraints set by local governments should be endogenous to their own regional resource endowments and leave appropriate elastic spaces. ③ The mechanism test showed that improving the economic growth targets reduced the level of innovation and raised the amount of new investment in the region, which was not conducive to high-quality development. Environmental constraints could promote technological innovation and limit the blind expansion of new investment, thus promoting high-quality development. Based on the above research conclusions, this paper summarizes policy implications from the aspects of political performance evaluation, formulation of expected development targets, technological innovation, and green development to promote the synergy between economic growth and green development in China and the synchronization of expected target management and high-quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential factor of production in economic development, land is an important tool for local governments to boost economic growth. The goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality will push local governments to change the extensive mode of attracting high energy-consuming and high-pollution enterprises by transferring industrial land at low prices. The lowcarbon city pilot policy is important for China to achieve green and low-carbon economic transformation and sustainable development. This policy will inevitably influence the land transfer behavior of local governments in heavily polluting industries. Based on the panel data of 286 cities from 2007 to 2019, this paper took the low-carbon city pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment and used the time-varying difference-in-differences method to empirically study the relationship between the pilot policy and the land transfer behavior of local governments. The results showed that: ① The implementation of the low-carbon city pilot policy significantly reduced the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries. The above conclusions still held after a series of robustness tests. ② The impact of the low-carbon city pilot policy on land transfer in heavily polluting industries was affected by the intensity of environmental regulation of local governments and the tenure of officials. The stronger the intensity of environmental regulation in the pilot city became, the more the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries were reduced. When the tenure of the secretary of the municipal CPC committee in the pilot city was less than or equal to 3 years, the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries were significantly reduced. However, the age of the secretary of the municipal CPC committee had no significant impact on the land transfer in heavily polluting industries. ③ Heterogeneity analysis showed that non-resource-based cities, cities with high levels of economic development, and large cities displayed a higher reduction in the area and number of land transfers in heavily polluting industries. Based on these, this paper puts forward suggestions from three aspects: we should further promote the low-carbon city pilot policy, add environmental objectives to the assessment system of officials to increase the constraints of environmental objectives, and formulate and implement environmental policies in accordance with local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green development is an important aspect of the new development concept, and innovation is an important driving force of green development. Based on the panel data of 277 cities from 2006 to 2019, this paper used the EBM-GLM model to calculate and decompose green total factor productivity and the multi-period DID model to test whether innovative city policies could promote green development. Furthermore, from the perspective of urban network externalities, this paper used the spatial DID model to analyze the spillover effects of pilot policies and explore the mechanism of the innovative city policy in the promotion of urban green development. The study found that: ① The construction of innovative pilot cities could significantly improve the level of urban green development and reduce pollutant emissions. ② The construction of innovative pilot cities could significantly advance urban green technology, but had no significant effect on the improvement of urban green technology efficiency. ③ Due to the existence of urban network externalities, the construction of innovative pilot cities could have a negative spillover effect on the green development level of neighboring cities. Furthermore, this negative spillover effect was mainly reflected in the green technology progress of neighboring cities, and the spillover effect on the green technology efficiency of neighboring cities was not significant. ④ The construction of innovative pilot cities could significantly improve the level of green urban development by improving the level of science and technology, enhancing the strength of financial support, and promoting the intermediary effect of industrial structure upgrading. To promote the development of innovative cities, it is necessary to pay attention to the importance of urban network externalities, strengthen the coordination of different green development transmission paths, and construct the green development system of innovative cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green credit is an important financial tool to promote the transformation of the low-carbon economy. On the basis of clarifying the theoretical mechanism of the impact of green credit on carbon emission reduction, this paper used the fixed effect stochastic frontier model containing unexpected output to measure the total factor carbon productivity of 156 cities in China from 2000 to 2019 and empirically tested the carbon emission reduction effect of green credit and its mechanism from the three dimensions of productivity, intensity, and total amount. The research found that: ① Green credit development significantly improved total factor carbon productivity and reduced carbon emission intensity, but the average impact on total carbon emissions was not significant. The above conclusions were still valid after a series of robustness tests and treatments of endogeneity problems. ② The carbon emission reduction effect of green credit was heterogeneous due to differences in regional location, resource endowment, and financial efficiency. In the central region, non-resource-based cities, and cities with higher financial efficiency, green credit had significant carbon reduction effects in both carbon productivity and carbon intensity dimensions, while green credit in the eastern region, resource-based cities, and cities with lower financial efficiency only reduced carbon intensity. ③ The stimulation of green innovation and the reduction of energy intensity were the most effective channels for green credit to reduce carbon emissions, whereas the mediating effect of the structural transformation channel was not yet significant. Green credit was more effective in promoting green innovation and generating positive spillovers in the green innovation channel. However, green credits were more effective in improving carbon emission efficiency in the energy intensity channel, but the role of supporting low-carbon technologies must be enhanced. ④ Environmental regulations had two moderating mechanisms, 'positive compensation' and 'negative offset,' for the carbon reduction effect of green credit. When the demand and supply of financial resources were low, strengthening environmental regulations would weaken the incentive effect of green credit on low-carbon economic transformation. The above conclusion not only provides a new research perspective and supplementary empirical evidence for understanding the environmental effects of green credit, but also provides a useful reference for further improving green credit policies and promoting the development of a low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the high-quality demand for low-carbon and green development, we need to know if the construction of an intellectual property system (CIPS) can be a covert force to restrain the industrial pollution of Chinese cities. This paper regarded the establishment of intellectual property demonstration cities as a quasi-natural experiment. Based on explaining the impact mechanisms of CIPS on industrial emissions, this study adopted the panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2019 and empirically tested the emission reduction effect of CIPS and its mechanisms by using the difference-in-differences (DID) method. The heterogeneity, dynamic effects, and spatial spillover effects were also explored. The results showed that: ① At the urban level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the CIPS significantly reduced industrial pollution emissions, and the emission reduction effect kept in‑ creasing. This conclusion was still valid under a series of robustness tests, such as continuous DID and instrumental variable methods (IV). ② Heterogeneity analysis showed that the CIPS had good emission reduction performance in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and large and medium-sized cities, and the emission reduction effect was better in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and large cities. The CIPS had more obvious inhibitory effects on water pollution and gas pollution than on soot pollution. ③ Spatial spillover effect analysis showed that the CIPS restrained the industrial pollution of the demonstration cities and their neigh‑ boring cities, the policy effect showed spatial spillover, and the indirect effect was greater than the direct effect. ④ Mechanism analysis showed that the CIPS could lead to urban industrial upgrading and allocation optimization through technological innovation, indirectly inhibit industrial pollution emissions, and directly promote industrial pollution control through green innovation. Based on this, this pa‑ per proposes to promote the CIPS, explore and implement differentiated intellectual property governance policies, and strengthen ex‑ changes and cooperation on intellectual property among cities, in order to drive the high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt through innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on the multi-dimensional relationship and coordinated development of ecology-economy-society has important theoretical significance for the sustainable development of coal resource-based cities. Taking the ecological, economic and social subsystems of Ordos City as the research object, this paper constructs the ecological-economic-social evaluation index system, adopts the AHP-entropy weight comprehensive weighting method, the coupling coordination degree model, and the gray prediction model to evaluate the coordinated development level of Ordos City. The results show that: (1) The evaluation index of the economic subsystem shows a rapid growth trend, the ecological and social subsystems have a relatively large lag compared with the economic subsystem, and the ecological subsystem shows a fluctuating downward trend. (2) The two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems of Ordos City are mainly high-level coupling. The degree of coupling coordination of multi-dimensional systems is on the rise, and the type of coupling coordination development shifts from a disordered decline type to a transitional development type. (3) According to the prediction of GM(1,1), the coupling and coordination degree of EES three-dimensional system will increase in the next 10 years, and the level of coordinated development will continue to improve. The index system and evaluation model constructed according to the characteristics of Ordos City have important reference value for realizing the coordinated development of the regional multi-dimensional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs the system of urban high-quality development index from the six dimensions of economy, innovation, coordination, green, open and sharing. It measures the high-quality development level of cities in 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of China from 2004 to 2019 by entropy method, analyzes the spatial distribution and spatial correlation of high-quality development level of Chinese cities by using global spatial auto-correlation and hot-spot analysis and analyzes its driving factors by geographical detector model. The results show that: (1) the overall change of high quality development level of cities during the period of investigation is stable and slightly increased. The regional level is high in the eastern coastal areas and low in the western remote areas. Overall level of development: the eastern part>overall>middle part>the west area. (2) The high-quality development level of the city has significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the overall spatial distribution characteristics is "East hot west cold", hot spot range from "striped" gradually evolved into "clump", while the cold point range gradually transferred to the northwest region; hot spots have radiation-driven effect on the surrounding areas, and hot spot district have a "eviction weakening" effect on cold spot areas. (3) Innovation has the strongest effect on the high-quality development of cities, followed by open development, coordinated development and economic development, while the impact of green development and shared development is weaker; and the interaction between driving factors is greater than the independent effect of single factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]