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In addition to the direct use of corn as energy feed, about 30% of the annual output is used to produce corn starch, sugar and ethanol and other deep processing products in China, while producing corn husk, corn pulp, corn embryo meal, corn protein meal, DDGS and other by-products. These by-products generally have problems such as high crude fiber content, low available energy, mycotoxin pollution, etc. If the quality and efficiency of these by-products are improved by processing technology, their feeding value can be significantly improved. In the paper, the nutritional characteristics, value-added processing and utilization technology of corn processing by-products and their application in animal production are reviewed, which can provide reference for the effective improvement of feed value, and also have important significance for alleviating the contradiction of feed resource shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the modified energy balance equation, the energy factor of damage-control single-degree-of-freedom systems with significant post-yielding stiffness ratio was derived. The influences of post-yielding stiffness ratio and the yielding sequence on the energy factor were investigated based on a large number of nonlinear dynamic analysis. The energy balance was then extended to multi-degree-of-freedom systems, and a practical approach in dealing with assessment of damage-control behavior was proposed based on energy factors and applied to damage-control steel frames considering yielding sequence. The application of proposal was introduced based on the example structure, and the accuracy was validated by nonlinear dynamic analyses. Results indicate that the energy factor is sensitive to structural yielding sequence. The proposed approach exhibits satisfactory accuracy and can be applied to practical assessment and design of damage-control structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A class of new vector valued generalized convex mappings-D-η-E-semipreinvex mappings, as a true generalization of the E-preinvex mappings and the D-η-semipreinvex mappings, were given. First, several examples were presented to show the existence of the E-semi-invex sets and the D-η-E-semipreinvex mappings. Second, a decision criterion for the D-η-Esemipreinvex mappings was introduced, and the relationships among the D-η-semipreinvexity, the D-η-E-strict semipreinvexity and the D-ηE-semistrict semipreinvexity were discussed. Finally, an important application of the D-ηE-semistrictly semipreinvexity to vector optimization with implicit constraint was discussed, then some examples were given to prove the main conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]