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Droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity as the global climate changes. Risk assessment for agricultural drought disasters is an important approach for disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on the formation mechanism of natural disaster risk, the index system model of agricultural drought risk assessment in North China was constructed, and the robustness of the established risk assessment model was tested by using the internal test method. Then based on the characteristics of agricultural drought risk formation in North China, the paper proposes corresponding risk prevention recommendations. The conclusions were as follows: when adjusting the indices and methods in the risk assessment model, the range of changes in the agricultural drought risk ranking for each city was mostly 1-2.5 places, and the model was relatively robust. With the exception of Beijing and Tianjin, which had the highest disaster prevention and mitigation capacity, central and northern China had the highest agricultural drought risk, which was previously linked to the high risk and vulnerability of these regions. The agricultural drought risk in northern Henan and southern Shandong is low, mainly due to the low risk. The 34 cities in North China can be divided into 6 agricultural drought risk clusters, which are not dispersed in space and cross-city distribution, and have good aggregation. Cluster 4, located in the northernmost mountainous areas, has the highest risk of drought, which is associated with high environmental vulnerability and low capacity for disaster prevention and mitigation, so agricultural areas should be reduced and agricultural input should be increased. Clusters 2, 5 and 6, located in the central and southern regions, have higher grain acreage and yields due to drought, so agricultural drought risk can be further reduced by increasing agricultural input and improving irrigation guarantee rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of apples plays an important role in China's fruit production. Climate change has brought about more frequent and severe drought and waterlogging disasters, which have negatively impacted apple yield quantity and quality. Through the summary of previous research studies done on the impact of drought and waterlogging disasters and its effect on apple production, methods for disaster prevention and mitigation can be provided to reduce the impact of these disasters to the industry. In this paper, the methods of classification and systematic analysis combined with studying actual disaster cases were used to review the latest research into the effects of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production in China and identify the next steps for future research and development into this subject. The intensity and impacts of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production are determined by weather, regional climate, topography, soil composition, and several other factors. Adopting the morphological indicators to study these disasters, most existing research into this area only focuses on meteorological factors and rarely consider agrometeorological factors such as soil composition, current crop conditions, and more. The distribution of apple drought disasters in China decreases from north to south. The prevention measures of apple drought and waterlogging included irrigation, strengthening orchard soil management, implementing the integration of soil and fertilizer, etc. More of the current research done into this subject takes place in the Northern parts of China and often lack the necessary information to be put into use in disaster monitoring and early warning applications. In the future, research into apple droughts and waterlogging disasters should focus on increasing in orchard observation data collection, constructing a disaster risk monitoring and early warning model, and implementing the model into apple growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]