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校長教學領導是發展優質教育和使學校成功的關鍵因素，校長若能營造可使教師成功合作的工作環境並藉以促進教師協作，則此支持性的學校環境可提高教師自我效能並能提升教學成效。本研究旨在探討學校層次之校長教學領導與學校教師協作，以及教師層次之教師協作，對於教師自我效能的影響，除瞭解校長教學領導與教師協作對教師自我效能的直接效果之外，更進一步分析教師協作的跨層次中介效果。由於不同教育階段（國小、國中和高中）的學校文化與學生特性並不相同，因此本研究將檢視教育階段在校長教學領導與教師協作之 間的調節效果。本研究使用2018年教學與學習國際調查（TALIS）之臺灣地區553所國小、國中與高中校長及10,129位教師資料進行多層次中介效果模式分析，其中，學校教師協作同時作為學校層次的脈絡變數與教師層次解釋變數，利用分效模式來檢視不同層次變數對教師自我 效能的中介影響。研究結果顯示，教師層次的教師協作對教師自我效能具有顯著的正向影響，學校層次的學校教師協作對教師自我效能有顯著的脈絡效果。其次，校長教學領導會透過教師協作的完全中介對教師自我效能產生間接影響。第三，國小和國中教育階段在校長教學領導與學校教師協作之間具有正向調節效果。最後，本研究依據研究結果進行理論與實務的討論，並提出未來研究之建議。 Principal instructional leadership and teacher collaboration are key characteristics of effective schools (Scheerens, 1990; Teddlie & Reynolds, 2000) and the primary factors that influence teacher self-efficacy. On the basis of the definition provided by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2018), the present study defined principal instructional leadership as the process of supporting and developing high-quality instructional practices, developing and implementing policies that support student achievements, developing learning communities, providing feedback on instructions, modeling effective instructions, and supporting the use of assessment data. Teacher collaboration refers to the process through which teachers exchange information with their colleagues and learn from each other (Geijsel et al., 2009). The concept of self-efficacy is based on social cognitive theory proposed by Bandura (1977). In the present study, teacher self-efficacy was defined as the competence of teachers to effectively address problems in their classrooms and schools and improve the quality of their teaching, which could eventually improve the learning outcomes of their students (Ainley & Carstens, 2018; Battersby & Cave, 2014; Geijsel et al., 2009; Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001). Purpose Principal instructional leadership is crucial for high-quality education and schools’ success. Principals are responsible for shaping the work environments of teachers; thus, they can strengthen and promote teacher collaboration. A supportive school environment can improve teachers’ self-efficacy. The aim of this was to elucidate the direct and indirect — through teacher collaboration — effects of principal instructional leadership on teacher self-efficacy. Because teaching is profoundly influenced by school culture and environmental factors, work pressure at different education levels may create different work environments and exert different effects on principal instructional leadership and teacher collaboration. Therefore, we performed additional analyses regarding the contextual moderating effects of education levels (International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED). Design/Methodology/Approach This study performed a secondary data analysis by using the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (2018) dataset. The sample included principals and teachers from elementary (200 and 3,494, respectively), junior high (202 and 3,835, respectively), and high (151 and 2,800, respectively) schools in Taiwan. Multilevel linear modeling was performed to investigate relationships between principal instructional leadership, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy in these schools. Teacher collaboration at the individual level and principal instructional leadership at the overall level were used as independent variables to evaluate the effects of both levels on teacher self-efficacy. Findings/Results 1. Teacher Collaboration Exerts a Direct and Contextual Effect on Teacher Self-efficacy The analysis results revealed a positive relationship between individual- and school-level teacher collaboration and individual-level teacher self-efficacy, indicating that a higher level of teacher collaboration is related to higher perceptions of self-efficacy among teachers; these results supported the study assumption. These two variables were related at both the individual and school levels, which suggests that the use of both individual- and school-level variables is a precise approach for evaluating collaboration. 2. Principal Instructional Leadership Exerts as a Significant Effect (p < .05) on Teacher Collaboration Principal instructional leadership had a positive and significant direct effect on teacher collaboration. This demonstrates that principal instructional leadership encourages teachers to be productive in their classes, share their ideas with others, and create a cooperative culture. 3. Teacher Collaboration Significantly Mediates the Correlation Between Principal Instructional Leadership and Teacher Self-efficacy Principal instructional leadership exerted a significant indirect effect on teacher self-efficacy through teacher collaboration. Thus, principal instructional leadership may play a key role in teacher collaboration and indirectly enhance teachers’ self-efficacy through teacher collaboration. 4. Moderating Effect of Education Level on the Correlation Between Principal Instructional Leadership and Teacher Collaboration Education level (ISCED) positively moderated the relationship between principal instructional leadership and teacher collaboration. The relationship between principal instructional leadership and teacher collaboration was found to be significant in elementary and junior high schools but nonsignificant in high schools. Originality/Significance Studies have reported principal instructional leadership as an imperative predictor of teacher self-efficacy. However, few studies have focused on the indirect effects of mediating variables, such as teacher collaboration, on the relationship between principal instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy. Accordingly, this study comprehensively analyzed various school and teacher factors by using a single model and evaluated the effects of teacher collaboration on the relationship between principal instructional leadership and teacher self-efficacy from a multilevel perspective. Principal instructional leadership was found to be associated with teacher self-efficacy, both directly and indirectly, through teacher collaboration. Suggestions/Implications 1. Implications for Educational Practice On the basis of the findings, this study proposes some recommendations for strengthening teacher collaboration, promoting teachers’ professional development, and creating a supportive work environment to enhance teacher self-efficacy. Principal instructional leadership is crucial;nevertheless, because principals in Taiwan are administrators and not teachers, they rarely have time to invest in the professional development of teachers. Furthermore, to engage more strongly in instructional and staff development, principals must possess relevant skills. Policymakers should develop training and professional development programs for principals that are centered on the aforementioned topics. 2. Methodological Implications Preacher et al. (2010) indicated that in a mediation model for 2-1-1 data, when the b effect (the effect of a mediator on a dependent variable) conflates the within and between effects, the indirect effect that necessarily operates between two groups is confounded by the within-group portion of the conflated b effect. This study compared the analysis results of the 2-1-1 unconflated and conflated models to determine the difference between the individual and overall mediating effects of teacher collaboration. The study findings support those of Preacher et al. (2010) in that the between and within effects of a mediator must be separated when a multilevel mediation model is used.

Objective To investigate the effect of video education combined with guidance demonstration in post-operative functional exercise of patients undergoing total hip replacement. Methods Totally 100 patients undergoing total hip replacement were randomly divided into the study group and control group, with 50 cases in each group. All patients received routine education of post-operative functional exercise, and those in the study group received video education combined with guidance demonstration of functional exercise. The mastery of knowledge about functional exercise, accuracy of exercise, post-operative rehabilitation, post-operative complications and patient satisfaction with nursing service were assessed and compared between two groups. Results A higher degree of mastering knowledge about functional exercise, higher rate of accuracy of exercise and better outcomes of post-operative rehabilitation were observed in the study group than that in the control group, respectively (P＜0. 05). The patient satisfaction degree in the study group was higher than that in the control group (P＜0. 05). Conclusion The video education combined with guidance demonstration is effective to improve the patient mastery of knowledge and practice of post-operative functional exercise, improve the accuracy of exercise, improve the post-operative rehabilitation and patient satisfaction with nursing service. (目的 探讨视频宣教结合示范指导在人工全髋关节置换术后患者功能锻炼中的效果。方法 选取100例行人工全髋关节置换术的患者为研究对象, 按照随机数字法分为试验组和对照组, 各50例。对照组采用常规健康教育, 试验组在常规健康教育基础上增加髋关节功能锻炼视频宣教和责任护士一对一指导。比较两组患者对功能锻炼掌握与运用情况、功能锻炼动作正确率、术后恢复情况、术后并发症发生情况以及对护理工作的满意度。结果 试验组患者对全髋关节功能锻炼掌握与运用情况、功能锻炼动作正确率、术后恢复情况均优于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。试验组患者对护理工作满意度高于对照组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0. 05)。结论 视频宣教结合准确的示范指导可提高人工全髋关节置换术后患者的髋关节功能锻炼掌握与运用, 提高功能锻炼行为的正确率, 促进患者术后恢复, 提高患者对护理工作满意度。)

The purpose of this nursing project is to improve the nursing integrity rate of the patient after oral free flap surgery, and the quality of medical care. Nursing staff in the burn intensive care unit of a medical center had failed to detect and report abnormal changes of the oral flap tissue in time, which caused irreversible damage to the oral free flap. After investigation through observation and examination paper, it was confirmed that the problem was successfully addressed by holding physical on-the-job education courses, drawing cartoon pictures of the monitoring process after oral free flap surgery, designing mnemonic phrase and limericks, recording multi-media teaching videos and uploading them to a digital learning platform, and drawing 2D stereoscopic images for teaching and auditing systems. The correcting rate of the nursing care cognition of oral free flap surgery had increased from 79.9% to 100%, while the care integrity rate has increased from 79.1% to 97.5%. Through effective countermeasures, this project not only improves the care integrity rate, but also improves overall satisfaction. It is expected to be implemented to relevant units to promote overall care quality and maintain patient's safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, ultrasonic extraction pretreatment and ion chromatography were used to determine the thiocyanate content of rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal samples were extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction and analyzed by computer and quantified by external standard method. The results showed that the established analytical method could meet the relevant requirements of methodology. The thiocyanate content in the sample had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1~5.0 mg/kg, the correlation coefficient R²>0.999, the recovery rate was 86.1%~102.4%, and the relative standard deviation was 0.226%. The experiment indicates that the method is suitable for the content analysis of thiocyanate in rapeseed meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poria(Fu Ling) is a bulk traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)with a long history and complex varieties. The royal medical records of the Qing Dynasty include multiple medicinal materials of Fu Ling, such as Bai Fu Ling(white Poria), Chi Fu Ling(rubra Poria), and Zhu Fu Ling(Poria processed with cinnabaris). The Palace Museum preserves 6 kinds of specimens including Fu Ling Ge(dried Poria), Bai Fu Ling, Chi Fu Ling, Zhu Fu Ling, Bai Fu Shen(white Poria cum Radix Pini), and Fu Shen Mu(Poria cum Radix Pini). After trait identification and textual research, we found that Fu Ling Ge was an intact sclerotium, which was processed into Fu Ling Pi(Poriae Cutis), Bai Fu Ling and other medicinal materials in the Palace. The Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Pa-lace was mainly from the tribute paid of the officials in Yunnan-Guizhou region. The tribute situation was stable in the whole Qing Dynasty, and changed in the late Qing Dynasty. The cultural relics of Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace confirm with the archival documents such as the royal medical records and herbal medicine books, providing precious historical materials for understanding Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty and a basis for the restoration of the processing of the Fu Ling in the Qing Dynasty Palace.

This study aimed to promote the coordinated development of regional social economy and ecological environment, build a better living environment, accurately prevent and control pollution, and carry out in-depth surveys and general surveys of air pollution in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei. Based on 6 years (June 2014 to December 2019) of ground environmental observation data and satellite data from 2000 to 2019, the distribution characteristics and evolution trend of air pollution in different time and spatial scales were analyzed. The results showed that:① according to the daily average concentration of PM 2.5 at the sites, the pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region showed the characteristics of more days, heavy levels, and overall improvement. Pollution mainly occurred from October to April of the following year, accounting for nearly half a year. The pollution level of PM 2.5 was the best at Zhangjiakou, followed by Qinhuangdao. ② Based on the 20-year average PM 2.5 annual average concentration data retrieved from satellites, the PM 2.5 concentration presented a spatial distribution characteristic in which that in the plains was higher than that in mountain area, and PM 2.5 concentration in the city was higher than that in the suburbs. PM 2.5 concentration changed with time, showing a four-stage bimodal structure of "M"-type evolution characteristics, which gradually increased starting in 2000; the first peak appeared in 2006 and gradually decreased from 2007 to 2012. It rose sharply to the second peak in 2013 and then decreased yearly until 2017. ③ The monthly average AOT data based on satellites every 10 years indicated that the value of AOT in the first time period (2000-2009) was larger than that in the same month of the second time period (2010-2019). The maximum value was in July, and the minimum value was in December. The monthly average AOT in Zhangjiakou and Chengde changed slightly over the past 20 years, and the seasonal and spatial differences were significant in the plain area. ④ Judging from the daily average value of O 3 -8h observed at the stations, good levels of O 3 -8h concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area occurred frequently and widely from March to October. There were at least seven instances of light pollution levels, and the moderate pollution levels and above were not observed. ⑤ The daily average value of SO 2 observed on the ground showed that there was no light pollution or above; the good pollution level occurred in winter, and most appeared in the form of pollution for several consecutive days. ⑥ The analysis of AQI data revealed that from 2015 to 2019, the proportion of AQI excellent grades in Beijing increased from 27% to 38%, and the proportion of Tianjin AQI good grades increased from 44% to 64%. The highest proportion of Handan AQI superior grades appeared in 2016, accounting for only 9%. ⑦ The 20-year monthly average concentration of SO 2 data based on satellites showed that high-value areas were in Handan, Xingtai, and Shijiazhuang, and low-value areas were in Zhangjiakou and Chengde. The 20-year average NO 2 data showed that the high-value centers were in Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, and Shijiazhuang.