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Droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity as the global climate changes. Risk assessment for agricultural drought disasters is an important approach for disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on the formation mechanism of natural disaster risk, the index system model of agricultural drought risk assessment in North China was constructed, and the robustness of the established risk assessment model was tested by using the internal test method. Then based on the characteristics of agricultural drought risk formation in North China, the paper proposes corresponding risk prevention recommendations. The conclusions were as follows: when adjusting the indices and methods in the risk assessment model, the range of changes in the agricultural drought risk ranking for each city was mostly 1-2.5 places, and the model was relatively robust. With the exception of Beijing and Tianjin, which had the highest disaster prevention and mitigation capacity, central and northern China had the highest agricultural drought risk, which was previously linked to the high risk and vulnerability of these regions. The agricultural drought risk in northern Henan and southern Shandong is low, mainly due to the low risk. The 34 cities in North China can be divided into 6 agricultural drought risk clusters, which are not dispersed in space and cross-city distribution, and have good aggregation. Cluster 4, located in the northernmost mountainous areas, has the highest risk of drought, which is associated with high environmental vulnerability and low capacity for disaster prevention and mitigation, so agricultural areas should be reduced and agricultural input should be increased. Clusters 2, 5 and 6, located in the central and southern regions, have higher grain acreage and yields due to drought, so agricultural drought risk can be further reduced by increasing agricultural input and improving irrigation guarantee rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: On 5th September 2022, an Ms 6.8 earthquake struck the Luding County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. This earthquake triggered extensive geological hazards in the moun‐ tainous area, leading to serious casualties. Rapidly and accurately obtaining the spatial distribution of the in‐ duced geological hazards is crucial for emergency decision-making and rescue after an earthquake. Methods: Based on the global coseismic landslide database and deep learning algorithm, this paper built a near real-time prediction model of spatial distribution probability of coseismic landslides, and obtained the prediction results of the geological hazards induced by the Luding earthquake within 2 hours after the event. Through the post-earthquake unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） and satellite remote sensing images, ma‐ chine learning and deep learning algorithms were used to realize the automated recognition of large-scale geological hazards. A total of 3 633 earthquake-induced landslides with an area of 13.78 km2 were interpreted. Finally, the model was optimized by integrating these landslide data, and the prediction results of coseismic landslides with a broader area and higher accuracy were achieved. Results: The results show that the coseis‐ mic landslide prediction model can realize a rapid capture of spatial distribution of post-earthquake geologi‐ cal hazards, filling the blank period before the acquisition of post-earthquake remote sensing images and providing support for post-disaster emergency rescue. Conclusions: Intelligent identification technologies based on UAV and satellite remote sensing images are effective means to rapidly obtain the vital informa‐ tion of large-scale geological hazards. The achievements obtained in this paper played an important role in the emergency rescue after the Luding earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 8th symposium on fluid geoscience, mineral resources and environmental disasters reflects the formation and evolution of geological fluids, the enrichment and distribution of mineral resources, and the research progress and development trend of environmental disasters in recent years. The relevant papers of the 8th symposium regarding fluid geoscience, mineral resources and environmental disasters from 6 aspects, including the deep geological processes and mineral resources, the physicochemical techniques of geological fluid research, the fluid geochemical characteristics and seismicity, the occurrence characteristics and development status of geothermal resources, the accumulation characteristics, controlling factors and enrichment rules of geological resources, the fluid geoscience and geographical natural environment, were summarized. The results show that ① the generation and evolution mechanism, enrichment and migration mechanism of oil, gas and mineral resources, and the development of exploration and development technology are still the focus of the current research in the field of fluid geoscience, and the research content also pays more attention to the history and mechanism of resource generation and evolution; ② it is the current main trend to adopt diversified and more accurate new technologies to explore new fields with more complicated geological conditions, deeper burial and more difficult exploration and exploitation; ③ at present, the uncertainty of China's extreme natural disaster risk is affected by many natural, economic and social factors, and it shows an increasing trend; destructive earthquakes are in a period of frequent occurrence, and the sudden, abnormal and complex characteristics of natural disasters are also showing an increasing trend, therefore, it is urgent to improve China's natural disaster prevention and control capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological geology is an emerging interdisciplinary subject, studying the interaction, coordination and balance between geological, ecological and disaster environments driven by multi-sphere mutual feedback effects and human activities on the earth surface. Under the general background of ecological civilization construction in China, the ecological geological environment system is composed by ecological environmental system, geological environmental system and geo-hazard environmental system, which are intercoupling and interacting. The core issue of ecological geology lies in the balance of the eco-geological environmental system, and the prevention and control of disasters. Therefore, this paper proposes four major research frontiers of ecological geology and the eco-geological environmental system: (1) The structure and interaction mechanism of the eco-geological environmental system; (2) The mechanism and pattern of the dynamic balance of the eco-geological environmental system; (3) The symbiotic mutual feedback mechanism and progressive evolution process of ecological damages-soil and water disasters-geological disasters; (4) The dynamic detection, monitoring and early warning, as well as management and mitigation of eco-geological environment risks. The above four components are progressively and interdependently integrated to address the core issue of ecological geology. The proceeding of ecological geology should comprehend the connotation of ecology priority and green development, focus on eco-geological safety and disaster environment system issues, and implement the strategic principle of “firstly strengthening the ecological barrier, and then accelerating high-quality development, finally leading the world pattern”, thereby contributing to scientific and technical supports for the decision and implementation of national strategies such as ecological protection and construction of beautiful China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of apples plays an important role in China's fruit production. Climate change has brought about more frequent and severe drought and waterlogging disasters, which have negatively impacted apple yield quantity and quality. Through the summary of previous research studies done on the impact of drought and waterlogging disasters and its effect on apple production, methods for disaster prevention and mitigation can be provided to reduce the impact of these disasters to the industry. In this paper, the methods of classification and systematic analysis combined with studying actual disaster cases were used to review the latest research into the effects of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production in China and identify the next steps for future research and development into this subject. The intensity and impacts of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production are determined by weather, regional climate, topography, soil composition, and several other factors. Adopting the morphological indicators to study these disasters, most existing research into this area only focuses on meteorological factors and rarely consider agrometeorological factors such as soil composition, current crop conditions, and more. The distribution of apple drought disasters in China decreases from north to south. The prevention measures of apple drought and waterlogging included irrigation, strengthening orchard soil management, implementing the integration of soil and fertilizer, etc. More of the current research done into this subject takes place in the Northern parts of China and often lack the necessary information to be put into use in disaster monitoring and early warning applications. In the future, research into apple droughts and waterlogging disasters should focus on increasing in orchard observation data collection, constructing a disaster risk monitoring and early warning model, and implementing the model into apple growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water security is an integrated concept of multiple dimensions, including water resource utilization, water eco-environmental protection, water disaster prevention among others. In this paper, an evaluation indicator system of water security are constructed, focusing on five dimensions: water quantity, water quality, sustainability, affordability, and flood security. It is based on a summary and discussion of the definition, connotation, and evaluation of water security dimensions. We provide increased understanding of applicability and usefulness of water security evaluation systems, thereby avoiding content duplication or overlaps between different dimensions and promoting the accuracy of problem diagnosis. In doing so, we used a multi-expert decision-making method to quantify indicators weight and to standardize data. Compared with evaluating the water quantity security using indicators of water resources endowment alone, this evaluation system implies concepts of water demand and sustainable security that included in resource security, which is capable of analyzing actual reasons for water shortage. Affordability, which is seldom considered in previous studies, is supplemented to ensure system integrity of water security assessment. Finally, a case study of water security evaluation of China is carried out with cluster analysis. The main water security problems in each region of China were diagnosed well, which are in line with the current situation of China. This test indicates that the evaluation system is both reliable and practically applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters occur frequently and pose a huge threat to China. Disaster prevention, mitigation, and disaster relief are eternal topics of human survival and development. However, in the field of disaster relief and emergency response, the relevant data increase sharply while the critical knowledge of emergency is obviously lacking. The “data-information-knowledge” transformation capacity is insufficient to meet the urgent needs of disaster prevention and reduction. Firstly taking natural disasters as the core, and around four elements of natural disaster events, disaster emergency tasks, disaster data, and methods, this paper proposes a knowledge graph construction method by combining a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach. Then，concept layer of knowledge graph is built from top to down, and the conceptual framework is formed through ontology modeling. Data layer of knowledge graph is built from bottom to top, and the relationship between entities is established through data acquisition, knowledge extraction, fusion, and storage. Finally, a flood disaster emergency knowledge graph is built to verify the validity of the proposed method. The concept layer in flood disaster emergency knowledge graph defines the conceptual levels, the attributes and the semantic relationships of flood disaster events, disaster emergency tasks, disaster data, and methods. The data layer in flood disaster emergency knowledge graph realizes the extraction of entities and relationships from multi-source data. After the knowledge fusion process, 3 054 nodes and 12 689 relationship edges are obtained and stored in the Neo4j graph database. The flood disaster emergency knowledge graph realizes the transformation from multi-source data to interrelated knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speed is key to prevent and control major public health emergencies. For an efficient management, time, data, information, and resources are important factors. This paper summarizes the challenges in China’s response to the coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19）， and proposes an integration of vertical system and horizontal system, based on the idea of“let data run more, rely on accurate information, and outperform viruses with electromagnetic waves ”. Through all the analyses, we provide suggestions on improving China’s digital public health emergency management system for scientific and technological strategies, and they include: (1) establishing a standardized data epidemic information collection system to dynamically sense public sentiment; (2) building a public health big data center with a unified spatiotemporal benchmark to achieve cross regional and cross industry data aggregation, fusion, and sharing; (3) strengthening artificial intelligence technology for epidemic monitoring, forecasting, and risk research, and improving management accuracy and screening efficiency; (4) developing situation deduction and optimizing regulatory computing technology and services scientific dispatch and emergency command; (5) improving operating system mechanisms to ensure normal, safe and stable operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought has become a problem that is universally faced by global terrestrial ecosystems. Northeast China is dominated by a temperate monsoon climate and located in an area sensitive to global climate changes, and one of the main impacts of climate changes in Northeast China is manifested as drought in growing seasons. The drought area has a gradual increase trend, and drought has become the main agro-meteorological disaster in this region which is also the main maize planting area in China. Drought normalization seriously restricts the stable development of maize production in Northeast China. So in this paper, we took spring maize in Liaoning Province as an example and made clear the drought variation characteristics in different growth stages by using the data of MODIS, FY-3A, relative soil moisture and growth stages and the methods of RS, GIS and statistical analysis. Then we analyzed the correlation between multi-time scale remote sensing indexes and relative soil moisture in different soil depth, and established the remote sensing monitoring index set and models of relative soil moisture for each growth stage and soil depth. The accuracy of the monitoring models was verified and the application research of monitoring the drought of spring maize in Liaoning Province was studied. The results showed that: From 1993 to 2012, drought occurred in each growth stage of spring maize in Liaoning Province and the highly frequent drought occurred in the period from 1999 to 2002. The drought grade in each year was mainly light drought, and the drought was the most serious at milk stage, followed by heading stage. There was no significant correlation between the monitoring indexes and relative soil moisture at sowing and emergence stage, but there was a significant or extremely significant correlation between them at three-leaf and maturity stage. The monitoring index LSWI (land surface water index) had a strong ability to monitor relative soil moisture, followed by WI (water index). Multi-index coordination could improve the monitoring ability of relative soil moisture by remote sensing means, and the monitoring ability at 10-day scale was generally higher than that at 5-day scale and 20-day scale. Based on the monitoring models of soil relative humidity, the drought condition of partial growth stages and soil depth from 2001 to 2004 was monitored. The overall monitoring accuracy was 73.32%, in which the monitoring accuracy of jointing and three-leaf stage was more than 85%. The dynamic monitoring of drought grades in different growth stages in 2000 was realized. The monitoring results were consistent with the agro-meteorological observation records in terms of the growth stages and space. This study would be very significant to improve the capacity of disaster prevention and mitigation by monitoring spring maize accurately and synchronously on a large range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep mining of coal mines leads to some significant changes in the physical properties of coal and rock, stress environment and gas occurrence law. The perturbed range of overlying rock and level of dynamic-static load have also increased significantly. In addition, the disaster effect caused by the linkage of mine groups and the control effect of large geological bodies appear in deep mining. The same disaster effect with the coexistence and conversion of rock burst and coal & gas outburst occurs. Therefore, above characteristics make the prevention and control of dynamic disaster in deep coal mines become a problem to be solved urgently. Considering the situation that the conditions of disaster breeding and mutual transformation mechanism are complex and still unclear, the quick detection method, prevention- control technology and equipment are still lacking, in this paper, the key scientific and technical problems of prevention- control for dynamic disaster in deep mining are condensed, the thought of prevention and control with different sources in multi-scales for coal and rock dynamic disasters in deep mining is proposed, the research direction of prevention and control technology for dynamic disaster in deep mining is determined, and the theory and technical framework of prevention and control with different sources in multi-scales for coal and rock dynamic disasters in deep mining are established. Based on the above achievements, the theory and technology system of prevention and control with different sources in multi-scales for coal and rock dynamic disasters in deep mining are formed successfully, which can provide a theoretical and technical support for the prevention and control of rock burst, the outburst of coal and gas or compound dynamic disaster in deep mining of coal mines in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important epidemic situation diffusion function is built by using evolutionary game theory, where the strategy interaction and behavioral evolution between government and social public are considered into the traditional infectious disease diffusion SI model. According to the daily new confirmed cases of influenza A (H1N1) promulgated by Chinese Ministry of Health, the paper makes the Logistic estimation for the epidemic situation diffusion course in the early stage, and makes forecasting analysis of peak-value under three evolutionary scenarios, i.e., large-scale diffusion, rapid control and currently active prevention and control. At last, it puts forward the prudence principle in the early stage, the flexibility principle to adjust prevention and control measures timely along with the epidemic situation development, and the influence factors to be considered in choosing favorable adjusting opportunity. The effect of government adjusting the prevention and control strategies on influenza A diffusion is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]