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Monitoring data over the years have shown that seasonal rainfall and reservoir level changes have always accompanied the accelerated deformation of the Xigouwan landslide, which makes it difficult to identify the dominant triggering factors of landslide deformation and poses a challenge to risk analysis. Given this, this paper analyzed the correlation between the daily deformation rate of the active and inactive areas in the Xigouwan landslide and rainfall, reservoir level, and the change rate of reservoir level by applying the attribute reduction algorithm of the neighborhood rough set model. The calculation results showed that the deformation in the active area was mainly affected by the rainfall in the past seven days. It was also related to the short-term change rate of reservoir water level in some ways. The weak deformation in the inactive area was related to the change rate of reservoir water level in the past three days. Then, based on the landslide deformation characteristics, it was further obtained that the average rainfall in the past seven days inducing severe deformation in the active area was about 20 mm. The decline of the reservoir water level influenced its deformation, but the effect was small. The reservoir level change affected the weak deformation in the inactive area with negligible influence, while the weak deformation in the inactive area was mainly influenced by the reservoir level change. Finally, the seepage-mechanics numerical analysis of the Xigouwan landslide reveals the deformation mechanism of the active area under long-duration early rainfall. As the rainfall intensity increased from 1 mm/d to 20 mm/d, the pore water pressure at the bottom of the landslide body gradually increased. The internal reservoir level rose and extended to the active area, which caused the landslide body in the active area to go from a stable state to an under-stable state, leading to large deformation in the active area. In addition, the numerical simulation results further showed that the decline of the reservoir level had little effect on the internal seepage field and the stability in the active area. The reservoir level change greatly influenced the internal seepage field in the inactive area, indicating that the weak deformation in the inactive area was mainly affected by the reservoir level change. The complete analysis results of factors inducing the Xigouwan landslide in this paper can help provide early warning. The average rainfall of 20 mm in the past seven days can be used as one of the early warning thresholds for severe deformation in the active area of the Xigouwan landslide.

(Objective) Irrigation water use efficiency is an important parameter to evaluate agricultural water usage efficiency, but traditional methods to measure it were tedious and costly. This paper aims to present an efficient method to estimate regional crop evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation water use efficiency based on remote sensing imageries. (Method) We took the Yichang sub-irrigation district in Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia as an example, and the HJ satellite imageries were preprocessed to identify the planted areas of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) using the decision tree method with supervised classification. These data were used to develop a surface energy balance algorithm for the land model (SEBAL) based on the platform of ENVI and IDL, as well as the digital elevation model (DEM) and Landsat data, to estimate ET for each crop from 2013 to 2017. Irrigation water use efficiency during this period was evaluated using rainfall, irrigation, and groundwater data measured in the district. (Result)The relative errors of the classification were less than 5% for the sunflower and less than 20% for the wheat and summer maize. The ET calculated from the SEBAL model was accurate with an average relative error of less than 5%, indicating that remote sensing imageries with high spatiotemporal resolution significantly improved ET estimation. The ET of maize, sunflower, and wheat was >600 mm, 500 mm and 450 mm respectively. The irrigation water use efficiency calculated using meteorological data, irrigation and drainage data varied between 0.427 and 0.572 with an average of 0.492 for Yichang sub-district, and between 0.447 to 0.688 with an average of 0.516 for Yonglian sub-district. (Conclusion) The SEBAL model is efficient and accurate for estimating regional ET and calculating irrigation water use efficiency. The average groundwater recharge in the study area was 52.13 mm, accounting for 3%~7% of total irrigation water. Without considering groundwater recharge could result in a 0.03~0.08 error in calculating irrigation water use efficiency. There was no noticeable difference in irrigation water use efficiency between the two study sub-districts of different scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the value of radiographic assessment of lung edema (RALE) score in evaluating the severity and prognosis of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)., Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Patients with ARDS admitted to the department of intensive care unit (ICU) of Affiliated Nantong Third Hospital of Nantong University from January 2016 to November 2020 were enrolled. Clinical data of those patients were collected, and two senior radiologists who did not know the outcome of the patients independently scored each chest radiograph, the mean value of which was taken as the RALE score. The patients were divided into death group and survival group according to the 28-day prognosis. The differences of the basic data, PaO 2 /FiO 2 , sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score and RALE score between groups were analyzed. ARDS patients were classified according to the Berlin standard and RALE scores were compared between groups. Then, the correlations between RALE score and PaO 2 /FiO 2 , SOFA score, APACHE II score were analyzed. The prognostic capacity of RALE score for 28-day prognosis of ARDS patients were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve., Results: Of the 98 ARDS patients, 62 were included in the final analysis, 39 patients survived and 23 patients died. The 28-day mortality was 37.1%. Compared with the survival group, patients in the death group were older (years old: 72.83±12.21 vs. 64.44±14.68), had lower PaO 2 /FiO 2 [mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 122.66±48.32 vs. 150.26±50.40], and higher SOFA score and greater difference of RALE score between the third day and the first day after admission (D3-D1 RALE score) (SOFA score: 11.26±3.91 vs. 9.04±3.72, D3-D1 RALE score: 1.35±6.42 vs. -2.74±7.35), with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in gender, cause of ARDS, APACHE II score, and RALE scores on the first and the third day of admission (D1 RALE, D3 RALE) between the two groups. Among the 62 patients, there were 11 mild cases (17.7%), 36 moderate cases (58.1%), and 15 severe cases (24.2%). The D1 RALE score of patients with mild and moderate ARDS were lower than those of patients with severe ARDS (19.09±3.65, 22.58±6.79 vs. 27.07±5.23, both P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that D1 RALE score was negatively correlated with PaO 2 /FiO 2 (r = -0.385, P = 0.002), and positively correlated with SOFA score and APACHE II score (r 1 = 0.433, r 2 = 0.442, both P < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the 28-day survival rate of ARDS patients in D3-D1 RALE score ≥ -1 group was significantly higher than that in D3-D1 RALE score < -1 group (73.08% vs. 55.56%; log-rank test: χ 2 = 3.979, P = 0.046)., Conclusions: The RALE score is a simple and reliable non-invasive evaluation index, which can be used to evaluate the severity of ARDS patients. The difference of RALE score in early stage is helpful to identify ARDS patients with poor prognosis.

To develop a new recombinant hepatitis E vaccine, we used Hansenula polymorpha expression system to express recombinant hepatitis E virus-like particles (HEV VLPs), to construct a recombinant engineered strain HP/HEV2.3. The fermentation conditions and purification process were studied next. The first working seed lots were fermented in liquid culture, and the fermentation products were collected, then crushed, clarified, purified by ultrafiltration, silica gel adsorbed and desorbed, concentrated by ultrafiltration, purified by liquid chromatography and sterilized by filtration. The purity reached 99% with a yield of 33%. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that both the purified recombinant HEV VLPs from HP/HEV2.3 and natural hepatitis E virus particles appear identical of being 32 nm. The resulting DNA sequence obtained from VLPs is identical to the published HEV sequence. The SDS-PAGE analysis has revealed that the protein molecular weight of the HEV VLPs is 56 kDa, and the expression product HEV VLPs were accumulated up to 26% of total cellular protein. The expression level is 1.0 g/L. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results of the protein and ED₅₀ of the vaccine showed that the HEV VLPs have good antigenicity and immunogenicity. In summary, the recombinant HEV VLPs from Hansenula polymorpha can be used in the manufacture of a new genetically engineered vaccine against hepatitis E.