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BACKGROUND: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are a heterogeneous group of cells derived from bone marrow, which can inhibit the function of T cells and exert immunosuppressive effect. Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent stem cells, which can inhibit innate and adaptive immune responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and mesenchymal stem cells have many similarities in immunosuppressive function, which can be related to each other in tumor, inflammation and transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanisms of action based on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the effect of mesenchymal stem cells on the negative regulatory effect of immune response in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. METHODS: A computer search of the Web of Science Core Collection database was conducted with key words of “myeloid-derived suppressor cells”, “mesenchymal stem cells”, “stem cells”. Finally, 49 papers were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells play an important immunosuppressive role in vivo by secreting arginase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and mesenchymal stem cells interact through different mechanisms in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, inflammatory infections, tumors and other diseases, causing tumor cells to evade immune surveillance and promoting further tumor progression. In non-tumor diseases, myeloid-derived suppressor cells play a certain benign regulatory role, weakening the body’s own immune response and improving clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]