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Furrow irrigation has been one of the most commonly used approaches for crops, but with the low yield of irrigation water. In this study, 45 sets of experiments were conducted to further improve the performance of furrow irrigation in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi province, China. Three optimization strategies of management parameters were quantitatively compared (Strategy 1: only optimize the cutoff time; Strategy 2: only optimize the inflow discharge; Strategy 3: simultaneously optimize the inflow discharge and cutoff time). A simplified method was proposed to estimate the optimal cutoff time for the closed-end furrow irrigation. The results show that Strategy 3 presented the best performance of the irrigation, followed by Strategies 1 and 2. The application efficiency, distribution uniformity, and storage efficiency for Strategy 3 increased by 20.5%, 10.6%, and 3.3%, respectively, and these increased by 13.8%, 4.1%, 1.1% and 6.8%, 9.3%, 0.4% for Strategies 1 and 2, respectively, compared with the measured. More importantly, Strategy 3 was recommended only from the perspective of irrigation performance, but Strategy 1 was recommended when considering the practicability of the optimization strategy at the same time. A linear function was used to characterize the optimal cutoff time, optimal cutoff time, and the time when water advanced to 0.75 length of the furrow (T0.75L.), where the determination coefficient of the function was 0.920, according to the different capacities of soil infiltration and the combinations of irrigation elements. The mean absolute percentage error was 16.71% between the simulated and estimated optimal cutoff time values. The Tcop values of Strategy 1 and 3 were estimated by T0.75L., indicating fully consistent with the simulation using WinSRFR software. The mean absolute percentage errors of all furrow irrigation experiments were 10.88% and 12.00%, respectively. The indicators of irrigation performance were simulated with the optimal cutoff time under Strategies 1 and 3. It was found that the optimization values were lower than those in the simulation. But there were small declines of the application efficiency, distribution uniformity, and storage efficiency values, which were 1.0%, 4.0%, 3.5% and 4.0%, 4.8%, 4.1% for Strategies 1 and 3, respectively. In addition, the estimated optimal cutoff time values of Strategies 1 and 3 were used to simulate the irrigation performance, where the comprehensive irrigation performance indicator not less than 85.0%, accounting for 77.3% and 90.2% of the effective experiments, respectively, indicating an outstandingly higher than the current condition (64.4%). Therefore, this approach can be used to reliably estimate the optimal cutoff time values for the closed-end furrow irrigation, according to the time when water advanced to 0.75 length of the furrow, T0.75L. The finding can provide a strong basis to develop a real-time feedback control system in surface irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty has always been a worldwide problem, especially for developing countries. The agricultural industry poverty alleviation is one of the most effective methods to improve the ability of the poor, improve the livelihood level of the rural family, and achieve sustainable development in the future. With the introduction and implementation of the "precise poverty alleviation concept" by the Chinese government, analyses of whether agricultural industry's precise poverty alleviation can become an effective way to increase the income of the poor or not, determination of what are the leading factors of the spatial and temporal differentiation of agricultural industry poverty alleviation efficiencies, and further scientifically revealing the poverty alleviation efficiency of the agricultural industry and its mechanism are of vital importance. The previous research mainly focuses on the field of economics, however, in this paper, we used innovative analysis for this research problem from a geospatial perspective using Wanzhou District, a national poverty-stricken county in the Southwestern Mountainous Area with a rate of alleviate poverty of 88% from the year 2013 to 2018 under the government program. The main innovations of this paper included that (1) an indicator system was constructed for factors that affected agricultural industry poverty alleviation efficiency based on the spatial perspective, and the industrial poverty alleviation efficiency was measured by the improved DEA efficiency model, spatial autocorrelation Global Moran’s I model and geo-detector; (2) a framework of action mechanisms between dominant influencing factors and industrial poverty alleviation efficiency was established. The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of agricultural industry poverty alleviation efficiency, and its dominant influencing factors in 41 townships in the study area in 2013, 2015 and 2018 were further analyzed by the natural breakpoint classification method, Moran index, and geo-detector, and (3) a framework of the dominant factors that affected the efficiency of industrial poverty alleviation was set up, which can be conducive to improving China's anti-poverty model and the mechanism of industrial poverty alleviation, and further provided decision-making suggestions to alleviate the multi-dimensional poverty in the rural areas of the southwestern mountainous area. Moreover, the data in this paper were collected from the Chinese agricultural sector, the township government departments, the poverty alleviation office and the national land department, which was really reliable, the software such as SPSS 25.0，Arcgis10.2 and GeoDa095 were used for analysis. The main conclusions and policy recommendations of this paper were, (1) the industrial poverty alleviation policy had effectively promoted the overall increase in the poverty alleviation efficiency of the county industry in the southwestern mountainous area. Its policy intervention had a positive effect on promoting the poverty alleviation of the poor, the longer the intervention time, the more obvious the efficiency of industrial poverty alleviation, especially in deep poverty towns. (2) The industrial poverty alleviation efficiency showed obvious high-value clusters and low-value clusters. The high-value gathering area was located in the flat dam area along the Yangtze River with abundant water resources and flat terrain. The low-value gathering area was concentrated in the high-altitude mountainous area with a steep slope. (3) The substitution of family and economic factors by policy factors and social factors had become the two main types of factors affecting the efficiency of industrial poverty alleviation in Wanzhou District, and the influence of policy factors was greater than that of social factors. Specifically, with the continuous implementation of the precise poverty alleviation policy, the five major social factors of road density, characteristic planting, labor skill training, agricultural insurance and poverty alleviation credit funds, market participation and human resources level gradually replaced the family economy factor, and became the leading influencing factors for the poverty alleviation efficiency. Finally, this paper offers several feasible suggestions for policy direction and future research according to the research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw is both a by-product of agriculture and a valuable resource for biomass. Turning straw wastes into resource will increase industrial efficiency, promote the cycle of planting and breeding, and meet the needs of people's livelihood such as clean heating in villages and towns. In China, the zoning layout of straw utilization is still not perfect, resulting in structural excess of straw in different regions and in certain season. The problems of straw resource waste and environmental pollution are outstanding. Based on the theory of comprehensive utilization of straw, we proposed a comprehensive utilization path of straw, which was “agricultural priority, agricultural production, rural energy utilization, and diversified utilization of fertilizers, feed, fuel, base materials and raw materials”. The goal was “market user demand orientation, continuous supply of raw materials, comprehensive utilization for agriculture and industry, and significant improvement in comprehensive benefits”. The comprehensive utilization potential of straw in China was 876 million tons, an increase was 156 million tons from 2015, Fertilizer utilization potential of straw was 476 million tons; Feed utilization potential of straw was 220 million tons; Energy utilization potential of straw was 120 million tons; Base material and raw material utilization potential of straw was 60 million. Among them, fertilizer, feed and energy utilization increased by 87.224 million tons, 51.232 million tons and 17.20 million tons from 2015. The straw resources in the six regions of Northeast China, North China, East China, South China, Northwest China and Southwest China could be fully utilized. The demand for forage in Central China was still unsatisfactory. Through fertilizer and feed utilization, the directly and indirectly substitution potential of chemical fertilizers was: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14.816 million tons, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4.19 million tons, potash fertilizer (K2O) 18.851 million tons, saving cost of fertilizers about 6 859 million yuan, equivalent to saving costs for unit straw replacement of fertilizer by 98.5 yuan per ton of straw. Through energy utilization, it could replace 59.824 million tons of fossil energy such as coal, reduce 150 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, 4.487 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 2.243 million tons of nitrogen oxides, and 40.68 million tons of soot. The economic benefits of carbon emissions trading could reach 2 025 million yuan, equivalent to the increase in straw carbon emissions by16.9 yuan per unit ton of straw. Therefore, environmental and economic benefits were significant. The results of the study provide a reference for improving the comprehensive utilization level of straw, and the government decision-making and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp paste is a kind of traditional fermented aquatic product seasoning with delicious taste, and it contains various nutrients and is popular in coastal areas and Southeast Asian countries, and it is one of the commonly used seasonings. Shrimp paste is rich in protein, calcium, carotenoids and chitin. It has antioxidant activity, cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering and organism immunity enhancement, and it has a wide application space in the functional food field. However, the shrimp paste industry in China has the problems of long fermentation cycle and high salinity, which restricts the development of its industrialization. In this paper, shrimp head paste was prepared by inoculation with mixed strains, and the parameters of rapid fermentation process were optimized by response surface method (RSM), so as to achieve the goal of increasing the production rate and stable production. Microorganisms isolated from the traditional shrimp paste, such as saccharomycetes Pichia gilliermondii and mold fungus Aspergillus niger and the standard microorganisms Lactobacillus planticola purchased, were added as mixed strain to improve the flavor of shrimp head paste. Based on the sensory evaluation value and amino nitrogen content, the effect of different sterilization processes on shrimp head paste was compared, and the result showed the highest content of amino nitrogen and sensory evaluation value in shrimp head paste fermented after pasteurization. It shows that the fermentation degree is higher; based on the amino nitrogen content, the mixing ratios of the 3 kinds of microorganisms were investigated, and the results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of yeast, mold and lactic acid bacteria was 1:5:3. The conditions of shrimp head pasta fermented by mixed strains were optimized through the single factor experiment, and factors included fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and mixed strains inoculation. The result showed that fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and mixed strains inoculation had significant influence on the fermentation of shrimp head paste by mixed strains. And the suitable conditions in the fermentation of shrimp head paste were fermentation temperature of 50 ℃, fermentation time of 12 d, and mixed strains inoculation of 3 mL/100g. The conditions of shrimp head paste fermented by mixed strains were optimized through Box-Benhnken central composite experimental design based on the indicators of the sensory evaluation, and the optimized technological conditions were: fermentation temperature of 53.6 ℃, fermentation time of 13.46 d, and mixed strains inoculation of 2.69 mL/100g. These 3 factors affecting the sensory evaluation value in descending order were fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and mixed strains inoculation. The sensory evaluation value of shrimp head paste prepared under the optimum conditions was 7.64, and the relative error was 0.521% between predictive sensory evaluation value (7.68) and true sensory evaluation value. By comparing the changes in the flavor and amino nitrogen content between fast fermented shrimp head paste and traditional fermented shrimp paste, it can be found that the rapid fermentation process can make the product mature in a relatively short period of time to form a better flavor of shrimp head paste. This study provides an industrial basis for the rapid fermentation of shrimp head paste and effectively improves the high-value utilization of shrimp by-products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]