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Most insects mainly perceive external environment throught ordor, to maintain life activities. Research on the olfactory neuromechanism and molecular mechanism is important to make clear the function of insect olfactory cognitive and the bionics research by neural mechanisms of insect ordor perception. In recent years, the technology of neurobiology and molecular biology have great progress, especially the research on olfactory neuralstructure and molecular mechanism of insect odor perception, which makes a deeper research on the insect olfactory neural loop and molecular. According to the latest research results, this review focuses on the insect olfactory neuralstructure, molecular mechanism and the odor signal pathway including antennal sensilla, antennal lobe and mushroom body, as well as molecular mechanism of ordor perception and olfactory singnal pathway. Review results: Insect cognition of smell is realized through the olfactory nerve system in the brain nerve structure of multilayer signal processing, including antennal sensilla, antennal lob, and mushroom body. When the external odor molecules into the antennal sensilla, the sense of odour recognition protein specific device to odor molecules carrying reach the olfactory receptor neurons dendritic membrane receptor, odor molecules combination with the specific odor receptor produces electrical signal, with the action potentials through the ORN axon to the AL. In the antennal lobe after olfactory glomeruli has selective processing of olfactory information, then the PNs drlivery identification and classification odor information to MB and LH of the central nervous system, to achieve recognition and perception of odor. Although, recent studies of insect odorant cognitive neuroscience has made great progress, we believe that the results of the present study is not completely clarified the neural mechanisms of odorant perception. There are a lot of problems, such as, how lots of the olfactory glomeruli of antennal lobe encode the odor information introduction by the olfactory receptor. We need further study. In order to clarify these problems, we need to improve the existing experimental techniques, strengthening the electrophysiology and molecular neurobiology combination, neural mechanism of odor recognition from the molecular level may be the focus of study in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]