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Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Language & Discourse is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Xinian is an important historical document on bamboo slips collected by Tsinghua University. This paper analyzes the uses and distribution of "ji ... / yu ...," "yu ... / yu ...," "yan ..." and "shi ..." in three kinds of documents: excavated documents, and documents handed down from the Pre-Qin .... This paper presents some arguments about these issues and draws the following conclusions: the usages of uji / yu?, and 4tyu / yu55 show that Xinian was miscellaneous historical writing composed of old and new historical documents; and the usages of "yan" and "shi" are characteristic of the dialect of Chu ... State. In other words, the author of Xinian was likely a person (persons) from Chu State or someone who was familiar with the language and characters of Chu State, and the text of Xinian was formed from historical documents belonging to different periods. When composing the text of Xinian, the author(s) inherited some original historical documents without changing their content, but also mixed in some of the local dialect, resulting in a text with some special linguistic features and characters from Chu State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a geolinguistic analysis of family language use in Taiwan, based on the census carried out in 2010 by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (Executive Yuan, Republic of China - Taiwan). We present four maps for this study, displaying the distribution of the three main native languages, the spreading of Mandarin, the relatively dominant languages in Taiwan, and an overview of the distribution of languages in Taiwan. We then proceed to a comparative analysis. We hope this study can contribute to both the linguistic sociology and linguistic geography of Taiwan and provide a scientific basis for language regionalization and compartmentalization in the language planning of Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese character ... (Romanized as 'huo'; English meaning 'or') can be used in many ways, including as a noun, verb, pronoun, and logical connective. As it functions as a logical connective, at least five different semantic meanings (inclusive-, exclusive-, identical-, whole-, and both-or) have been distinguished. This paper explores the deployment and meaning variations of 'huo' in elementary science texts. The findings indicate that the five types of 'huo' are prevailingly deployed in elementary science text. Crucially, the texts consistently lack linguistic cues for teachers and readers to understand the exact meaning. Understanding the meaning of 'huo' depends a great deal on domain knowledge. Strategies for teaching logical connectives and topics for further investigations are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s and 1970s, linguists and educationalists in the West started doing research into the typology and functions of the language of teaching,or teacher discourse. An abundance of literature was published which discussed how the linguistic forms of teacher discourse are related to the instructional context, content, goals and outcomes, as well as to their influence on the participants of the teaching process and their relationship with other discourses in educational institutions. While the structural, social and cognitive features of teacher discourse have been extensively discussed,there has been scant research into the effect of pedagogical discourse on the learner's attitude towards the cognitive goal, and even less into the learner's affective identification with the subject they are taught. The aim of studying a subject is not just acquisition of the ability to recognize and represent knowledge; more importantly, it is the development of an appropriate attitude towards the subject and an application of the attitude to subject-related activities, i, e., a permanent change in attitude. While linguistic and educational circles in China have in recent years shown a growing tendency to give more prominence to the cultivation of the affective goal,the lack of research into teacher discourse has been a hindrance to the practice and realization of the goal. Instructional discourse functions not merely to decode and communicate knowledge, it also transmits cognitive affect. In this paper, the immediacy construct of instructional discourse is advanced to analyze the mechanism inherent in discourse by which knowledge is transmitted and the immediacy features that characterize instructional discourse. The theoretical frameworks of conversation analysis and of the appraisal theory of systemic functional linguistics are applied to reveal the de-authoritarian, contextualized, dynamic and affect-generating features of immediate instructional discourse,highlighting the dialogic,participatory and affective aspects of knowledge. Anti-immediacy forms of discourse include specialized symbolic codes and claims of uniqueness and certainty which build the authority and hierarchy of knowledge. Interactive conversation analysis shows that in discourse sequences,teachers continuously make use of metaphors of affect to maintain and renew their immediacy discourse, bringing a cumulative effect to overall immediacy. It seems that to a large extent, the interactive forms of instructional discourse influence a learner's affect for and value judgment of the knowledge being taught. It is therefore necessary to take knowledge immediacy as a key proposition and take the teachers' actual discourse practices as important contexts for affect cultivation when considering the discoursal composition of knowledge immediacy. This discussion is expected to be highly relevant for practical instructional discourse. The paper ends with an empirical study of a classroom case from the perspective of immediate instructional discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to explore the translation of Chinese publicity texts into English within the framework of skopos theory, with special reference to Shaoxing mingshi culture-related texts. The basic principles of skopos theory are outlined, followed by a discussion of their application in translating publicity texts. An attempt is then made to analyze four types of translation errors prevalent in English translations of publicity texts by drawing on Nord's functional model. The paper concludes with some suggestions on solving the problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper probes into the interrelation between the rules of Kunqu Opera and the scheme of English poems through a case study of "An Interrupted Dream". The writer points out that there are shared features between the two despite the differences of linguistic carriers and that the translation of lines are consequently expected to comply with the rules of "interactive equivalence". In this paper, all examples are translated by the writer of this paper in which the proposed principle of related translation is fully applied and the effect is to be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the historical phonology of the Kan dialect. Three related problems are discussed: (1). the characteristic features of the Proto-Kan dialect; (2). the genetic relationship between Kan and Hakka dialects; (3). the historical development and variations of the Kan dialect. Among the views developed in this paper, it is emphasized that Kan and Hakka are originally two different dialects, a point which has significance for Chinese dialectology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a ‘self' approach to deal with two imperative constructions in Taiwanese Hakka, the ‘V C lai' and ‘V pun ki C' constructions. There is an implicit ‘self' voice in these two constructions. The ‘V C lai' construction is connected directly to this ‘self' voice, while the ‘V pun ki C' construction implies it indirectly because of the third-person singular pronoun ki. This analysis is advantageous in that it can account for the similarities and differences of these two constructions, as well as explain the linguistic features of ‘patient-as-subject' prominent sentences and the third-person singular pronoun ta-sentences in Mandarin. The ‘self' perspective is not based on “verbs,” but on the interlocutors in discourse and their ‘self-other' relationships. These investigations can help us further our understanding of Hakka and even of Mandarin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the distribution of aspect marker -zhe in Chinese serial verb constructions (SVCs) with the aim of accounting for the factors that constrain its distribution. It is proposed that both event types and temporal structure should be taken into consideration. It has been pointed out that the occurrence of the aspect marker -zhe with in SVCs requires that V) denoted an unbounded eventuality. That is, when the first subevent of an SVC is an activity, a stage-level state, or a semelfactive, the aspect marker -zhe must occur in the SVC, whereas when the first subevent of an SVC is an accomplishment, an achievement, or an individual-level state, the aspect marker -zhe must not occur. In addition, the aspect marker -zhe is obligatory when the two subevents have full overlapping temporal structure, while it is prohibited when there is no or partial overlap in temporal structure. Moreover, we have explained why an SVC without -zhe may have multiple readings, but the ambiguous readings disappear when it occurs with the aspect marker -zhe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stratificational nature of language as sign is a core concern of modern linguistics. Although Saussure himself did not study the stratificational nature of linguistic sign, his philosophical understanding of the two binary opposites—signifier vs. signified, form vs. substance, arbitrariness of the sign and linear character of the signal, provides a common theoretical background for Hjelmslev, Lamb and Halliday to develop their stratificational theories. Based on a careful comparison and contrast of how the strata are classified, what each stratum consists of and what the relationships among and within the strata are, this paper describes and comments on the background and development of the three linguists' stratificational theories in order to have a better understanding of the properties of linguistic sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language violence (LV for short) always has been focused on in linguistics but its pragmatic reasons from internal language system have been up in the air. Through the analysis of reference relationship in LV. This paper finds that the pragmatic reasons of using LV lies in its obvious variation tendency in reference distance, which is expressed as reference distance contraction in lexical level and expressed as reference extending in syntax level. This distance variation reflects the excessive adjustment between signifier and signified for language user, leading "meaning implosion" tendency. It also reflects signifier not only bears the signified but also has the anti-signified ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate a multi-attribute group decision making method with unknown attributes' weights and experts' weights in which the information provided by each decision maker in expressed as the hybrid decision matrix where each of the elements is expressed by intuitionistic fuzzy number, interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number and linguistic labels. First, define a transformation function which can change multi-granularity linguistic variables to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Then, ensure the unknown attributes' weights based on the support degrees, and next establish a model to ensure the weights of decision makers which considering the entropy and similarity of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. After transform hybrid decision matrices to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy matrices, we can aggregate these individual decision matrices by using IIFWA operation for ranking alternatives. Finally, an illustrative example for supplier selection is given to prove this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial component of natural language comprehension involves connecting clauses and phrases together in order to establish a coherent discourse. There are two kinds of coherence: relational coherence and referential coherence. The latter means the establishment of coherence by the use of referring expressions. Different languages have different ways to express an entity, such as noun phrase, pronoun or zero. They also have different preferences while expressing entities which vary according to the prominence in the cognitive state. If an entity is more prominent, usually a reduced linguistic form is preferred, like a zero in Chinese and a pronoun in English. If an entity is less prominent, a more specific form like a noun phrase is preferred. Linguistic and psycholinguistic studies on referential coherence have shown and claimed that referent prominence is related to its predictability: first, the way it is expressed; second, the likelihood of being mentioned in the continuation (i. e. the likelihood of upcoming mention). The higher prominence an entity has, the more predictable it is and the more likely it is to be continued in the subsequent discourse. Studies are done on factors which determine the prominence of a discourse entity in question. One well-known account of discourse processing with implications on pronominal resolution is Centering Theory, which predicts that pronouns prefer to have antecedents in subject position instead of entities in object position. On the other hand, Accessibility Theory states that in natural discourse, topics (mainly discourse topics) constitute the most salient entities more often than not. Of these two factors, grammatical role is regarded as a local determinant while the latter, discourse topichood a global one. Based on these insights, this paper teases apart relevant factors and explores their effects and interactions on referent prominence, using a continuation experiment in Chinese. The grammatical roles of entities remain constant but the topicality and reference forms are manipulated in six conditions. Since reoccurrence of the entity in the continuations proves its high accessibility in participants' mental representations, it is easy to identify which referent is more predictable and prominent by looking at the first subject referent mentioned in their production. We examine the effect of different factors on referent prominence at different stages of the continuation, and also their interaction. Our results show that local grammatical role overrules the global discourse topichood in determining which entity is mentioned again in the early stage of the production. So the syntactic role the referent assumes will decide its prominence. A consistency in subject priority is evident in the results. However, discourse topichood does influence whether and how an entity is mentioned in the continuation,but at a later phase. Under our experimental conditions there is no interaction between discourse topichood and grammatical subjecthood. Given reference forms in the target sentence do not change their reoccurrence, but influence the forms chosen by the participants in their continuation in two restricted cases in N2-as-topic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Babel's confusion is one of the most significant events recorded in the Bible, which marked the beginning of subjective self-consciousness and diverse national history, and especially the emergence of different language and interpretation and the requirement for translation. But translation raises not only the issue of linguistics, it also concerns discussions about interpretation, truth, justice, and so on. Therefore, taking the above-mentioned as point of departure, this paper will center around the dialogue on "translation" between Walter Benjamin and Jacques Derrida, and try to explore their profound reflections on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a subjective motion expressions motion verb is used to depict an inherently static scene. This special use of motion verbs has been one of the research focuses in Cognitive Linguistics during the past two or three decades. However, research on subjective motion, in terms of both theoretical and empirical study, still has a lot of room for development. In the field of Chinese linguistics, there has been no systemic and comprehensive study on Chinese subjective motion expressions until now. In view of this situation, and taking the perspective of cognitive linguistics, this paper examines the cognitive motivation behind the formation of subjective motion and the coding process of subjective motion expressions. First of all, by drawing on conceptual integration theory and motion event theory, we start from meaning making and analyze the cognitive motivation behind subjective motion and its linguistic structure. In the analysis, we have found that conceptual integration, conceptual metonymy and Gestalt psychology play an important part in the formation and linguistic realization of subjective motion. Subjective motion, in essence, comes from the conceptual mappings between real motion and the static scene, and the cognitive operation of conceptual integration in these two input spaces. Secondly, we start from surface linguistic structures, find their characteristics and explicate the cognitive motivation behind them. The linguistic coding of subjective motion has the following features: the choice of figures (i. e. not all entities can occur as figures in a subjective motion expression), the necessity of path information (i. e. a subjective motion expression must contain information about path) and the suppression of certain manner information (i. e. not all kinds of manner information can occur in subjective motion expressions). The above three features can also be explained from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The present study has great significance for research on spatial cognition. Subjective motion expression pertains to how people cognize and express static spatial scenes. Its formation and linguistic features reveal a human being's subjective construal of spatial categories and the creativity and dynamicity of his thinking. The study also offers insights into the cross-linguistic comparative study by proposing another issue for comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and van Dijk's theory place emphasis on context, an essential component of the two theories. In this paper, the context models in the two theories are compared and analyzed to reveal their similarities and differences. As a tool for discourse analysis, the SFL model favors ontology, attaches more importance to the systematicness of language itself and takes context as an important factor within the language system. On the other hand, van Dijk's context model highlights the cognitive attribute of language and context, particularly the effect of cognitive psychology on the communication process and outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important notions in the fields of linguistics and rhetoric, rhetoric degree zero and deviation help realize the scientific studies in the two fields mentioned and hence under focus. Being a pair of dialectical ideas, they map the relationship of norms and deviations. Borrowing the theoretical framework from the field of rhetoric, this paper aims to analyze the tension between perfect translation and translation deviation. We argue that, being a study of transformation, translation studies are sure to mean the transformation of all kinds of transgressions and also the transformation between perfect translation and translation deviation. The dynamic transformation between perfect translation and translation deviation works in the very way that a matrix does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We contend in this paper that language shapes as well as reflects social reality, thought patterns, and value/belief systems of a culture. We substantiate our claim by closely examining Chinese family value orientations and their relationships with language expressions. The linguistic features and cultural implications of the value orientations are explicated. We further investigate the impact of changes in the use of language on the social reality and thought patterns of Chinese culture. We conclude that language and culture are intertwined. The interplay between language and culture creates infinite discursive possibilities and multi-dimensional and ever changing human experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief introduction to the biological and linguistic origins of Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), the paper expounds both positive and negative evidence of CPH under the frameworks of first language acquisition and second language acquisition. It has been found that CPH in the first language acquisition seems to get more supporting voice, but still lacks adequate convincing evidence due to the shortage of research subjects. In terms of CPH in the second language acquisition, it tends to focus on the constraints of the biological mechanism but ignore other contributing factors such as cognition, psychology and environment. Although a child is supposed to have an advantage in acquiring a second language, the optimal starting age of English language teaching should be set between 9 and 12, taking the Chinese learners' personal, linguistic and cultural factors into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper calls for a more rigorous methodology in the studies of paleography and excavated manuscripts and for a closer marriage between paleography and historical linguistics. I use one example (the case of the decipherment of the graph yu, "to sell," in Chu manuscripts) to illustrate the limits of the current methods and how a more rigorous method—including the application of the new development in Old Chinese phonology—can help paleographers to do better in their interpretation of excavated texts and to better understand language and graphic changes. I also use this example to argue that the mistake the scribes made in the manuscripts could be used as evidence for sound change in early China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a long history of language study in China. As early as in the fifth century B. C. , there were discussions about the nature of language,if we include the philosophical arguments of Lao Zi. The first dictionary Erya (&hellip) came out at least in the second century B. C. The more modern dictionary Shuowen J iezi (&hellip), which not only provided explanations of meaning and pronunciation, but also explorations on the relation between sound and form of writing,was published in 121 A. D. Yet some people claim there were no grammatical studies in ancient China. Why? In what ways is Shuowen Jiezi different from works like Technē Grammatikē by Dionysius Thrax? What caused the differences in their approaches to language? In order to find answers to these questions, the author of this paper made a comparative study of Technē Grammatikē and Shuowen Jiezi. He discovered that these two works were meant to serve the same purposes, and Dionysius and Xu Shen did their studies in the same way, concentrating on the basic unit in their respective languages. The major difference between Technē Grammatikē and Shuowen Jiezi, the author argues, lies in the structural difference between Greek and Chinese: the former is structurally composed of words (at least this was the view of Dionysius at that time) while the latter of zi (…), Chinese characters. It is easy and convenient to break Greek words down into roots and affixes, the knowledge of which is referred to as morphology, on which the whole edifice of grammar in the West was built. In contrast, it is only possible to analyze Chinese characters in terms of radicals, or constituent stroke. These differences may be attributed to the different ways of writing in the two languages. But the author believes that the Chinese way of writing must be rooted in the Chinese language and has served its purposes well; otherwise it would not have such strong vitality and become the only ancient writing system in the world which is still in use today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linguistic dynamic adaptability is the dynamic process of adaptability in language usage, "dynamic generation of meaning", the key to pragmatic theories of Verschueren. The usage of language is the dynamic selection process in which each level of language structure varies with contextual factors of adaptation. This paper will focus on analyzing theoretical connotation of linguistic dynamic adaptability from three aspects of temporal sequence, social relations and linear order, and also discuss its process of flexible application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the appearance of "the book of poetry and Lisao", the connotation of flower has been the emotional carrier for Chinese literature, especially for the traditional poems and lyrics. With the evolvement of literature style, connotation of flower, which only appeared in the poems before, has been expanded when it found its traces in narrative literature, such as dramas, novels. With the combination of flower connotation and figure description, the scope and connotation has been developed in an unprecedented way. The Red Mansion maximizes flower connotations, which makes it the best specimen to discuss the flower connotation. This paper, taking the Chinese flowering apple and red plum blossom as examples, mainly focuses on the cultural deposit and transcendence of flower connotation of The Red Mansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the etymology of Chinese he (…), two hypotheses have been put forward. Norman & Mei (1976) claim that he is a loanword, borrowed from Mongolian, while Wang Li (1984) and Hongming Zhang (1998, 2002, 2004) claim that he is a Chinese indigenous word. Based on linguistic data, ethnological evidence and historical documents, the authors of this paper argue against these leading hypotheses and propose that he origins from Old Yi language, in contrast with shui, which is from Old Qiang. In the forming process of old Chinese, shui was dominant at the very beginning. However, it was replaced by he in the long run of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese/English Translation has long been an essential part of the curriculum of English Departments in Taiwan. This paper presents an action research of a Chinese-to-English translation class where the instructor tried to address the problem of Chinese students' insufficient knowledge of English discourse by incorporating corpora and text analysis tools into the course. The data collection includes an end-of-course questionnaire and the translation assignments, translator' notes and self-reflection from students' learning portfolio. The results show that corpus resources can enhance students' confidence and performance when translating into a foreign language, while text analysis tools derived from functional linguistics can help students become more aware of the English discourse structure crucial to the development of Chinese-to-English translation competence. Some suggestions are proposed for designing Chinese-to-English translation courses, taking into account the specific challenges students face when translating into their foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tries to research into the explicit function of metaphor and its pragmatic working mechanism. Metaphor serves as a linguistic resource/means/strategy, explicitly false but implicitly appropriate, for more effective communications. The subcategories of the explicit function consist in notion/concept easy accessibility (cognitive function), language enhancement (word/notion filling, economy, discourse/coherence and expressive/poetic function), emotive function, interpersonal function and culture-laden function. The pragmatic working mechanism in question dictates that converge the metaphorical meaning, the metaphorical implicature, the emotion and the non-linguistic cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents methodology and trends of linguistic research in the era of big data. We begin with a discussion of the role of linguists in the information society and illustrate the opportunities and challenges linguists are currently facing. After highlighting the significance of authentic data on linguistic research, we argue that language is a complex adaptive system driven by humans. Then, from the perspective of philosophy of science, we introduce the research paradigm of quantitative linguistics through several cases. Finally, we discuss how China’s linguistic research will benefit from the data-intensive approach in terms of scientification and internationalization.