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Fragrant pears have been one of the most favorite types in pear industry. However, manual picking cannot fully meet the demands of large-scale production, due to the labor intensity. Mechanical picking has the potential to significantly reduce the labor demands for the high productivity. Among them, the visual recognition has been one of the most key elements among the various picking robots. The complex orchard environment with the variable lighting, weather conditions, foliage obstructions and fruit overlap has also posed the significant challenges on both conventional image processing and machine learning-based object detection, thereby impeding the accurate identification of fragrant pears. This study aims to improve the accuracy and detection speeds in such unstructured settings. An optimized YOLOv8n-based object detection was introduced to specifically identify the fragrant pear. A dataset was also comprised of 4 500 images of fragrant pears. A variety of conditions were considered using image collection and data augmentation, such as different lighting and foliage obstructions within orchard environments. The Min-Max normalization was employed to consider the fragrant pear harvesting. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on five lightweight YOLO versions: YOLOv3-tiny, YOLOv5n, YOLO6n, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8n. Different weights were assigned to optimize the model selection, in terms of the mAP, precision, recall, inference time, parameters and model size. The network structure was streamlined for the object detection of fragrant pear with YOLOv8n as the baseline. Four key areas were focused to optimize the model. Initially, the network backbone was redesigned to promote the network inference speed. The impact of the C2f structure on speed was assessed to replace the certain redundant C2f components. Subsequently, an effective PConv module was integrated into the detection head of network, in order to better recognize the obscured images. A weight-sharing strategy was also coupled with the detection head parameters to reduce the parameters. Additionally, the combination of simSPPF and Inner IoU was further augmented the inference speed and bounding box regression performance. Comparative trials were then conducted on the object detection of fragrant pear. The results revealed that the superior comprehensive performance was achieved in the YOLOv8n. A higher weighted score of 83.4% was obtained after the Min-Max normalization, compared with the YOLOv3-tiny, YOLOv5n, YOLOv6n, and YOLOv7-tiny. Thus, the baseline network was selected for the subsequent research. Optimization experiments were carried out with C2f structures. The replacement of C2f was identified in the 15th and 2nd layers of the network with Conv and Conv_Res modules, in order to enhance the computational efficiency. The optimization scheme was determined for the backbone network. Ablation experiments were conducted to verify the efficacy of the various improved modules. The refined YOLOv8n was achieved the superior accuracy and detection speed on the fragrant pear dataset, with a 0.4 and 0.5 percentage point increase in the F0.5 score and mean average precision, respectively, compared with the original YOLOv8n model. Detection speeds on GPU and CPU devices increased by 34.0% and 24.4%, respectively, indicating the rates of 99.4 and 15.3 frames per second, respectively. This high-precision and rapid detection can provide the valuable technical support to the real-time detection of fragrant pears in natural orchard environments. The improved model can also be expected to deploy into the fragrant pear picking robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the quality of vacuum concentrated pear juice at different temperatures and construct a quality evaluation method for concentrated pear juice. Method: Fresh pear juice was concentrated under decompression condition (vacuum degree 0.005 MPa) at concentration temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively. The evaluation model of concentrated pear juice was constructed based on the browning degree, pH, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Fe3+ reducing power, soluble sugar, organic acid and volatile components of the concentrated pear juice. Results: The content of tartaric acid, fumaric acid and pH decreased significantly with the increasing temperature, while the browning degree, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Fe3+ reducing power, quinic acid, malic acid, citric acid increased significantly. The content of alcohols was the highest in concentrated pear juice of 50 °C (4.753 μg/mL), the esters was the highest in concentrated pear juice of 70 °C (2.808 μg/mL), the aldehydes and ketones were the highest in concentrated pear juice of 70 °C (12.478 μg/mL). This study obtained a model for evaluating the quality of concentrated pear juice and found that 70 °C was best vacuum concentration temperature for pear juice. Conclusion: The vacuum concentration temperature could affect the quality of concentrated pear juice, which could be well distinguished by the quality evaluation model. This study would provide references for the quality control of vacuum concentrated pear juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effect of hypobaric storage on the ripeness progress and antioxidant capacity of 'Nanguo' pear, pears at commercial ripeness stage were used as experimental materials and stored under 2 kPa and 25 kPa low pressure conditions for one month before being transferred to the condition of (20±2) °C and 101 kPa to simulate the ripening progress and observe their ripening quality and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that 2 kPa and 25 kPa hypobaric conditions could maintain the ripening quality of @Nanguo@ pears, the yellowing of the fruit peel, and the reduction of fruit firmness, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were inhibited. The contents of soluble solids and titratable acids were maintained well. The appearance of respiratory peak and decreased ethylene release were delayed. Meanwhile, the activity of polyphenol oxidase was decreased, and peroxidase activity was increased. Notably, 2 kPa hypobaric storage at (4±2) °C performed better to delay the ripening process of @Nanguo@ pears after storage, and their antioxidant capacity was also maintained well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a nondestructive vibro-acoustic setup was employed to acquire the vibro-acoustic signals of pear fruit. The signals were decomposed using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Different methods were used to suppress the end effect and mode mixing to achieve the optimal signal decomposition components. Then, the decomposition components of the vibro-acoustic signals were used as the input to construct a discriminant model based on convolution neural networks with spatial pyramid pool (CNN-SPP). The results showed that the improved slope-based method was better able to suppress the EMD end effect for the vibro-acoustic signals. The complementary complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CCEEMDAN) method could exhibit better performance for suppressing mode mixing after end effect suppression. Thus, the obtained components were used as the input to construct a CCEEMDAN-CNN-SPP-based discriminant model. The overall classification accuracy of the model was 93.66% for pears with core browning, the discrimination accuracy was 94.44% for sub-healthy pears, and the misjudgment rate was 6.35% for diseased fruit. This improved the accuracy of vibro-acoustic identification of pears with early-stage mild disease. This study lays a foundation for the development of an online detection system for sub-healthy fruits in the future.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】By comparing the quality of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits under five different bag treatments, from which the bag that can improve the appearance quality of fruits and has less impact on the internal quality of the fruits was selected, with an aim to provide a basis for screening of bag types in the production of ‘Cuiguan’.【Method】Five different bags were selected for bagging treatments of the ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits, taking fruits without bagging as control, and the impacts of five different bagging treatments on the quality of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits were clarified.【Result】The results showed that the effects of five different bagging treatments on the single fruit weight, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, fruit shape index, hardness, pericarp L* value, pericarp b* value, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits were relatively small and their coefficients of variation were below 10%. However, bagging could reduce soluble solids content and soluble sugar content by 21.9% and 23.9%, respectively, which had negative effects on the internal quality of the pear fruits. Compared with the control, the chlorophyll content of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruit after bagging decreased by 73.6%, and the greenness of the inner part of fruit reduced, leading to a lighter color of the fruit surface; the color difference L * value rose by 20. 6% and it significantly improved the brightness and fineness of the fruit surface, which increased its appearance quality and commercial value. Bagging had an impact on the contents of aroma substances in the pericarp of ‘Cuiguan’ pears, and the contents of α-farnesene, hexanal and ethyl acetate in the pericarp increased, and the content of 2-hexenal reduced, making the aroma more intense.【Conclusion】The principal component analysis and comprehensive analysis show that, the double-layer paper bag with yellow outside and white inside can increase the pericarp L * value and pericarp a * value ‘Cuiguan’ pear, further enhance the fineness of the fruit surface, improve the appearance quality of Cuiguan pear fruits, with higher comprehensive ranking, which can enhance the appearance quality of the fruits while minimize the negative impacts of bagging on the internal quality at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study effects of short-term low-temperature storage on ripening, senescence and quality of 'Nanguo pear during shelf life, 'Nanguo' pears were used as the test material, after 60 days of storage at low temperature (4 °C), pears were allowed to ripen at room temperature [(23±2) °C] to measure the changes of physiological indexes related to ripening, senescence and quality during shelf life. The results show that compared with controls which were naturally ripened at room temperature without low-temperature treatment, ethylene production and respiration peaks respectively appeared 6 d and 3 d earlier. At 15 d, O2-•production and MDA accumulation respectively increased by 1.26 times and 1.33 times, and the total phenol content decreased by 91.6%.Rates of softening were quickened, while DPPH• scavenging rate was reduced in Nanguo pear fruit during shelf life after short-term low-temperature storage. The ascorbic acid content, titratable acid content, total phenol content and flavonoids content declined faster, and the PPO activity was promoted than controls during shelf life. The shelf-life quality of Nanguo pears decreased, the ripening and senescence process was accelerated, and the shelf life was shortened by 3 d after short-term low-temperature storage, which might be related to the increase of ethylene production and the weakening of antioxidant capacity. This study provides reference for the storage and preservation of 'Nanguo' pear fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the dynamic changes of phenolic substances and antioxidant activities during the development of different pear varieties, the total flavonoids, total phenols, phenolic substances, 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazylradical (DPPH) and 2, 2' -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS+ ) free radical scavenging abilityin the fruits of Kuche Amute, Dangshan pear and Ma pear at different developmental stages wereanalyzed and determined. The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids and total phenols in the three kinds of pear fruits were basically the same during the development process, the content was higher in young fruit stage, and gradually decreased with fruit development. A total of 13 phenolic substances were detected in the three types of pear fruits by high performance liquid chromatography, and the content of arbutin was the highest, with an average of 3 353.43 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 51.88% of the total components; orthoic acid was the second with an average content of 2 350.29 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 36.34% of the total components; the content of other phenolic components was low, distributed between 8.09-150.65 µg•g-1 DW, only 0.13%-2.33% of the total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity detection showed that the free radical scavenging power of DPPH and ABTS+ was Dangshan pear > Kuqa Amute > Ma pear. Correlation analysis showed that the total flavonoids, total phenols, arbutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and other substances in pear fruit had a very significant positive correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging ability (P<0.01) . The results provided the basis for in-depth research and development of natural antioxidant health drugs and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the relationship between dehydrin (DHN) and core browning in late-harvested Yali pears, this study identified and characterized the PbDHN3 gene based on bioinformatics methods, and analyzed the expression pattern of this gene during the core browning process under rapid cooling and slow cooling conditions. The results showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of PbDHN3 was 564 bp in length, encoding 187 amino acids, and having a conserved domain of dehydrin superfamily comprising two Y segments, one S segment and three K segments (Y2SK3). Bioinformatics analysis showed that PbDHN3 was a hydrophilic stable protein with a molecular mass of 19.77 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.98. The secondary structure consists of α-helix, irregular coil, extended chain and β-turn. PbDHN3 was located in the nucleus and contained no signal peptide or transmembrane structure. It was a non-secretory protein. The results of homology analysis showed that PbDHN3 was more than 89.74% similar to the DHN of five other plants such as apples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PbDHN3 had the closest relationship with the DHN of Pyrus ussuriensis × Pyrus communis. The results of promoter analysis showed that PbDHN3 contained basic promoter elements and other cis-acting elements, which were consistent with the predicted results of the upland cotton GhDHN1 and the wheat TaDHN2 promoter regions, and all of them included hormone response elements and light response elements. The results of real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the expression of the DHN3 gene was significantly up-regulated during the core browning process of Yali pears under rapid cooling conditions, which was closely related to the browning of the core. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of the PbDHN3 gene and clarifying the mechanism of core browning of Yali pears.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the prediction model of the initial flowering period of fragrant pears in Xinjiang, and identify the most suitable flower viewing day of fragrant pears during the flowering period, the meteorological elements and the daily sequences of the initial flowering period of fragrant pears production areas in Aksu, Alar, Luntai and Korla of Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 were analyzed by the stepwise regression method, and the prediction model of the meteorological index of fragrant pears main production areas in Korla of Xinjiang was established in combination with the human comfort index, which was expected to provide reference for Xinjiang Tourism meteorological service. The results showed that: (1) the composition factors of the prediction model for the initial flowering period of Korla fragrant pear in Xinjiang were the average maximum temperature in March, the soil temperature in depth of 0cm in March, the average temperature in March, and the soil temperature in depth of 40cm in March. There was a linear relationship (negative correlation) between the diurnal sequence and the air temperature at the beginning of flowering in Alar and Korla, and a linear relationship (multiple correlation) between the soil temperature and air temperature in Aksu and Luntai. The probability of model error within 3 days in normal years was 93.5% in Alar, 93.5% in Aksu, 100% in Korla and 96.8% in Luntai. (2) The optimized human comfort index was divided into four levels: the most suitable, sub-suitable, general and unsuitable. The most suitable days for the optimized human comfort index were 22 days in Alar, 24 days in Aksu, 16 days in Korla and 18 days in Luntai before and after the flowering period in 2022. (3) The meteorological index of fragrant pear flower appreciation takes the intersection of the suitable flowering period and the human comfort index, and was divided into four grades: the most suitable (five-star recommended index), sub-suitable (four-star recommended index), general (three-star recommended index) and unsuitable (one-star recommended index). In 2022, the five-star recommended flower viewing days were from April 11 to April 14 in Aksu, from April 10 to April 15 in Alar, from April 10 to April 15 in Korla, and from April 11 to April 14 in Luntai, respectively. The simulation results were in line with the reality. The meteorological index of fragrant pear flower appreciation, combined with the body temperature and the flowering period, had good application value and potential in the follow-up prediction of fragrant pear initial flowering period and the tourism meteorological service in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to judge the density of pear flower accurately for automatic thinning. In order to judge the density of pear flowers precisely and achieve the purpose of automatic flower thinning, a density classification of pear flower images method based on improved density peak clustering algorithm was proposed in this study. The pear flower image samples used in the experiment were taken from the research base of Hebei Agricultural University, Niugang Village, Yi County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, and the variety was three-year-old Qiuyue. In this study, the images of pear flowers in natural environment were collected on April 18, 2021, when the pear flowers were in full bloom. The pear flower recognition images with high detection accuracy were obtained by using the depth learning model to detect the pear flower. The central coordinates of the target detection frame were extracted from the recognition images to obtain the data points that needed to be clustered. Secondly, in order to achieve the density classification of pear flower images, the method of selecting the cluster center was improved according to the shortcomings of the original density peak clustering algorithm in the density classification of pear flower and the requirements of pear flower density classification. The decision graph was divided into four parts by four groups of local density and center offset distance segmentation thresholds to select the cluster centers. These four parts corresponded to four grades of high, medium and low density and no thinning treatment. The accurate classification of pear flower images with reasonable density was realized. Finally, to solve the problem of inaccurate clustering classification of pear flower distribution with only cluster distribution, sparse distribution and large-scale close-up, the calculation method of dij parameter of distance between two points was improved. The pear flower scale and density grading standard were unified, and reasonable density grading could be achieved for all distribution types of pear flower images. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm could adapt to pear flower images of different scales. The accuracy of scale prediction was 94.89%, and the accuracy of density classification was 94.29%. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method could achieve the density classification of local flower clusters in natural environment. the algorithm in this paper was compared with K-means algorithm and DBSCAN algorithm, and the accuracy of density classification was 94.29% and 68.57% respectively. Although the density classification accuracy of K-Means clustering algorithm was high, it lacked the algorithm steps to automatically select the clustering centers of different density classification, and was too sensitive to noise points. The density calculation method of DBSCAN algorithm lacked continuity, and the division of density grade was not precise enough. Based on the comprehensive analysis of density classification accuracy and cluster center selection method, the improved density peak clustering algorithm in this paper had the best effect. The clustering centers of different density grade could be automatically selected and the error of random initialization of clustering centers could be reduced. The proposed algorithm was robust to noise points and could eliminate noise points effectively. The proposed algorithm adopted soft statistics method for density calculation, which had continuity and was more accurate for density classification. It provides technical support for analyzing the density of pear flower and machine intelligent flower thinning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To investigate the effects of temperature and humidity on the population dynamics of Grapholita molesta, a pest that causes significant losses to pear crops worldwide. [Methods] A monitoring site was set up in a pear orchard in Daxing, Beijing municipality where sex pheromone traps were used to monitor the population dynamics of adult G. molesta over three years (2018-2021). The data obtained were combined with local meteorological data collected over the same period to analyze the relationship between temperature, humidity and population dynamics. [Results] G. molesta began to appear in the pear orchard in mid to late March. Four population peaks occurred each year; in mid to late April, mid-June, mid to late July and early to mid-September. There was a significant relationship between the average and maximum temperature and population density, which can be described by the equation Y= - 5.62 - 0.16X1+0.72X2+0.52X3+0.18X4, where X3 is the highest temperature, X1 is the average temperature, X2 is the lowest temperature and X4 is the average relative humidity. The relative importance of these factors was: X3> X1> X2> X4. [Conclusion] There is a significant relationship between the occurrence of G. molesta in pear orchards in Daxing, Beijing municipality, and local temperature and humidity data. These results lay a foundation for developing a model to predict the occurrence of G. molesta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of duck manure application on soil environmental quality and pear quality and to promote the scientific application of duck manure to partially replace chemical fertilizers in pear planting. Under the condition of equal nitrogen substitution, the duck manure alternative fertilizer program in this study was divided into five groups including the control group (CK), 30% (DM1), 40% (DM2), 50% (DM3), and 60% (DM4). The duck manure was applied to the pear tree soil in April and July. Soil and pear samples were collected in October. The soil environmental quality (soil pH, soil nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics) and pear quality parameters (soluble solids, soluble sugars, vitamin C) were also analyzed. The results showed that all the duck manure replacement treatments (DM1-DM4) could significantly increase the soil pH (6%-21%) compared with the control group, and the organic matter of deeper soil (40-60cm) was improved. The most significant effect on increasing the content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil was also found in the DM3 group. Fortunately, the contents of heavy metals in different soil layers of each treatment fully meet the requirements of pollution-free and green food producing areas for soil environment. The results also indicated that the application of duck manure improved the pear quality, and the soluble solids, soluble sugars, and vitamin C of pear were increased by 5.21%-17.44%, 2.50%-8.45%, and 0.39%-11.01%, respectively. The results showed that 30% duck manure replacing had the best effect on improving pear quality, while 50% duck manure replacing had the best effect on improving soil environment quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 This paper aimed to study the pathogen and biological characteristics of three leaf diseases of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie in Yunnan province, and to provide theoretical basis for the control of leaf spot of A.tsaoko. 【Method】Three fungal diseases were discovered from A.tsaoko plantation in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan province. Three strains, including CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were obtained by single spore culture, their pathogenicity was determined, spore morphology was observed according to morphological characteristics, and pathogen was identified by phylogenetic tree constructed by multi-gene sequence analysis (rDNA-ITS, tub2, LSU and tef-1 α), and biological characteristics were determined. 【Result】 The morphological characteristics of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were in accordance with the typical characters of Pyrus costina, Phoma matteuccola and Colletotrichum mondsii, respectively. The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of CG-N01 were 489, 901 and 475 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596209, MN689811 and MN696687, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of the strain CG-N02 were 517, 997 and 529 bp respectively (the login numbers were MN596212, MN650644 and MN696686, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, tub2 and tef-1 α sequences of strain CG-N03 were 560, 926 and 738 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596210, MN650645 and MN696688, respectively). Purified strains of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 had high homology with P. costina, P. matteuccola and C. simmondsii, respectively. Biological determination showed that strain CG-N01 was advantageous to mycelium growth and conidia formation under the conditions of 28 ℃, alternating light and dark, and pH 6.0. Strains CG-N02 and CG-N03 were favorable for sporulation at 25 ℃, alternating light and darkness, and pH 8.0. 【Conclusion】 This study first reported that C. simmondsii can infect and cause Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the biological characteristics of the pathogens of leaf spot, leaf blast and anthracnose were determined to provide scientific basis and theory support for the diversity study and effective control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to compare the nutritional value and rumen fermentation parameters of four unconventional feedstuffs for ruminant. The nutrient composition analysis and in vitro fermentation method were used to evaluate the nutritional value and rumen fermentation indexes of four unconventional feedstuffs including sorghum straw, reed grass, date powder and pear residue. The results showed that the disappearance rate of dry matter (DM) of date powder was extremely higher than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The rumen disappearance rate of crude protein (CP) of pear pomace was extremely higher than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The disappearance rate of all nutrients in reed grass were extremely lower than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The 48 h gas production and gas production rate of slow degradation fraction (c) for date powder was extremely higher than that of other feeds (P<0.01), while that of reed grass was extremely lower than that of other feeds (P<0.01). Compared with oat grass, the content of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) of date powder and pear pomace was significantly increased (P<0.05), and pH value was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that the nutritive and usable value of jujube powder and pear residue are better. The nutrient composition of sorghum straw is similar to that of oat grass, but the degree of fiber decomposition is lower than that of oat grass, so it can be processed to improve its utilization. The feedable value of reed is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)