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BACKGROUND: The dysfunction of bladder function caused by spinal cord injury is a difficult point in clinical treatment and a hot spot in research. Repairing the injured spinal cord and remodeling the bladder micturition reflex pathway are the fundamental treatment methods. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the reconstruction of the bladder innervation pathway after spinal cord transection injury and its related influencing factors. METHODS: The relevant literature concerning the reconstruction of bladder micturition reflex, neurogenic bladder and urinary reflex and spinal cord repair was retrieved on CNKI, WanFang Data, PubMed and Web of Science. Chinese and English search terms were “neurogenic bladder; spinal cord injury; micturition reflex; spinal cord repair”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the process of reconstructing the bladder micturition reflex, there are many factors involved, including the repair and reconstruction of the injured spinal cord, the remodeling of micturition center, the changes of bladder tissue and substances and hormones in and out of the body. In this process, there are mainly the following problems: (1) As a complex process, there are many sites involved in the reconstruction of the micturition reflex, so the main sites of action can be selected for in-depth study, so as to break through the doubts existing in the reconstruction of the micturition reflex pathway. (2) The mechanism of the normal micturition reflex is complex. After spinal cord transection injury, whether the central nucleus mass controlling or participating in the micturition reflex is compensated and the corresponding compensatory mechanism needs to be further investigated. (3) Information communication between the center and the bladder is interrupted after spinal cord transection injury. Whether there is a direct information connection between the center and the bladder remains to be further investigated. (4) The relationship between reconstructing micturition reflex and body fluid after spinal cord transection injury needs further study. In the reconstruction of the bladder micturition reflex, the key treatment is to promote spinal cord repair, nerve reflex reconstruction, substance metabolism and bladder tissue structure adjustment through intervention. Chinese medicine and Western medicine have their methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dong qi, referring to beating beside the navel, was proposed for the first time by Nan Jing. "Beating above the navel" " beating below the navel", and "beating below the heart" in Shanghan Lun all belong to the category of Dong qi. The pathogenesis of Dong qi can be learned from Shanghan Lun. Yang deficiency of the heart, spleen, and kidney, with qi failing to transform body fluids, results in fluid retention. Fluid retention is the key etiological factor of Dong qi. Although there is an exterior pattern with Dong qi, the exterior-releasing and purgative method cannot be used for treatment, or the patient will be impaired of yang and exhausted of yin, fluid circulation will be disturbed, and so on. Reinforcing yang qi to drain water retention is the treatment principle of Dong qi. The coupled medicines of Fuling and Guizhi were commonly used by ZHANG Zhongjing to treat Dong qi. This reflects the treatment principle of strengthening the spleen and warming yang for transforming qi to circulate body fluids. ZHANG Bi, a physician from the Yuan Dynasty who learned from ZHANG Zhongjing, thought that the treatment of Dong qi was based on the method of cultivating earth to restrain water and taking into account the ascending, descending, entering, and exiting of qi of the liver, heart, lung, and kidney while tonifying the spleen, and then created Baoming Siqi Powder (Zhiqiao, Fuling, Fangkui, and Qianhu Powder) for the treatment of Dong qi, which is of great significance to the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of “stomach-kidney correlation” begins with the Acupoints for Water-Disease and Heat-Disease in Plain Questions. The current research is mostly based on the kidney and stomach, one of which is the gate. In fact, the dispute on it shows the different thoughts of the relationship between the stomach and the kidney from doctors, which has its own angle and complements each other. The conclusion is drawn by tracing the theory of “stomach-kidney correlation”, combined with the inheritance and development of the theory by doctors, in order to provide ideas for clinical treatment of various diseases based on the theory of treating stomach from kidney and treating kidney from stomach. “Kidney is the gate of stomach” emphasizes the role of kidney in the distribution and metabolism of body fluids, water and food. The kidney is the gate of the water injection of stomach and the descending of stomach qi. “Stomach is the gate of kidney” highlights the helps of stomach to kidney in terms of qi and body fluid. The stomach is the gate of the generation and transformation of kidney qi and the help to kidney water. Whether the kidney water is sufficient, first reflected in the stomach. When the kidney water dries up, it needs helps from the stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dryness, as an important concept of etiology and pathogenesis in traditional Chinese medicine, is generally believed to be caused by hot injury and body fluid drying up. The understanding of “dryness due to yang decline” is still insufficient, and the clinical treatments are also limited. The description of dryness in the seven chapters on Yunqi accounts for nearly 90% of the whole Huangdi Neijing; whether dryness is matched with cold-jin or the climate, phenology and diseases affected by dryness are characterized by Yang decline, and whether dryness syndrome is treated with drugs with warm or hot properties, all treatment strategies are based on the gradual decline of Yang qi as the fundamental attribute of dryness. By systematically elucidating the close relationship between dryness and coolness and exploring the treatment of dryness due to yang decline by other researchers, we hope to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research on dryness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver is the master of vitality and an important barrier for maintaining good health. Abdominal masses are the products of abnormal transport and transformation of qi, blood, and body fluids. Masses in the liver are the results of the accumulation and dispersion of abdominal masses in the liver. The relationship among zang-fu, qi, blood, body fluids, and abdominal masses is the origin of masses in the liver. Masses in the liver refer to the tangible accumulation in the liver and a pathological form and state of the disease that is in the process of continuous metaplasia and mutation. Qi disease is the early lesion of masses in the liver, which derives from a change of accumulation and dispersion, and the conflict between healthy qi and pathogenic qi. Zang-fu, qi, blood, body fluids, body and mind are the carriers of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and holistic health preservation. The main treatments are as follows: strengthening the spleen, supplementing kidney qi and reinforcing vital qi and removing stasis to treat zang-fu organs; dispelling intangible evil qi and tangible masses, soothing liver qi, removing stasis and cancer toxin to harmonize qi and blood; and removing stagnation, harmonizing qi and blood and calming the mind to coordinate body and mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium alloys have good biocompatibility and degradation properties, and have a wide application prospect in the biomedical field, but the poor corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys has become a bottleneck that restricts their popularization and application. In this paper, for graphene nanoplatelets(GNPs) reinforced magnesium alloy AZ31 + xGNPs (x=0%,0. 1%,0. 3%,0. 6 %), metallographic microscopy (OM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Disperse Spectroscopy (EDS), weight loss experiments and electrochemical were carried out. The experiments were conducted to explore the effects of graphene on the corrosion performance of magnesium alloy AZ31 in Simulate Bodily Fluids (SBF). The experimental results showed that the addition of graphene (GNPs) did not change the physical phase of the original magnesium alloy, but refined the AZ31 magnesium alloy grains and improved the inhomogeneity of grain size distribution. With the increase of graphene content, the weight loss of AZ31 magnesium alloy in the SBF simulated body fluid decreased, the corrosion rate decreased, the corrosion potential increased and the corrosion current density decreased. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of graphene-reinforced magnesium alloy AZ31 in SBF simulated body fluid was enhanced and increased with the increase of graphene (GNPs) content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typical clinical symptom of fibromyalgia syndrome(FMS) is systemic diffuse pain, which is diverse in nature and cannot be relieved by rest. Additionally, most patients have sleep disorder, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction. Based on the brain-heart-liver axis with Du meridian as the pivot, the pathogenesis of FMS is discussed here. It was considered that the invasion of muscles by wind, cold, damp, and heat was the external cause of the onset of disease, while the marrow reduced brain and the blood withered tendons as the root of the disease onset. The function of the brain is regarded as the master of all of the activities of the body, the essence of the five internal organs is the material basis of brain, and the harmony of qi and blood in the five internal organs result in the formation of body fluid; mental activities then arise naturally. For this type of disease with a constitution-mentality basis, the treatment should address the regulation of physical and psychological aspects, examine the syndrome, seek the cause, and then perform treatment according to syndrome differentiation. By adjusting the physical body to nourish the spirit, smooth the spirit to adjust the physical body, and by adjusting the balance of qi, blood, yin, and yang, the body can recover the spirit, the body is harmonized, and the muscles and tendons relax to relieve pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis theory of cancer toxin is a system for differentiating and treating cancer toxin established by our team on the basis of the academic thought of cancer toxin proposed by Zhou Zhongying, a master of traditional Chinese medicine. It elaborates the pathogenesis and evolution rule of tumor occurrence and development with cancer toxin as the center, and provides important guidance for clinical tumor differentiation and treatment. According to the pathogenesis theory of cancer toxin, ovarian cancer is located in the uterus and thoroughfare and controlling vessels, and closely related to the liver and kidney. The pathological factors mainly include deficiency, blood stasis, dampness and toxin, among which blood stasis is the focus with toxin contained. The core pathogenesis is deficiency of both liver and kidney and dampness, blood stasis, cancer toxin. The pathogenesis begins with deficiency of the liver and kidney. Then, because of the development of essence, qi and blood deficiency, blood vessels lack nutrition, leading to qi stagnation and blood stasis. As the disease progresses, the body fluid distribution is changed and endogenous dampness combines with blood stasis, which induces the formation of cancer toxin. At last, cancer toxin damages vital qi and aggravates the liver and kidney deficiency. Treatment should focus on the core principle of anti-cancer and detoxification. Removing blood stasis and dispersing dampness are key objective, with nourishment of the liver and kidney as the basis. Based on the pathogenesis theory of cancer toxin and clinical practice, this article explores the pathological factors, core pathogenesis, pathogenesis evolution rules, therapeutic principles and methods of ovarian cancer. This article is mainly aimed at providing new ideas for syndrome differentiation and treatment of ovarian cancer and to further improve the clinical efficacy of ovarian cancer treatment with traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of “ lubricant drugs dredging qiao” is an important clinical theory stating that lubricant drugs are used to open and activate the orifices of the human body and treat the diseases of qiao with adverse body fluid. The modern theory of lubricant drugs is usually regarded as “ using lubricant drugs to nourish qiao” and “ removing and opening the block”. This paper discusses the theory of “lubricant drugs dredging qiao” from the perspectives of theoretical development, promoting qiao, and the application of yinqiao. It is believed that as an important branch of the theory of lubricant drugs, this theory originated from ancient traditional food culture, was influenced by the theory of “qiao”, and was gradually improved by the combination of the theory of qiao and the theory of property and taste of drugs. On the one hand, the role of “dredging” should be emphasized in “lubricant drugs dredging qiao”, and should be related to “nourishing”. In addition, it is also believed that moistening and nourishing means “dredging”, rather than nourishing deficiency alone. On the other hand, it is also emphasized that the theory of “qiao” must be classified carefully. With regard to the diseases of yinqiao, lubricant drugs can be used to dredge the water channel so that the qiao can open, so as to effectively treat stranguria and uroschesis. Further clarifying the connotation, formation, and expansion trend of “ lubricant drugs dredging qiao” is of great value for improving the theoretical system of modern traditional Chinese medicine, expanding the theory of property and taste of drugs, the clinical application of lubricant drugs, and the treatment of urinary system diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Oral anti-tuberculosis drugs have serious systemic side effects after removal of bone and joint tuberculosis lesions. It is imperative to seek a sustained-release drug system that can not only save drug dosage, but also increase local drug concentration in lesions and reduce systemic blood drug concentration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the sustained-release properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement loaded with antituberculosis drugs pyrazinamide, capreomycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin in PBS artificial simulated body fluid. METHODS: Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement Palacos R powder was mixed with antituberculosis drugs pyrazinamide, capreomycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin in the proportion of 40 g:1.5 g and 40 g:2.5 g, respectively. The 20 mL of liquid monomer were added to prepare 8 groups of anti-tuberculosis drugloaded bone cement standard specimens, with 5 samples in each group. In the control group, 40 g bone cement powder and 20 mL liquid monomer were mixed in the same way to prepare 5 standard bone cement samples without drugs. The drug was soaked in PBS and placed in 37 ℃ constant temperature water bath oscillator. The extract was taken at set time points. The drug concentration of each group was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The time of the lowest drug release concentration in PBS artificial simulated body fluid of pyrazinamide 1.5 g group, pyrazinamide 2.5 g group, capreomycin 1.5 g group, capreomycin 2.5 g group, moxifloxacin 1.5 g group, moxifloxacin 2.5 g group, amikacin 1.5 g group and amikacin 2.5 g group was 45, 60, 150, 150, 120, 120, 60 and 90 days, respectively. Among these groups, the capreomycin 1.5 g group, capreomycin 2.5 g group, moxifloxacin 1.5 g group, moxifloxacin 2.5 g group, and amikacin 2.5 g group had a longer drug release period, while the control group had no drug release. (2) It is concluded that polymethyl methacrylate bone cement loaded with capreomycin (1.5 g and 2.5 g), moxifloxacin (1.5 g and 2.5 g), and amikacin (2.5 g) has a long release cycle and good release performance. BACKGROUND: Oral anti-tuberculosis drugs have serious systemic side effects after removal of bone and joint tuberculosis lesions. It is imperative to seek a sustained-release drug system that can not only save drug dosage, but also increase local drug concentration in lesions and reduce systemic blood drug concentration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the sustained-release properties of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement loaded with antituberculosis drugs pyrazinamide, capreomycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin in PBS artificial simulated body fluid. METHODS: Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement Palacos R powder was mixed with antituberculosis drugs pyrazinamide, capreomycin, moxifloxacin, and amikacin in the proportion of 40 g:1.5 g and 40 g:2.5 g, respectively. The 20 mL of liquid monomer were added to prepare 8 groups of anti-tuberculosis drugloaded bone cement standard specimens, with 5 samples in each group. In the control group, 40 g bone cement powder and 20 mL liquid monomer were mixed in the same way to prepare 5 standard bone cement samples without drugs. The drug was soaked in PBS and placed in 37 ℃ constant temperature water bath oscillator. The extract was taken at set time points. The drug concentration of each group was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The time of the lowest drug release concentration in PBS artificial simulated body fluid of pyrazinamide 1.5 g group, pyrazinamide 2.5 g group, capreomycin 1.5 g group, capreomycin 2.5 g group, moxifloxacin 1.5 g group, moxifloxacin 2.5 g group, amikacin 1.5 g group and amikacin 2.5 g group was 45, 60, 150, 150, 120, 120, 60 and 90 days, respectively. Among these groups, the capreomycin 1.5 g group, capreomycin 2.5 g group, moxifloxacin 1.5 g group, moxifloxacin 2.5 g group, and amikacin 2.5 g group had a longer drug release period, while the control group had no drug release. (2) It is concluded that polymethyl methacrylate bone cement loaded with capreomycin (1.5 g and 2.5 g), moxifloxacin (1.5 g and 2.5 g), and amikacin (2.5 g) has a long release cycle and good release performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WU Youke discussed the treatment of epidemic diseases in Wenyi Lun ( Treatise on Warm Pestilence), proposing that various kinds of qi are the pathogenic factors of diseases and emphasizing the importance of healthy qi by stating that sufficient healthy qi can prevent the invasion of pathogenic qi. Reinforcing healthy qi is key to epidemic treatment, and treatment varies according to age, sex, constitution, and syndromes. During the struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic qi, healthy qi must be reinforced and pathogenic factors must be simultaneously and appropriately removed. For a combined deficiency and excess pattern, reinforcement and reduction method should be used alternately. He also proposed tonifying method that should not be used, such as ginseng and largehead atractylodes rhizome. He also emphasized the regulation and tonification of epidemics in later stages, the nourishment of stomach qi, the need for a proper diet, and the need to secure body fluids to nourish yin and strength healthy qi. His theory serves as a reference for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postpartum arthralgia belongs to the category of “arthralgia syndrome” in traditional Chinese medicine, in which clinical syndromes are mostly characterized by “multiple deficiency and much blood stasis” after childbirth. Treatment method includes tonifying deficiency and reducing excess. Xuanfu and collaterals are not only all over the body, but also subtle and difficult to observe. They interact with each other and connect the internal and external body. They are not only the functional channels for transporting qi, blood, and body fluids, but also key disease sites for the invasion of external evils, phlegm and blood stasis, and other evils. Therefore, based on the theoretical system of “ Xuanfucollaterals”, in the present paper we clarify the physiological functions of unblocked Xuanfu, vigorous collaterals, recuperated nutrient blood and defensive qi, and healthy internal organs. It is proposed that the impermanence of opening and closing of the Xuanfu, the impermanence of the collaterals, and the disharmony of the nutrient blood and defensive qi are the basic pathogenesis of postpartum paralysis. Clinically, treatment is based on opening the Xuanfu and relieving the blood stasis, tonifying deficiency and dredging collaterals, and reconciling nutrient blood and defensive qi. This study provides new ideas for understanding and treating postpartum paralysis at the microstructure level of traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlegm-dampness constitution is formed by the stagnation and condensation of water and body fluid. It is a constitution type characterized by viscosity, stagnation, and turbidity, and is the common soil of various metabolic diseases. “ Spleen being in charge of the defensive function” is a highly generalizing abstraction of the spleen’s function in preventing disease and removing pathogenic factors. Dysfunction of the spleen is an essential pathological factor in the metabolic disorder of phlegm-dampness constitution. However, its microscopic mechanism is still unclear. “ Spleen being in charge of the defensive function” and intestinal mucosal immunity have homogenous academic connotations. From the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, a new scientific interpretation can be made for the theory of the “spleen being in charge of the defensive function” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Phlegmdampness constitution is associated with a low degree of chronic inflammation, which can further develop into insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. Intestinal mucosal immune dysfunction plays a crucial role in this pathogenic process. Based on the theory of “spleen being in charge of the defensive function”, the therapeutic method of replenishing qi and strengthening the spleen can be used to effectively regulate intestinal mucosal immunity and improve metabolic disorders, providing a new scientific basis and therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of phlegm-dampness constitution and the treatment of related diseases, which is beneficial to clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles can control the inflammatory response by participating in immunomodulation of intercellular signaling, while also repairing periodontal tissue and promoting periodontal tissue regeneration. The application of this technology to the preventive diagnosis and tissue regeneration of chronic periodontitis is expected to become a method of cell-free tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To review the synthesis and secretion of extracellular vesicles, biological function, relationship with chronic periodontitis, and recent advances in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of chronic periodontitis. METHODS: The first author applied the computer to search for relevant studies involving extracellular vesicles in the prevention and treatment of chronic periodontitis in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI. The search keywords were “extracellular vesicle, exosome, periodontal disease, immunomodulatory, outermembrane vesicles, bone regeneration” in Chinese and English. The retrieval time was from April 2014 to October 2021. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Extracellular vesicles are balloon-like bodies that can be produced by almost all cells, which are widely present in various body fluids, and are rich in proteins, lipids and genetic material on the surface, which affect the biological behavior of target cells by mediating information transfer between cells. On the one hand, the inflammatory response of chronic periodontitis is inseparable from the mediation of extracellular vesicles secreted by bacteria, which can be used as a biomarker to diagnose and evaluate chronic periodontitis; on the other hand, the new chronic periodontitis vaccine made by extracellular vesicles has initially been effective, and the extracellular vesicles containing information molecules can also participate in regulating the immune response and promoting the repair and regeneration of periodontal tissue. Therefore, in the field of tissue damage repair and regeneration of chronic periodontitis, extracellular vesicles are a new and potential cell-free therapy, but their extraction, purification and safety are still challenges to be overcome before clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphedema belongs to the category of “foot wind” and “elephantiasis” in traditional Chinese medicine, which is mostly dampness and evil stasis in the initial stage, qi stagnation and blood stasis for a long time, followed by phlegm and dampness accumulation. Xuanfu and collaterals, as the microstructure of running qi, blood, and body fluid described in traditional Chinese medicine, are widely involved in the pathological process of lymphedema, such as the obstruction of qi, stagnation of qi, mutual knot of phlegm and blood stasis, and fire and heat. This process is consistent with the process of lymphedema described in Western medicine, that is, lymphatic reflux disturbance, inflammatory reaction, fat hyperplasia, and interstitial fibrosis. Lymphedema is difficult to heal, this paper aims to combine the microstructure of Xuanfu-collaterals with the overall concept of traditional Chinese medicine to treat lymphedema from the perspective of opening Xuanfu and dredging collaterals, and this work will serve to provide a new direction for the treatment of lymphedema in traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dryness and dampness reflect the change of climate in nature. For the human body, they can refer to the rise and fall of body fluid in two states. They seem to be opposite and mutually controlled, but in fact they are related, coexist and can be transformed into each other. Clinically, the color and position of ichthyosis scales show the skin lesions characteristic of “extreme dryness similar to wet and extreme wet similar to dryness”, meaning that “dryness and dampness coming from the same source”. The symptoms and signs of ichthyosis can reflect the combination of dryness and dampness, which means “dryness and dampness causing same disease”. According to the theory of “dryness and dampness from the same source causing same disease”, the core pathogenesis of ichthyosis is considered to be external dryness and internal dampness, or dampness depression and dryness production, or dryness blocking and dampness obstruction, or dryness and dampness interaction. For the treatment of ichthyosis, if the yin is simply raised, the evil of dampness would be more, and the excessive use of warm or dry natured herbs would aggravate yin deficiency, since they complement each other. Therefore, the only choice for treatment is the combination of nourishing yin and drying dampness. Interior dampness should be treated by strengthening the spleen, regulating qi, and mediating middle energizer to remove the evil of dampness, while exterior dryness by opening the sweat pore (xuanfu), nourishing yin and dispersing body fluid to moisten dryness. Based on the theory of “dryness and dampness from the same source causing same disease”, we found the combination of Runfu Decoction and Huacai Yigong Powder is effective in the treatment of ichthyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injury is very common in clinic, but its regeneration rate is very slow. During nerve recovery, muscle atrophy has already occurred irreversibly, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, it is particularly important to find an effective method for the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biological characteristics of exosomes and their mechanisms of involvement in skeletal muscle formation and atrophy, focus on the process of denervated muscle atrophy and the role of exosomes in the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy, providing a new method for the treatment of denervated muscle atrophy. METHODS: Relevant articles were searched on PubMed database with English search words “exosome, skeletal muscle, muscle atrophy, muscle regenerate, peripheral nerve injury, denervation muscle atrophy”. Related articles were searched on Wanfang and CNKI databases, and the Chinese search words were “exosome, skeletal muscle, peripheral nerve injury, muscle atrophy, muscle regeneration, nerve repair, denervated muscle atrophy”, and some articles were searched with literature retrospective method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes are widely distributed in all kinds of body fluids. They act on recipient cells through paracrine or autocrine and affect the phenotype of recipient cells. (2) The main function of exosomes in muscle may be related to the delivery of RNA. Exosomal miRNAs secreted or ingested by muscle cells are involved in muscle development, growth, adaptation and regeneration. (3) After peripheral nerve injury, muscle loses its motor control and nutritional support, and then apoptosis and proteolysis increase, leading to muscle atrophy. (4) Exosomes from different cell sources repair injured nerves directly or indirectly, thereby alleviating muscle atrophy. It has been preliminarily confirmed that exosomes may also mediate the expression regulation of related regenerative genes in a miRNA-dependent manner to promote neural regeneration. Therefore, exosomes can act on nerve cells and delay denervated muscle atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blood, body fluid and other samples of patients collected by clinical laboratory can be detected to find disease markers through different methods, so as to provide clinicians with an important basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, curative effect and prognosis. LC-MS/MS is an analytical instrument with high sensitivity, high specificity, high resolution and high efficiency. In recent years, with the improvement of instrument sensitivity, LC-MS/MS showed great superiority, practicability and development potential in analytical and clinical practices, thus many diseases can be diagnosed accurately, quickly and sensitively in the early stage. For example, LC-MS/MS was used for neonatal screening, and it could screen more than 30 disease markers including various amino acids and carnitine simultaneously. Comparing with immunoassay, LC-MS/MS applied to endocrine hormones can simultaneously determine a variety of analytes and provide structural information of analytes. It has the advantages of high throughput and high specificity. Due to the expensive instruments and the cost of training, only a few clinical laboratories have the ability to develop and verify LC-MS/MS method. Based on the inherent limitations of the instrument, such as matrix effect and ion suppression effect, the efficiency of the method was decreased, resulting in challenges in the process of method development. In addition, the technical levels of different clinical laboratories are uneven, so it is necessary to establish corresponding reference measurement methods and reference ranges for clinical analysis. The standardization of quantitative results is significant for laboratory to build the traceability system. The research progress of the application of LC-MS/MS in clinical practices was introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of the application of LC-MS/MS in neonatal screening, vitamin D detection, endocrine hormone detection, therapeutic drug concentration monitoring and protein quantitative analysis were discussed in the review. Finally the possible challenges and the recent advancement that clinical laboratories may confront in the application of LC-MS/MS were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of nanoscience and technology provides a new method for the synthesis of food-related nanoparticles (FNP),the FNP has great potential in the research and application of food science. In addition to the artificially synthesized FNP used in food additives, the discovery of endogenous food-borne nanoparticles generated during food processing has made it more important to study the safety of FNP in the body. Studies have found that FNP can adsorb proteins during the transportation of body fluids, forming protein corona on the surface. Protein corona affects the physical and chemical properties of FNP and the structure and function of proteins, which in turn affects a series of biological reactions. This article reviewed the basic situation of FNP protein corona, expounded the effects of protein corona on the properties, protein structure and function of FNP,and the effects of protein corona on FNP cellular internalization, cytotoxicity and immune response. Understanding the influence of protein corona was of great significance for evaluating the biological effects of FNP and physicochemical and biological information about the interaction between proteins and FNP. Finally, the future research directions of food-related nanoparticles protein corona were prospected. This paper will systematically evaluate the safety of protein coronas formed by nanoparticles in food, and provide basic information for understanding and controlling food-related nanotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Recently, the complexity of malignant tumors has been revealed following the rapid expansion of the knowledge system of genomics, and the treatment of tumors has shifted from tumor type-oriented therapy to gene-oriented therapy, which is based on biomarker analysis. Great efforts have proved that tumor molecular profiles from patients are capable to improve the selection of personalized treatment options, as well as monitoring of treatment response, drug resistance and tumor recurrence. Liquid biopsy, a method to analyze the genome and other data contained in tumor-derived materials in body fluids, can obtain detailed information about the characteristics of individual patient's tumors, providing new ideas for precision treatment. In the precise treatment of breast cancer, liquid biopsy can predict survival prognosis, detect minimal residual disease (MRD), monitor treatment efficacy, and play a role in (neo)adjuvant treatment and rescue treatment. Although the research of liquid biopsy in the precise treatment of breast cancer has made remarkable progress, there are still some problems, and more work is needed to further improve the technology. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of liquid biopsy in the precision therapy of breast cancer in recent years, and the future trend of liquid biopsy is forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the guidance of the traditional pattern differentiation system of wei, qi, ying and blood, most TCM doctors believe that a critical condition appears when the pathogenic factor enters the blood level in the development of warm diseases, while ignore that it could also occur in a qi level pattern. Based on Professor Jiang Liangduo's new view that " severe warm diseases could occur at qi level" developed based on his experience in the prevention and treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), combined with the theory of " differentiation and treatment based on one ' s body condition", this paper elaborates on the theoretical basis, pathogenesis evolution, prevention and treatment method of severe warm diseases at qi level, and points out that the occurrence of severe warm diseases at qi level is closely related to the physiological dysfunction of lung qi. Thus, this paper summarizes the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 cases at qi level as follows: dampness toxic epidemic pathogenic factors attack the lung, damaging the lung and making it unable to disperse and descend qi and body fluids as normal. The debilitated lung qi can neither promote body fluid circulation nor constrain fluids, which in turn leads to the expiry of lung qi. Correspondingly, the main principle of treatment is to diffuse the lung, replenish lung qi and constrain body fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of nanoscience and technology provides a new method for the synthesis of food-related nanoparticles（FNP）,the FNP has great potential in the research and application of food science. In addition to the artificially synthesized FNP used in food additives, the discovery of endogenous food-borne nanoparticles generated during food processing has made it more important to study the safety of FNP in the body. Studies have found that FNP can adsorb proteins during the transportation of body fluids, forming protein corona on the surface. Protein corona affects the physical and chemical properties of FNP and the structure and function of proteins, which in turn affects a series of biological reactions. This article reviewed the basic situation of FNP protein corona, expounded the effects of protein corona on the properties, protein structure and function of FNP,and the effects of protein corona on FNP cellular internalization, cytotoxicity and immune response. Understanding the influence of protein corona was of great significance for evaluating the biological effects of FNP and physicochemical and biological information about the interaction between proteins and FNP. Finally, the future research directions of food-related nanoparticles protein corona were prospected. This paper will systematically evaluate the safety of protein coronas formed by nanoparticles in food, and provide basic information for understanding and controlling food-related nanotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to screen out a probiotic strain with fermented feed and bacteriostatic performance from the intestinal tract of cattle and sheep in Inner Mongolia, to analyze the biological characteristics of the strain. The results showed that one probiotic strain was screened and named as N9301. The biological characteristics were preliminarily determined as Streptococcus faecalis. Normal growth at pH value 4.2~9.2 could antagonize virulent Salmonella and virulent Escherichia coli. Through the analysis of antibacterial properties, there was determined that the ammonium sulfate saturation required for the crude bacteriocin of N9301 was 70%, and the antibacterial activity of the supernatant was the best after 16 h fermentation. The gel filtration peak solution was subjected to protein gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to prove that the molecular weight was less than 10 kDa. The crude extract of bacteriocin from Streptococcus faecalis N9301 had thermal stability (100 °C, 30 min), acid-base stability (pH value 2~1.3) and the antibacterial activity decreased after treatment with protease K, trypsin and pepsin, while α-amylase had no effect on antibacterial activity. The experiment indicates that Streptococcus faecalis N9301 has good bacteriostatic effect, and the bacteritin crude body fluid produced has strong acid-base stability and heat stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cure rate of gastric cancer, a highly aggressive digestive tract malignancy, can reach more than 90%, if it can be treated by surgery at the early stage. However, due to the lack of obvious symptoms and sensitive tumor markers in the early stage of gastric cancer, nearly 80% of gastric cancer patients in China are in advanced stage when first diagnosed. As an emerging molecular detection technology, liquid biopsy is noninvasive, quick, economic and reproducible, and has better sensitivity and specificity than serological tumor markers. It can also detect tumor in advance of pathological biopsy, which brings a bright light for early detection and risk assessment of gastric cancer. Yet, liquid biopsy has not been widely used in clinic due to many factors. One of the main reasons is that most samples of traditional liquid biopsies are from patient's blood (including plasma and serum), and the low concentration of cancer-derived components in the blood samples limits the ability of liquid biopsy to detect and warn occurrence or recurrence of early cancer. Recent research has further expanded the concept of liquid biopsies, finding that biopsies derived from fluids other than blood, called non-blood derived liquid biopsy, can better screen, diagnose and monitor tumors, promising to advance the use of liquid biopsies for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, by searching the relevant literature in recent years, we analyzed the advantages and challenges of non-blood derived liquid biopsy compared with traditional liquid biopsy, and reviewed the research advances of liquid biopsy derived from saliva, gastric juice, gastric wash and urine in gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peptidomics is an extension of proteomics. The target of peptidomicsis endogenous peptides with molecular weight less than 10 ku in organs, tissues, cells and body fluids. Body fluid peptides contain abundant pathological and physiological information of human. The studies of body fluid peptides as biomarkers had attracted tremendous attentions since they were proposed in 2000. This review covered the research methods of peptidomics and the development and application of three kinds of body fluid peptidome biomarkers, which pointed out the versatility of peptidomics. The disadvantages of using peptide molecular weight as biomarkers were also discussed. It indicated that some uncertainty might be introduced in each step of peptide analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the release characteristic of meropenem bone cement in vitro, so as to provide reference for clinical application. METHODS: Meropenem was added into bone cement with a mould to make bone cement implant containing meropenem 10%(W/W) and immersed in a modified simulated body fluid at 37 ℃. The sampling time points were set by isometric leaching method, the concentration of leaching solution was measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to observe the release pattern of meropenem bone cement implant. RESULTS: The peak value of drug-release of meropenem bone cement grain occurred at 2 h, followed by gradual decrease of drug-releasing rate, and the cumulative releasing amount at 19 h had reached 92. 37% of the overall releasing amount, the cumulative releasing rate reached 6. 00% at 24 d. The in vitro release characteristic fitted the Weibull equation mold (r = 0. 915 1). CONCLUSIONS: The meropenem bone cement have delayed release characteristics, which mainly concentrates on the first 72 h, with little release in the later period. The result of this study can provide a reference for the clinical application of meropenem in the treatment of bone infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of goal-directed fluid management (GDFT) on hemodynamics, tissue perfusion index and liver and kidney function in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer. Methods: From July 2016 to April 2019, 84 patients who underwent laparoscopic rectal cancer radical operation in our hospital were selected, they were randomly divided into control group (n=42) and study group (n=42) according to the method of digital random table. The patients in the control group were given routine infusion plan, and the patients in the study group were given GDFT treatment. The perioperative indexes, body fluid volume, hemodynamics, tissue perfusion indexes, liver and kidney functional of the two groups were compared. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in pneumoperitoneum time, operation time, hospitalization time, anesthesia time (P>0. 05) and the recovery time of gastrointestinal function in the study group was shorter than that in the control group (P<0.05). The amount of crystal fluid and total infusion in the study group were less than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the amount of colloid fluid and urine were more than those in the control group (P<0.05). The heart rate (HR) at the time point (T4) after induction was lower in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) at T2 time point was higher in the study group than in the control group, 1 hour from operation T3 and T4 time point MAP were lower than the control group (P<0.05). The arterial lactate (aLac) and blood glucose (Glu) of the study group were lower than those of the control group at T2-T4, and the central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) in the study group at T3-T4 was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in glutamic oxaloacetylase (AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Urea nitrogen(BUN) and creatinine(Cr) between the two groups before operation, 3d after operation and 7d after operation (P>0.05). ALT, AST, BUN and Cr of patients in the two groups increased and then decreased 3d after operation and 7d after operation (P<0.05). Conclusions: GDFT has the same effect on liver and kidney function as conventional infusion in laparoscopic rectal cancer radical operation, but GDFT can maintain the stability of hemodynamics, and has a better improvement effect on tissue perfusion and fluid circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the degradation characteristics of the biodegradable cervical intervertebral fusion cage [made of polycaprolactone(PCL) and 茁-tricalcium phosphate(茁-TCP) with a mass ratio of 5:5] prepared by 3D printing technology, which provides theoretical basis for clinical application. Methods: The prepared fusion cage was immersed in simulated body fluid, placed in a 37 ℃ incubator, and the immersion solution was changed every two weeks. According to the different immersion time, it was divided into six groups: blank control group, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 26 weeks, 52 weeks group. Every cage of each group was dried by vacuum drying at room temperature before and after soaking, then its weight was measured by the same balance, and the weight loss and weight loss rate were calculated. The molecular weight of PCL in each cage was analyzed by gel permeation chromatograph, and the compressive strength was tested by INSTRON universal testing machine. In the blank control group, the samples were placed in sealed containers at room temperature, weighed initially and tested for molecular weight and compressive strength. After 52 weeks, the weight loss rate, molecular weight and compressive strength were calculated. Results: The initial compressive strength of this kind of degradable intervertebral fusion cage was (23.21± 2.28 MPa), and the strength did not decrease significantly (18.99± 0.49 MPa) after 52 weeks of degradation in vitro (P>0.05); the weight loss rate was about 9.23% after 52 weeks(P<0.05), and the molecular weight of PCL decreased from around 100,000 dropped to around 70,000(P<0.05). Conclusion: The biodegradable intervertebral fusion cage has moderate compressive strength and can be maintained for a long time, which meets the requirements of clinical application. It can be degraded slowly in vitro, and its biodegradation and absorption characteristics in vivo are evaluated to be good. Therefore, its application in human intervertebral fusion surgery is feasible and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, the suture has been the practice of choice for wound management, which held the tissues in close proximity for fast healing and stopped body fluid leakage. However, the suture is not ideal and not suitable for many procedures owing to the inherent invasion of sutures. Complete sealing of incisions by sutures may cause additional damage to the surrounding tissues of surgical sites. In addition, the incision closure using sutures requires a specific technical skill of the surgeons, which influences the duration and success of the operation. Moreover, the suture-enclosed wounds have a higher infection rate and face the subsequent removal of the suture. To solve these problems, medical adhesives have emerged as attractive alternatives to suturing due to their facile application. The medical adhesive is an atraumatic, fast, and painless method for wound management, which exhibits effective hemostasis, efficient prevention of body fluid leakage, strong tissue bonding, and minimal scarring. Surgical materials for medical adhesives should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and inexpensive. In this regard, bioadhesive hydrogels have attracted growing attention owing to excellent properties, including high adhesive strength and fast curing capability. The preparation methods of bioadhesive hydrogels are summarized in this review. The adhesion mechanism of bioadhesive hydrogel is usually the combination of multiple interactions with one interaction being dominant. In addition, the biomedical applications of bioadhesive hydrogels are introduced, and the development of bioadhesive hydrogels with unique properties is also predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in mediating cardiovascular system to adapt the metabolic demands of the muscle activity, and is an important presenter and supporter of physical activity. OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze the possible effects of exercise intensity, exercise modality, and exercise duration on autonomic nervous system regulation during and after exercise through reviewing the related literature on the autonomic nervous system and heart rate variability assessment of autonomic nervous system, so as to understand the mechanisms that meet the metabolic needs of physical activities. METHODS: PubMed and CNKI databases were searched using the keywords of "autonomic nerves system, heart rate variability, exercise intensity, exercise modality, exercise duration" in English and Chinese, respectively. The studies published from 1999 to 2018 were retrieved. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cardiac autonomic neuromodulation is evaluated by heart rate variability index based on RR interval changes. Heart rate variability is a sensitive marker that reflects the co-regulation of cardiac function in sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic (vagal) nerves in the autonomic nervous system. In addition, the heart rate variability signals contain a large amount of regulatory information, including cardiovascular system, hormones and body fluids. Therefore, the mechanism of exercise-induced cardiac autonomic nervous system adaptation is still unclear. Exercise intensity may be the main factor affecting the regulation of cardiac autonomic nervous system during and after exercise. The training parameters such as exercise form and duration, as well as their interaction effects, may affect the adaptive process of cardiac autonomic nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are widely distributed in a variety of body fluids, carrying a large number of active substances, such as mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins and lipids. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression at the post transcriptional level, and are extensively involved in henogenesis and development. Exosome-derived miRNAs have a variety of biological functions, playing important roles in tumor progression, metastasis, drug resistance and immune regulation. Accumulating studies have shown that miRNAs derived from exosomes can potentially be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis. In addition, as natural carriers for material transportation, exosomes have been used as drug delivery systems for treating tumors. In this article, the research progress in exosome-derived miRNAs in liver cancer and their clinical applications were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were in-depth studies and discussions on phlegm-fluid retention by many physicians at ancient times, among them Zhu Danxi’s doctrine of phlegm-fluid retention was the most famous with a considerable influence on later generations. Zhang Jingyue realized the quintessence of Zhu’s doctrine and dared to innovate. He put forward his own unique understandings on phlegm-fluid retention combined with his clinical experience and Zhu’s doctrine, and had made a tremendous contribution to the development of diagnosis and treatment of phlegm-fluid retention. This paper discusses the exposition about phlegm-fluid retention in Danxi Xinfa (Danxi’s Experiential Therapy) and Jingyue Quanshu (Complete Works of Jingyue), and sorts out the similarities and differences between them after comparing and integrating their academic thought and features. The authors hope to get the true essence of doctrine of phlegm-fluid retention and provide guide for treatment of phlegm-fluid retention diseases in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the humoral and cellular immunity function in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) complicating pulmonary TB . Methods Totally 107 patients with COPD complicating pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) treated in our hospital from January 2012 to August 2015 were selected as the observation group ,contemporaneous 120 patients with simple pulmonary TB were selected as the pulmonary TB group and 120 healthy old people as the control group. The indexes of humoral and cellular immunity functions were analyzed in 3 groups. Results (1)The humoral immune indexes of CD3-CD16+CD56+,CD4,CD8 and CD4/CD8 had statistical difference among three groups,in which the observation group had highest CD3-CD16+CD56+,followed by the pulmonary TB group and the control group was the lowest;the levels of CD4 and CD4/CD8 in the obser vation group and the pulmonary TB group were significantly lower than those in the control group with statistical difference(P<0.05).(2)The IgA level in the control group was significantly lower than that in the observation group and the pulmonary TB group,the difference was statistical significant(P<0.05).(3)The sIL-2R and IFN-γlevels had statistically significant difference among 3 groups(P<0.05);the IL-6 and TNF-αlevels in the observation group and the pulmonary TB group were significantly higher than those in the control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The humoral and cellu-lar immunity function in the patients with COPD complicating pulmonary TB is significantly decreased , their immune system damage degree is more serious than that of the patients with simple pulmonary TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]