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(1) Background--The key state-owned forest areas are unique regions formed under the specific historical periods and special development strategies, and the reform of their governance system is crucial to ecological protection, sustainable development and social well-being in the new era. Although the reform of the state-owned forest areas has lasted for many years, there are still some problems such as dysfunctional institutional reform, stagnant industrial development and imperfect livelihood guarantee. (2) Methods--Taking Yichun Forest Industry Group in Heilongjiang Province as an example, this paper integrated resources, systems and social capitals into the analysis framework, and used the method of multiple case studies to compare and analyze the two reform modes of complete integration of the government and enterprises with the incomplete integration of the government and enterprises. The reform mechanisms and realistic dilemmas in the process of separating the government from enterprises were explored by setting SES (Social-ecological System) key variables in eight typical cases extracted from the four forestry bureaus. (3) Results--First, although the two reform modes of separating the government from enterprises had their own characteristics, in general, the reform of separating the government from enterprises led to the reshaping of the institutional environment and the changes in the authorities and responsibilities of the local governments and forest industry enterprises. However, the deep-rooted "system of units" and the deepening of path dependence limited the smooth implementation of the reform. Second, the reform process of separating the government from enterprises was externally influenced by the completeness of the supporting policies for reform, and internally constrained by the resources allocation rights, relative discourse rights and interdependence of the actors and governance systems, which affected the action stages by affecting the allocation mechanism of the reform costs. Third, the separation of the government from enterprises involved multiple stakeholders, including the government, enterprises, employees, etc., which would inevitably lead to the reconstruction of interest relations. In the post-reform period, it also faced the dilemmas such as unclear boundaries of the government and enterprises functions, insufficient support of the reform-related supporting policies, and difficult balance in the resettlement of the forest employees, which restricted the release of reform dividends. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--First, the local governments need to adjust their roles and responsibilities from those of administrators in the past to those of market regulators and service providers. At the same time, we should establish the value concept of overall co-governance and shape a mature cooperative governance structure. Second, since the reform of separating the government from enterprises affects the action stages of the local governments and forest industry enterprises, it is necessary to reasonably determine the sharing mechanism of reform costs and coordinate funding channels. For the public services undertaken by the enterprises in the transitional period, the government can share the relevant costs by purchasing socialized services. Third, after the separation of the government from enterprises, the forest workers have changed from the original "unit people" to enterprise employees. In the face of the rapidly changing development situation, the forest employees should continue to carry forward the forest industry spirit of hard work and daring to venture, actively face the market, go to the market and integrate into the market, constantly learn new vocational skills, and create "gold mountains and silver mountains" through diversified channels while managing and protecting the "clear waters and green mountains". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background--Global land use changes from 1960 to 2019 have affected nearly 32% of the earth's land area and these changes have obscured different trajectories of policy responses in many regions. Assessing the dynamic changes of land use types in 40 state-owned forest industry enterprises in Heilongjiang Province in different periods is helpful to understand the logical law between land use dynamics and economic and social policy development of state-owned forest industry enterprises, and is helpful to rationally adjust the ecological land layout based on the ecological and resource advantages of state-owned forest areas. (2) Methods--The land cover data of 40 state-owned forest industry enterprises affiliated to China Longjiang Forestry Industry Group Co., Ltd. and Heilongjiang Yichun Forestry Industry Group Co., Ltd. from 2006 to 2020 used in this paper came from European Space Agency Climate Change Institute (ESACCI). Six main types of land use were identified and their respective areas were extracted by using ArcGIS tool for supervision classification and visual interpretation. On this basis, the land use transfer matrix was used to calculate the area change of land use type conversion of the state-owned forest industry enterprises from 2006 to 2020, and the current situation of land use in the state-owned forest areas was analyzed according to the spatial and temporal differences of the scale and direction of land use transfer change in different regions. (3) Results--Forest resources in the state-owned forest areas have been effectively protected under the background of ecological civilization construction. From 2006 to 2019, the ecological protection and restoration of natural forests in the state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang Province have achieved remarkable results. The area of forestland increased by 33 791'85hm², and the proportion of new dynamic forestland area reached 29'48%. However, the area transferred from ecological land to construction land from 2006 to 2020 was about 2'10 times that of construction land to ecological land. Especially from 2014 to 2018, the transfer between various land use types was the most frequent, and the policy of completely stopping commercial logging in natural forests had a direct impact on the change of land use structure in the state-owned forest areas. In addition, there were significant differences in land use competition and tradeoff between Longjiang forest industry and Yichun forest industry. The degree of land use transfer change of the state-owned forest industry enterprises affiliated to Yichun forest industry was relatively stable, while the transfer and change of land use types of Longjiang forest industry were more frequent. There were great differences in the direction and quantity of land use transfer in different regions. The total output value of the state-owned forest industry enterprises with a higher proportion of ecological land use was relatively high. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--First, clarify the function of land use through detailed spatial and temporal layout in the planning, improve the efficiency of land use and the quality of land use system through policy guidance. Second, fully consider the transition stage of land use in the regions where the forest industry enterprises are located, and strengthen and highlight the integration relationship between the main land use types and the regional ecosystems. Third, pay high attention to the land use types represented by grasslands that are significantly reduced in the short term, and take reasonable measures to protect and restore them. Fourth, ecological land should not be excessively occupied, and the governance and distribution efficiency of all land use factors should be considered as a whole to maximize the overall and long-term interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background--With the blurring and disappearing of industrial boundaries, industrial integration has become an important direction of industrial development and transformation. The integrated development of agriculture and forestry has played an important role in promoting the transformation and economic development of the key state-owned forest areas. (2) Methods--The research data was collected from the "China Forestry and Grassland Statistical Yearbook" from 2011 to 2020 and the "Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook" from 2012 to 2021. Based on the statistical data from 2011 to 2020, this paper used the industrial coupling model to measure the integration degree of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang and analyzed the factors influencing the integration degree of agriculture and forestry by principal component analysis. (3) Results--First, the industrial scale of agriculture and forestry integration was the most important factor to promote the integration of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas. Second, the technical level could promote the integration of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas to a certain extent. Third, the effect of forestry industry structure on the integration of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas was limited. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--According to the research results, the following conclusions are drawn: First, the industrial contribution of agriculture and forestry integration in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang showed an increasing trend year by year from 2011 to 2017, reaching a maximum of 26.001 in 2017, and a decreasing trend year by year from 2017 to 2019. The degree of agriculture and forestry integration in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang increased year by year from 2011 to 2018, reaching a maximum of 16.101% in 2018, and showing a downward trend year by year from 2019 to 2020. Second, the industrial scale of agriculture and forestry integration in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang had the greatest impact on the integration degree of agriculture and forestry. This was because the forest-related industries had a good foundation and positive externalities. The agglomeration effect produced by the development of these industries made the integrated development of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang increasingly obvious. Third, the technical level of forestry workers played a certain role in deepening the integration of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang Province. Forestry itself includes primary, secondary and tertiary industries. The key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang were ahead of agriculture in technological progress, and the degree of technological progress determined the level and scale of industrial development, and also determined the integration degree of agriculture and forestry. Fourth, the promotion effect of forestry industry structure on the integration of agriculture and forestry in the key state-owned forest areas in Heilongjiang was not obvious. The implementation of some national policies, such as the restoration plan of natural forests and the cessation of commercial logging of natural forests, had a great impact on the change of forestry in- dustry structure. It took a long time for these impacts to reflect the changes of industrial structure, thus affecting the promotion of agriculture and forestry integration. Based on the above research conclusions, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, increase the proportion of agriculture and forestry integration industry in the key state-owned forest areas to promote the development of agriculture and forestry integration. Second, improve the vocational skill level of the forestry workers to promote regional economic development. Third, promote the integrated development of agriculture and forestry through top-level design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emission from cultivated land use transformation in Heilongjiang province, in order to provide reference for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality.【Method】Based on the carbon emission coefficient and spatial autocorrelation analysis, the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics of carbon emission from cultivated land use transformation in Heilongjiang province in 1990—2020 were revealed, and the influencing factors of carbon emission from cultivated land use transformation in Heilongjiang province were detected by geographical detector model.【Result】（i） The cultivated land area increased in Heilongjiang province in 1990—2020, and the conversion between cultivated land and forest land, grassland was the most significant. The carbon emission of cultivated land use transformation decreased from 1126 531 t in 1990—2000 to 125 292.3 t in 2000—2010, and then increased to 1793 129.5 t in 2010—2020. The carbon emission of cultivated land use transformation decreased first and then increased, but it was the carbon source region.（ii） The carbon emissions from cultivated land use transformation had a spatial agglomeration effect, and the hot spots moved from southwest to east and then to northwest, and from plain to hilly. The cold spot area showed a trend of extending from northwest to southeast in 1990—2020.（iii） Carbon emissions from cultivated land use transformation were mainly dominated by natural environment factors, and elevation factor had the strongest explanatory power in 1990—2020. The carbon emission from cultivated land use transformation was the result of the comprehensive effects of natural environment, social economy and policy factors. The interaction between natural environment and social economy factors was the strongest, and the interaction between natural environment and social economy factors was mainly nonlinear, and the interaction between slope and land use degree was the strongest. 【Conclusion】The spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of carbon emission from cultivated land use transformation in Heilongjiang province were analyzed, which provided theoretical support for regional low-carbon sustainable utilization of cultivated land. The next research should focus on the carbon emission from the transformation of land property rights, operation mode and input and output under the hidden form of cultivated land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To coordinate the relationship between forest protection and utilization, give full play to the ecological, economic and social benefits of forests, and lay a solid foundation for sustainable economic and social development is a concrete action to implement Xi Jinping thought on ecological Civilization and implement the overall strategy of comprehensive, systematic and source governance of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes and grasses. Compared with the previous round of forest land protection and utilization planning (“original forest protection”), the new round of forest land protection and utilization planning (“ new forest protection”) is different in many aspects, such as the preparation background, positioning, indicators and requirements. It is very important to correctly understand the “new forest protection”, master the key points of the establishment of the “new forest protection” and learn from the experience and lessons of the “original forest protection”. Based on the last round of forest land protection and utilization planning in Heilongjiang Province, this paper discusses the positioning, technical basis, characteristics, and key links of preparation of the new round of forest land protection and utilization planning, expounds opinions and puts forward opinions, so as to lay a good foundation for the preparation of the new round of forest land protection and utilization planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the systematic description of the economic transformation and development of Heilongjiang forest industry area, thin paper realized the dynamic factors identification and the quantitative study of the driving effects with the dynamic model and the statistical data from 2005 to 2016. The results show that the industrial structure level has the most significant driving effect on the economic transformation and development, which is closely related to the scientific industrial layout and the optimal allocation of resources between industries. The capital and labor factors have positive effects on the economic transformation of forest areas, but lower than the industrial structure level; the driving effect of capital factors is greater than the labor factor, which clarifies the urgent demand for capital investment in the development of alternative industries in the current forest area, and the problems of poor labor resources and unbalanced structure in the forest area are serious. It has restricted its promotion role in the economic transformation and development of forest areas. In summary, the economic transformation and development of Heilongjiang Forest Industry Region is driven and influenced by a series of factors ranging from industrial structure level, capital and labor factor input, and combined with the research conclusions and the objective reality of the forest area, it puts forward a feasible path to accelerate the economic transformation and development of the forest area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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