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Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and dependent on CD4 positive T lymphocytes (CD4+T) cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an endogenous small single-stranded non-coding RNA that involved in post-transcriptional regulation and plays an important role in differentiation and function of CD4+T cells. Increasing evidences have shown that changes of miRNAs happened in MG patients, which may participate in the occurrence and development of MG by regulating CD4+T cells, and miRNA may be a potential therapeutic target for MG. In this paper, relationship between miRNA and MG was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for further research on the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment of MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP - A) is a novel autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system first reported in 2016. The predominant clinical syndrome of GFAP-A is one or more of meningitis, encephalitis and myelitis. The initial symptoms are fever, headache, disturbance of consciousness and positive meningeal irritation. However, the pathogenesis of GFAP-A is unknown and there are no uniform diagnostic criteria for it. At present, it is generally accepted that positive glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoglobulin G (GFAP-IgG) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the diagnostic standard. The positive predictive value of GFAP-IgG in CSF is higher than that in serum. Cell-based assay (CBA) and tissue-based assay (TBA) are both recommended methods for detecting GFAP-IgG. GFAP-IgG positive in serum and/or CSF is used to distinguish it from other autoimmune diseases in central nervous system, intracranial inflammatory and neoplastic disease. Most patients respond well to steroid therapy although a small number of patients may leave sequelae or relapse. This paper makes a systematic review on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease, hoping that this review can deepen clinicians' understanding of the disease, discover and treat the disease in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis, with aim to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, which may reduce the number of new cases of chronic hepatitis B by 90% (0.1% HBsAg prevalence among children) and mortality rate by 65%. In order to achieve this goal, blocking mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is of paramount importance, especially in underdeveloped areas with high prevalence of HBV. In this paper, we discussed the status of chronic HBV infection and its serological and virological characteristics in women of childbearing age in China as well as the optimal dose of immunoglobulin in the combined passive-active immunoprophylaxis in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. In addition, the strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV in terms of post-immunization testing, increased-dose vaccination (certainty/uncertainty) and follow-up of these infants.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is a major mode of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission, especially in high endemic areas. Administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine to infants at birth, followed by completion of the vaccine series, prevented approximately 95% of HBV transmission from HBsAg-positive mothers to their infants. However, immunoprophylaxis failure was still observed in 5~10% infants born to mothers with high levels of viremia. It was demonstrated that antiviral nucleot(s)ide analogues (NUCs) provided to pregnant women with high viral loads in late pregnancy further reduced MTCT. This paper discussed criteria of antiviral treatment for prevention of MTCT including threshold of HBV DNA level in pregnant women, time of starting treatment, time of stopping treatment, and kind of NUCs. The route of hepatitis B vaccine administration was also discussed.

[Objectives]The paper aimed to study the evaluation of immune oprotective effective of microneme protein 3(EaMIC3)and microneme adhesive region protein of Eimeria acervulina. [Methods]Recombinant proteins of EaMIC3, EaMAR3 and EaMAR6 were obtained by prokaryotic expression and purification, antiserum of these three proteins was prepared, and the serum titer was measured; at the same time, the oocysts of E.acervulina were isolated and purified. By grouping, intramuscular injection of recombinant protein and wing intravenous injection of polyclonal antibody were performed to evaluate the immune protection of the three proteins against E.acervulina infection. [Results]Immunization with EaMIC3, EaMAR3 and EaMAR6 could all increase the level of antigen-specific IgY; in the recombinant protein immunization group and polyclonal antibody immunization group, the anticoccidial indexes of EaMIC3 and EaMAR3 were 178, 165 and 180, 166, respectively, while the anticoccidial index of EaMAR6 was 130, 159, respectively. Compared with the control group, EaMIC3 and EaMAR3 had obvious immune protection effects, and the immune protection effect of EaMIC3 worked best, while EaMAR6 didn't have immunity protection effect. [Conclusions]The immunoprotective effect of MAR is consistent with its ability to bind intestinal epithelial cells, which further proves the key role of these MARs in the process of coccidian invasion, and also provides a basis for subunit vaccine antigen screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoassay for heavy metal mercury has the advantages of simple operation and high sensitivity,which can be used to screen the concentration of Hg in samples with high throughput and finally to be used as assistive tools for traditional instrument detection. Haptens,antibodies and responding signal detection systems of Hg are the key to Hg immunodetection. Based on the haptens of Hg-chelating agents and Hg-glutathione,the researchers have prepared mercury antibodies with different properties and constructed a variety of rapid immunoassays for mercury. In this paper,the structure design and antibody binding properties of mercury hapten were reviewed from the perspective of antibody preparation. Meanwhile,the research progress of immunoassay based on different signal transformation was introduced,and the future development trend was prospected as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present paper was to study the effect of monomethoxypolyethlene glycol (mPEG) modification on the stability of chicken IgY and compare the stability of the modification products by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CD spectrooscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. NHS-mPEG was used to modify IgY after mPEG was activated with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The optimal reaction condition for modification was 1:10 molar rate of IgY to mPEG at pH 7, reaction for 1 h, and the product was obtained with modification rate of 20.56% and activity reservation of 87. 62%. In addition, the thermal and pH stability of IgY and mPEG-IgY was compared by spectroscopic methods. The results showed that the alpha-helix, beta-sheet, beta-turn, and random content of IgY changed from 14.5%, 42.1%, 6.2% and 37.2% to 1.6%, 55.25%, 5.8% and 37.5%, while mPEG changed from 12.9%, 42.7%, 6.3% and 38. 1% to 3.1%, 50.5%, 7.2% and 39.2%, respectively, after incubating for 120 min at 70 degrees C. For the treatment with acid-base, similarly, the structure changes of mPEG-IgY were smaller than IgY. Thus, it is indicated that IgY modified by mPEG had greater stable properties.

Objective: To assess the therapeutic effects and safety of different doses of immunoglobulin in the treatment of Kawasaki disease., Methods: The papers related to the treatment of Kawasaki disease were electronically searched in the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) on the treatment of Kawasaki disease with different doses of immunoglobulin were included and assessed for quality. A Mata analysis was performed by RevMan 5.0., Results: Twenty-eight RCTs involved 2596 cases were included. The results of Meta analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the incidences of coronary artery injuries at various phases, adverse effects and fever disappearance time between the immunoglobulin treatment groups at the doses of 1 g/(kg•d) for 1-2 days and 2 g/(kg•d) for single use. The fever disappearance time in the immunoglobulin treatment group at the dose of 1 g/(kg•d) for 1-2 days was significantly shorter than that in the immunoglobulin treatment group at the dose of 400 mg/(kg•d) for 4-5 days, but there were no significant differences in the incidences of coronary artery injuries at the acute phase and 6 months after treatment and adverse effects between the two groups. The incidence of coronary artery injuries at the acute phase and 6 months was lower and the fever disappearance time was shorter in the immunoglobulin treatment group at the dose of 2 g/(kg•d) for single use than those in the immunoglobulin treatment group at the dose of 400 mg/(kg•d) for 4-5 days, but there were no significant differences in the incidences of coronary artery injuries at the subacute phase and 12 months after treatment and adverse effects between the two groups., Conclusions: There are similar therapeutic effects for Kawasaki disease between the immunoglobulin treatment groups at the doses of 1 g/(kg•d) for 1-2 days and 2 g/(kg•d) for single use. The fever disappearance time in the two groups is shorter than that in the treatment group at the dose of 400 mg /(kg•d) for 4-5 days.

Egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) is a major immunoglobulin from birds, amphibians and reptiles. IgY does not activate mammalian complement system, and does not bind to mammalian rheumatoid factors, protein A or G. In addition, it has a high yield, and is easy to extract and purify. With these advantages, IgY has been widely used in veterinary science, functional food and bio-products, and proved potential application for disease control and treatment. This paper reviews biological characteristics of IgY, its extraction, purification, and application in immunodiagnosis and treatment.

Aflatoxins are important mycotoxins of contaminated peanut products. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic, accounting for over 70% of aflatoxin analogues. In present paper, aflatoxin B1 was transformed into hemiacetal, namely aflatoxin B2a, and then conjugated to protein as immunogen by reduction of sodium borohydride. After the fourth boost immunization, spleen cells of the immunized Balb/c mouse were fused with freshly isolated SP2/0 myeloma cells. Through selecting and identifying with enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), one clone 3A12 was obtained from cultured semi - solid medium. Sensitivity of antibody 3A12 reached 6. 1 ± 0. 025ng/mL. The cross - reactivities with other allatoxin analogues (aflatoxin B2, G1 and G2) were 7. 8% , 20.2% and 0.6% respectively, with aflatoxin M1 less than 0.1%. It offered an important foundation for aflatoxin B1 - specific immuno - assay technologies and products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoaffinity column (Sepharose-4B) was made with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and used to isolate anti-BSA antibody from egg laid by hens which were immunized with BSA. Polyclonal antibody was eluted under different conditions (pH 5.0-2.8) because of its different affinity against antigen. SDS-PAGE and double-immunodiffusion analysis confirmed that antibody isolated from egg yolk was electrophoretically pure and specific. According to the separation aim in this paper, the final elution buffer was 0.1 mol/L glycine-HCl buffer, pH 2.8. The final antibody yield was higher than 90%. As a new development in chromatographic media, POROS has its maximum pressure limit of 21 MPa. It has been widely used because of its high performance, high flow and large capacity. The sugar residue of the antibody was then oxidized and coupled to the hydrazide activated POROS HY. Pure targeted protein (BSA) was obtained through the POROS HY column. The tendency of specific antibody production was investigated during the immunization period. The amount of specific antibody has increased obviously after boost immunization.

In this paper, hens of fine breed were immunized with human rotavirus (HRV), and the anti-HRV IgY was isolated and purified from their eggs collected daily. In addition, the resistance of anti-HRV IgY to hydrolysis of gastric juice and proteases in human digestive tract, the safety of IgY and the effectiveness of IgY in clinical use were observed as well. The results showed that anti-HRV IgY has a fairly good resistance to gastroinstestinal proteases. The safety of using anti-HRV IgY was affirmed by oral administration to mice of a solution of IgY. In clinical test the IgY has been proved to be anti-HRV and, therefore, effective against infections of infant diarrhea induced by HRV.

The two-dimensional entropy image segmentation algorithm has a huge amount of computation problems. Based on immune adjustment mechanism, a new image segmentation algorithm is designed to solve the problem in this paper. In this method, vaccine theory is combined with entropy theory to propose the entropy vaccine operator. Entropy vaccine operator is selected as an antibody vaccine. Extract updated vaccine bank by using entropy calculation. In this way can make the formation of optimal segmentation threshold and the update of vaccine library with adaptive, and the select of vaccine more accuracy and more effective. The simulation results indicate that the searching speed of algorithm is accelerated and the adaptability is increased due to entropy genetic operator. The algorithm is approved to have good segmentation effect and strong real-time processing capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) determination in 202 patients with malignant lymphoma, 51 with Hodgkin's disease (HD) and 151 with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) including 4 patients with mycosis fungoides and 1 with pleomorphic T-cell lymphomas studied from Aug. 1980 to July. 1982. No monoclonal Ig was detected in 4 patients with mycosis fungoides, 51 with HD and 204 normal controls. In the rest 146 patients with NHL, 13 had monoclonal Ig (9%). The types and quantities of monoclonal Ig are discussed. We consider that the presence of monoclonal Ig may be one of the important characteristics of NHL.