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Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of Educational Research is the property of National Taiwan Normal University, Department of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Architecture is the property of New Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(1) Background--China's key state-owned forest areas have played an important role in building regional ecological security barriers, maintaining food security, and stabilizing the social system of border forest areas. Women are the main participants in forest industry development, ecological environmental protection, forest resource management, family organization maintenance, etc. Their economic decisions and behavior choices at home or at work will directly affect the social opening, ecological economic development and regional integration level of the key state-owned forest areas. The current research is more inclined to understand the differences of female economic behaviors between urban and rural areas and the characteristic economic behaviors of ethnic areas, and there are few studies on the economic behaviors of female groups in special regions that rely on natural resources. (2) Methods--Based on the field visits to the key state-owned forest areas, the research data and information were collected through structured questionnaires, semi-structured in-depth interviews and symposiums to form a complete triangular data chain to ensure that the data could be mutually complementary and cross-verified. This paper used case study method to study the economic behaviors of female groups who were affected by the adjustment of forestry policies, the promotion of forestry projects and the reforms of the state-owned forest areas and still lived in the forest farms or places of forestry bureaus of the key state-owned forest areas. (3) Results--First, the trend of feminization and part-time employment of the labor force in the key state-owned forest areas is significant, and women participating in front-line forestry work and family production and management account for more than 60% of the total number of women in the forest areas. Second, the non-agricultural employment of women in the key state-owned forest areas shows a diversified trend, which is mainly manifested in two types: local employment and non-agricultural operation. But they generally work in the family residences or the surrounding areas, the labor flexibility is strong, and thus they can achieve part-time employment. Third, some women in the key state-owned forest areas have become family members from market elements. Due to the intensifying contradiction between the declining educational resources in the forest areas and the rising educational expectations of parents, some unemployed or flexible employed women have become accompanying mothers, including full-time accompanying mothers and part-time accompanying mothers. They must wait for their children to complete their education before choosing whether to re-enter the labor market. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--First, under the comprehensive effect of industry policies, working habits and economic interests, the key state-owned forest areas show strong characteristics of labor feminization, and the degree of female part-time employment is high. Second, there are various forms of non-agricultural employment for women in the key state-owned forest areas. With the improvement of labor allocation efficiency, the overall employment situation in the forest areas is optimized, and a good situation of organic and coordinated development of individuals, families and society is formed. Third, due to the educational reform of the key stateowned forest areas, the contradiction between educational resources and educational expectations is deepening. In order to solve this contradiction, some women become accompanying mothers, and they choose to temporarily leave the labor market and submit to the distribution of family resources. Based on the above analysis, the following policy recommendations are put forward: First, ensure women's rights and interests, especially against gender discrimination, and ensure that women can participate in labor and job competition fairly. At the same time, more ecological public welfare jobs should be created. Second, encourage women to maintain the labor tradition. Third, encourage female groups to break the old family division of labor mode and achieve balance in the integration of social and family resources through the regular training in vocational skills and legal knowledge and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of international nursing education in Taiwan is to prepare nursing elites to improve the quality of global healthcare. Nurses are on the frontlines in terms of helping the public through increasingly frequent climate-change disasters, helping care for the rising populations of older adults and patients with chronic diseases, and dealing with the emergence of new infectious diseases. Advancing the knowledge and capabilities of global nursing elites is imperative. The main purpose of nursing education is to educate future nursing leaders. This paper describes the internationalization of nursing education in the Department of Nursing at National Cheng Kung University as well as the process of establishing the Asia-Pacific Nursing Education Alliance to highlight the international characteristics of nursing education, the related global social influence, and the pursuit of sustainable development goals.

In media, the year of 2012 has been named as the "the First Year of Chinese Feminist Activism". Through closely examining the widely influential gender-related media events such as "occupying men's washroom", " the blooded brides", "anti-sexual harassment in Shanghai Metro", and "bareheaded sisters protesting against gender discrimination in college admission", this paper documents and analyzes the rise and development of the " street behavioral art" as a new contentious action repertoire in current Chinese society. Contrast to the flourishing literature on contentious politics in recent years, there is a visible gap in the study of social movement repertoires in China. In order to fill in the gap, the current research used in-depth interviews and document analysis to collect data from the individuals and organizations that had been participating in today's Chinese feminist activities. There were three major research questions: (1) How had the street behavioral art evolved into a novel contentious repertoire through the interactions between social movements and the state? (2) How did the three key components of this repertoire each contribute to the success of contentious actions respectively? (3) How should we evaluate the impact of the street behavioral art as a contentious repertoire? In order to answer these questions, the article first reviews the current theoretical perspectives and related studies in this field, and then gives a brief presentation of the background of the political contention in contemporary China for the emergence of the street behavioral art. Using the empirical data from street activism for gender equality, the paper then focuses on analyzing the three key components of this contentious repertoire--street, behavior, and art--by looking at how they each had contributed to the success of this contentious action repertoire, respectively. The rise of the street behavioral art has to be placed in the context where the globalization of social movements (particularly, the flow of social movement discourses and tactics) interact with the reality of contemporary Chinese society (opportunities and constraints) for an examination. As social movements have to face many institutional constraints, activists have to be quite creative in order to make their voices heard and their concerns understood by both the authorities and the public. The street behavioral art proves to be an effective strategy to reach that goal. Its success can be attributed to the combination of public location, artistic expression and organized actions. "Art" serves the objective of going onto the street; "street" is to expand the influences and effects of the "behavior/ action". In the conclusion, the author discusses the impacts of the street behavioral art for pushing social movement's agenda in terms of policy advocacy, participation mobilization and cultural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Curriculum Studies / Kecheng Yanjiu is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the change of social environment and the influence of multiple values, the concept of love of postgraduates in universities in the new era has changed greatly compared with that of postgraduates in the middle and late 20th century. Post-graduates’ concepts of marriage and love have an important impact on the implementation effect of China's new population policy (three child policy). Through the questionnaire survey on postgraduates in Hubei province, the concept of love of male and female postgraduates in colleges is comprehensively displayed from the five aspects of love status, love attitude, love motivation, mate selection standard and marriage concept. It is found that there are great differences in the love views of male and female postgraduates. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons for the differences of love views between male and female postgraduates in universities from the four aspects: the empowerment of women by social development, the pressure of love consumption, the differences between male and female gender culture and the influence of family and marriage ideas. It suggests to optimize the cultivation environment of social love concept, strengthen the education of love concept in universities, and enhance the self-education of postgraduates, so as to guide postgraduates to form a correct love concept, actively pursue love, improve their ability to love, and achieve a happy marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wuhan University Journal (Philosophy & Social Sciences) / Wuhan Daxue Xuebao (Zhexue Shehui Kexue Ban) is the property of Wuhan University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central China Normal University is the property of Huazhong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of National Palace Museum Research Quarterly is the property of National Palace Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How to understand the internal operational mechanism of Chinese society? As the core question of Chinese sociological scholar's efforts of building up the subjectivity of China's sociology, this question faces simultaneously three challenges: the research object, the research method, and how researchers define themselves. As a result of this effort, and based on our fieldwork experiences in both rural and urban Chinese societies, we intend to answer this question from an unusual angle. We coined a concept of "social ground", referring to those "unchanged/stable subjects" in the history of Chinese society. This paper tries to explore this conception from such perspectives as the wisdom of life, family-oriented culture, morality, popularity and reputation, in order to understand the concept against the transformation of modern Chinese society. Our research finds out that the social ground which has always possessed the traditional characteristics does not oppose the transformation of the society. On the country, it combines with the new historical conditions and thus produces new possibilities of history while keeps its deepest historical meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the current situation of career value orientation of college students under the period of social transition, which is manifested in personalized consciousness of career, realized standards for career selection, utilized, diversified and contradicted values for career selection, and the gradual maturity of career selection. By exploring its roots, it is found that college students' career selection is influenced a lot by the interest re--distribution under the period of social transition, social system reform, cultural value changes and value environment. Then this paper makes a reflection of the guidance for college students' career value orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly interest in Jurgen Habermas's work has been growing in China for some years. Mostly, this interest is reflected in studies of the concept of the political public sphere. These studies ask whether the kind of political speech enacted in the public sphere is relevant to the context of Chinese society and history. This paper inquires into the relevance of the category of the public sphere for analyzing cultural change. The public sphere is connected with two other categories, i.e. the lifeworld and lifeworld colonization. First the public sphere is treated as a space not only for discussion of political matters but also for discussion of cultural norms and preferences, as a space for the society to reflect on the values of a Harmonious Society. Second, the colonization thesis holds that market forces can have a corrosive effect on culture if markets are not adequately managed, leading to alienation, anomie, and cultural impoverishment. In Habermas's view these problems are already advanced in America, Germany, and other Western societies. The paper concludes by suggesting that the threat of lifeworld colonization should perhaps be monitored and analyzed in China too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Education Research (1680-6360) is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The older generation appears to have had little problem adjusting to life in post-handover Hong Kong. It has been surprising, therefore, to observe that the new generation, who should feel at ease in this new era since they are not weighed down with the historical burden of living under colonial rule, are comparatively less satisfied with issues like government performance, social problems, economic development and environmental conservation - to the point that they even express nostalgia for the "good old days" of colonial rule. Why do they feel so strongly that life has got worse? Why do they show such a high level of concern for the society in which they live and about political development? Why have they developed such negative feelings towards the concept of national pride and about the integration of Hong Kong and Mainland China? Drawing on subjective and objective indicators, this paper shows how Hong Kong society has been transformed since the 1980s through improved living conditions, economic restructuring, a growing sense of belonging to Hong Kong, smaller families, more years of compulsory education, escalation of political conflict and technological developments, and how these factors have influenced the new generation's lives, education and careers, and their attitude towards life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ziran Kexueshi Yanjiu (Studies in the History of Natural Sciences) is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The previous studies on the policies of disadvantaged groups have concentrated more on policy measures and the relevant concepts, and ignored the vertical and multi-dimensional aspect of the policy development process. Against that background, this paper refines the characteristics and summarizes the internal rules per se. In fact, since the reform and opening up, the characteristics of policy transition from protection to support have been clearly reflected in many respects, including the policy content, the objectives, the effectiveness, and the notion at stake. The adaptability and effectiveness of the vulnerable groups' policies have been constantly improved, and are playing essential roles in enhancing the life quality of the disadvantaged groups and in maximizing their capability in sell-development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focus on the research on Chinese communication problems in the East-West Communication Institute at the East-West Center in Honolulu, Hawaii from 1970's to 1980's. After Wilbur Schramm served as Director of that Institute in 1973, he and his colleagues went beyond the Cold War perspective which emphasizing the ideological role of Chinese media, and launched the cross-discipline discussion on the relationship between communication and Chinese social change. Although the theoretical framework and materials of their research need to be questioned, they show us the multi-approaches in Chinese communication studies, and reminded us that the lessons of Mao's China are still relevant today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reform and opening since 1978, china's urbanization movement rapidly and in the process, In fact, the newspapers as a major public opinion take part in the "motion of urbanization" through words, picture and news, construct the city on the paper and figure various "city ". Last, the media report, narrate, and image the city, impact the readers understand the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from Han-learning to Song-learning was a profound cultural change in academic field in Tang and Song period of change. This change varied with process and features in different regions. In this paper, Song-learning rise and development in Taizhou were investigated. Through the investigation, it can be found that Song-learning rise and development in Taizhou were closely related to the movement-to-South of political cultural center in the transition of two Song. From features of development phase, North Song was the development period of "Studying of the righteousness principle" of Song-learning in Taizhou, which had deep ties with the school of stability; South Song was the development period of "Studying of the nature principle" of Song-learning in Taizhou. Under the deep influence of Zhuxi, three academic standing like a tripod pattern eventually appeared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mercantile thought is the key word to the research of social transformation in Late --Qing Dynasty. The thought includes rich political economy content rather than traditional economic thought. The paper points out that the multi--dimensional feature of the mercantile thought is the result of gradual progress which presents a developing way to industrialization and institutionalization. The mercantile thought tries to break structural constrain of the traditional society and push social transformation. However, the feudal government did not undertake the reform successfully. Therefore, the influence of mercantile thought is rather limited, and the economic modernization did not make remarkable progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the interpretation of the castrated cock contest in a Hakka village in Northern Taiwan, this paper explores the ontology of the social process of local community in social structure. In this process, the physical body is the first realm in which the tension between the natural and the social plays out. The body carries our wild nature of instinct while living in the social environment--a fundamental contradiction for human beings that needs to be resolved. In raising and castrating the cocks, participating in the cock contest, and offering the cock to god as sacrifice, the Hakka villagers practice a hermeneutic circle to interpret the relations between nature, the self, and the other. With the body as the indispensable medium, culture is constructed through the community members' mutual "understanding" with each other. In conclusion, I argue that small scale and embodied communication is central to the lived experience of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a period of cultural crisis, a significant mission of philosophers is to provide a framework for the re-establishment of cultural self-identity. The purpose of this framework is to facilitate the self-transformation of cultures, and the aim of this is to regain the ground of legitimation for the sake of cultural evolution. This paper compares the cultural critique of Dai Zhen (1724-1777) and Nietzsche (1844-1900) and explores the cultural self-transformation strategies which are implied in their cultural critiques. I describe how these two philosophers faced the crisis of their own culture (Confucian. ism and Platonism-Christianity) and what approaches they used to transcend their culture. We can draw a parallel between Dai Zhen's efforts and Nietzsche's efforts to reconstruct their own cultural traditions. There are some similar- ities to be found in their cultural reconstructions, which also signify a trans- formation of thought structure. The cultural critiques of Dai Zhen and Nietzsche implicitly put forth the following: 1. an emphasis on the individual 2. an emphasis on the naturalness of the human being 3. the body as a basis for human conduct. These require a refutation of the transcendental identity of the norm but an acceptance of the empirical aspects of human nature. On the one hand, Dai Zhen and Nietzsche emphasize the concreteness and particularity of the individual; on the other hand, they try to provide a necessary code of conduct from the perspective of naturalistic holism, using the body as a basis for human conduct. We examine whether the cultural critiques of Dai Zhen and Nietzsche can be seen as a test of the philosophy of body to provide a code of conduct for every individual. There are two possible outcomes for this trial: either Dai Zhen and Nietzsche can achieve their goal of cultural self- transformation, or, the revaluations of their cultural matrices are nothing but an accelerated destruction of cultural and traditional core values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zou Yan modified and developed the thoughts of Five Elements and Negative and Positive, and it had a high standing in the history of pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty. His theory made a profound impact on the later works, such as Lu's Spring and Autumn , Chun Qiu Fan Lu and Huai Nan Zi. This paper tries to make an overall investigation on his life and works, contents of his theory etc, which can help us investigate the cultural change in society of pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we shall pay attention to a series of problems which concern the recent development trends of folk religion belief and activities in Taiwan. Three categories are divided: basic theological ideas, the management of temples, and the religion movement. In the first category, we shall notice some important problems. New gods and goddesses increase gradually. The spirit worship and the hero worship are the main factors which are dominating the occurrence of these new gods and goddesses. Although we know that Chinese would like to worship many gods and goddesses at a same time, it is true that the monotheism exist actually in Chinese society for a long time. This monotheism is not an exclusive monotheism, but a henotheism. The famous Eternal Mother belief is the best example of this henotheism. The belief of the Eternal Mother is very popular in modern Taiwan society. We can trace its history back to the Sixteenth century. On the other hand, a confused style of religious belief which mix with the Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, play an important role. It makes us deduce the distinctions between these religions and philosophies. Many famous temples put the gods of three religions together. In the second category, we shall discuss the management of the temples. Due to the lackness of temple's own properties, the contribution of the believers becomes the main source of the temple's income. How to attract a huge number of people to visit the temple? It is the major theme of the management of the temples. We select the Fo-kuang-shan-shih (...) as the best example for discussing the management problems. We also notice the pilgram activities in modern Taiwan. It is a combination of religious and travelling purposes. In the third part of this category we may notice the money income and the social philanthropies of the temples. In the third category, we shall notice three important trends in the religious-social aspect. The first, the spirit medium, or shaman, and his private chapel increase rapidly. Because it is a kind of folk medicine for releasing people's psychological anxiety in a serious competitive society. On the other hand, the utilitarianism is the basic philosophy of this religious behaviors. The second, the cultural and religious revital movement occur in the last decade. It is accompany with a rapid social change. People who leave their native homes to metropolitan for seeking jobs. They suffer isolate, unfamiliar and unfriendly, and heavy living pressure. Some people hope eagerly to touch again the life of country style, so that they participate different religious groups which stress the traditional way of life style, human relations, and mutual helpness. Under such a condition, some folk religious sects, such as I-kuan-tao (...), Ju-chung Sheng-chiao (...), Tse-hui-tang (...), etc., grow up very quickly. These sects are majorly branches of the Eternal Mother belief. Religion is a part of cultural and social system. It is influenced by other parts of the society. Chinese folk religion has no special doctrines and philosophy, it is confused with the Confucianism and the morality of daily life. When the changes occur in the daily life, the religion produce responses. In general, folk religion suggest and provide some methods and chances to release the anxieties which is accompany with the social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]