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American poetry was firstly and sporadically translated and introduced to China in the late 19th century, and an obvious increase in amount did not happen until the May Fourth Movement period. This paper presents a review of the history of the translation and study of American poetry since the May Fourth Movement, with its emphasis on the period since the opening-up of China, and believes that the 100 years' history witnesses Chinese academia's imitating and absorbing in the May Fourth Movement period, learning and growing in the late 20th century, borrowing and dialoging in the opening of the 21st century, and equally exchanging and independently innovating in the New Era. This paper reveals the scholarly tradition of China's translation and study of American poetry for its own use on the one hand, and the cultural selfconfidence and spirit of independent innovation of Chinese scholarship in the New Era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscope is one of the instruments used extensively in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract disorders. China is confronted with a great demand for endoscopists working in grassroots healthcare facilities. Furthermore, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are becoming the prevailing methods of endoscopic treatment of digestive diseases. Therefore, there is a growing demand for senior endoscopists. Currently, an important focus of GI endoscopy training is the acceleration of standardized training for endoscopists working in grassroots health facilities and advanced training for senior endoscopists. Simulation devices based on virtual reality technology exhibit strengths in objectivity, authenticity, and an immersive experience. These devices show advantages in the training method, the number of participants, and assessment over traditional training programs for GI endoscopy. Their application provides a new approach to the training and teaching of GI endoscopy. Herein, we summarized the explorations and practices of using virtual reality technology in the training and teaching of GI endoscopy, analyzed its application status in China, and discussed its prospects for future application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the production of small-seed peanut cultivars in South China, landraces with high plants and bred cultivars with dwarf plants were both planted. Thus a differential fertilization strategy had to be figured out according to their nitrogen requirements. In this study, the main landrace with high plants Anhua Xiaozi and improved dwarf cultivar Xianghei Xiaoguo were used as materials. Four compound fertilization rates were set including 0, 450, 600, and 750 kg/hm², representing soil background (CK), low (F30), medium (F40), and high (F50) fertilizer levels. Nitrogen content, accumulation, and distribution were recorded at 4 growth stages. Results showed that, in high landrace Anhua Xiaozi, N content were in the order of pod> leaf> root> stem, while those of dwarf cultivar Xianghei Xiaoguo were in leaf> pod> root> stem. N content in leaves and roots of Anhua Xiaozi was less than dwarf cultivar Xianghei Xiaoguo. The opposite trend was found in stems and pods. The influence degree of increasing fertilizer on N content was in the order of stem> leaf> root> pod, which was beneficial to N assimilation and absorption in vegetative organs. N accumulation in different organs of the 2 materials was leaf> pod> stem> root. Except the seedling stage, N accumulations of the whole plant, leaf and stem in other stages were larger in Anhua Xiaozi stem. N accumulations were both higher in Anhua Xiaozi pods and roots, but only in roots during seedling and podding stages. Fertilization was beneficial to N accumulation in early stages. N distribution rate of both varieties was the highest in leaves, and then in pods and stems. N distribution rate in higher variety were larger in aboveground parts, while the underground parts was the opposite. It indicated that N absorbed by dwarf variety was more conducive to transport to pods. N production efficiency was higher in dwarf Xianghei Xiaoguo. N production efficiency and N partial factor productivity of F40 and F30 treatments were both high, indicated that excessive fertilization decreased N use efficiency. In conclusion, lower response of N accumulation to fertilizer increase was found in dwarf cultivar Xianghei Xiaoguo, with less total accumulation but more distribution in pods. Therefore, in barren and acidic red soil regions in South China, peanut plant architecture should be considered during fertilizer determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous acceleration of urbanization in China, the development and utilization of ground space and aboveground space have gradually become saturated, and various "urban diseases" such as traffic congestion, land resource shortage, ground noise are increasingly severe. Therefore, reasonable development and utilization of urban underground space is of practical significance to alleviate the scarcity of urban resources, improve environmental conditions, and enhance the quality of residents' life. Located in a typical karst mountainous area on the plateau of central Guizhou, Gui'an New Area not only faces common problems in its urban development such as insufficient land for human due to the unique karst landform of this area, but also faces many engineering geological problems such as karst collapse, mud and water inrush during the development and utilization of underground space. At present, the utilization of urban karst underground space in Gui'an New Area is still in the early stage of planning and implementation. It is necessary to investigate the structural characteristics of underground space, explore and demonstrate the methods applicable to evaluate the suitability of utilizing underground space in karst areas before the large-scale development of underground space. Based on the planning of constructing urban underground space in Gui'an New Area, this study takes the ecological new town in Gui'an New Area as an example. According to different karst hydrogeological units (water-bearing media), it proposes a conceptual model for underground space utilization through comprehensive geological surveys, engineering surveys, and groundwater dynamic monitoring. This study also establishes a suitability evaluation system and method for utilizing underground space according to different zones and layers with groundwater system units. The suitability evaluation of underground space utilization in typical karst areas has been conducted by using the ArcGIS platform, and targeted suggestions have been proposed. The research results indicate as follows, (1) For the utilization of semi-underground space, 14.97% of the space may fall into the grade of very high suitability, 21.14% of high suitability, 22.36% of low suitability, and 41.52% of very low suitability. Due to the degree of terrain undulation and rock fragmentation of the strata, the unsuitable area for utilization in semi-underground space is mainly concentrated in the fault zone and the area at relatively low elevations. In the areas with high levels of engineering excavation and subway construction, the availability of semi-underground space is also relatively low. For the utilization of shallow underground space, 10.54% of the space may fall into the grade of very high suitability, 33.52% of high suitability, 33.28% of low suitability, and 23.66% of very low suitability. Shallow underground space mainly falls into the utilization grades of low and very low suitability because it is generally affected by geological structure, stratigraphic lithology, surface water system, karst development degree, and human excavation. The area with high suitability for utilization is located in a small part on the east side of the high-speed railway station, but it is controlled by the karst groundwater system. Consequently, this area is difficult to be utilized and the excavation is likely to change the groundwater flow field, which can cause problems such as karst water gushing, mud bursting, or karst collapse. For the utilization of sub-shallow underground space, 27.3% of the space may fall into the grade of very high suitability, 16.64% of high suitability, 26.45% of low suitability, and 29.6% of very low suitability. The grades for the use of sub-shallow underground space mainly fall into low and very low suitability (totaling 56.05%). The utilization of sub-shallow underground space is greatly influenced by the development level and structure of groundwater and karst, but is not closely related to the engineering construction and utilization of semi-underground space. The utilization of underground space is significantly controlled by the construction of shallow subways and other engineering projects. Overall, the geological environment conditions of sub-shallow layer are slightly poor, and the rock mass in the structural and karst development areas is broken, which increases the difficulty and cost of underground engineering construction. To prevent environmental geological problems like the water inflow of foundation pit and karst collapses, it is recommended to take reasonable measures such as the foundation pit enclosure during underground engineering construction. (2) The establishment of evaluation method based on the units of groundwater system and the ArcGIS platform is convenient and practical, and the reliability of evaluation results have been verified. (3) The underground space in karst areas is significantly constrained by factors such as karst collapses, geological structures, karst pipeline development, and conditions of groundwater recharge and drainage. Before the development and utilization of underground space in karst areas, it is recommended to accurately delineate the groundwater system, investigate groundwater dynamics, take precautions to geological disasters such as water inrush and karst collapse, conduct suitability evaluations, comprehensively analyze the types of underground space utilization and limiting factors, and clarify karst hydrogeological conditions. For areas with low suitability, reasonable planning or preliminary engineering treatment should be carried out to obtain ecological, economic, and environmental benefits in a coordinated way. Under the premise of scientifically protecting underground space resources and the ecological environment, the maximization of development and utilization benefits should be achieved. The evaluation results are significant for the guidance of constructing Gui'an Station, Metro line S1, and the surrounding underground comprehensive pipe galleries in Gui'an New Area. The results are also of practical significance for promotion of the scientific development and utilization of underground space, protection of resources and ecological environment, and prevention and control of geological disasters in karst areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The karst area in Southwest China is an important region for the implementation of sustainable development strategies in China, as well as an area with extremely fragile ecological environment and concentrated distribution of rocky desertification. As a "National Pilot Zone for Sustainable Development" and "National Pilot Demonstration Zone for the Innovative Sustainable Development Agenda", Gongcheng Yao autonomous county of Guangxi is an important demonstration area for the coordinated development of karst landscape resource conservation and special ecological agriculture. Therefore, exploring the spatiotemporal evolution and the driving mechanism of rocky desertification in this area can provide an important scientific basis for the comprehensive management of rocky desertification, and the protection and restoration of karst ecosystem in China's pilot zones for sustainable development. Based on remote sensing images of Landsat series satellite from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2021, this study extracted information on rocky desertification by the interpretation of human-computer interaction, and quantitatively analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution law of rocky desertification in Gongcheng county. Meanwhile, by combining data of carbonate rock and land use, this study revealed the inherent driving mechanisms of geological conditions and land use changes about the evolution of rocky desertification in Gongcheng county. The study results show that the rocky desertification in Gongcheng county experienced three stages: accelerated deterioration from 2000 to 2005, rapid improvement from 2005 to 2015 and slow deterioration from 2015 to 2021. The total area of rocky desertification ranged from 88.96--229.55 km2. From 2000 to 2005, the rocky desertification in Gongcheng county shifted from no rocky desertification to mild and intermediate rock desertification, and reversely, it showed improvement from 2005 to 2021. The rocky desertification presented a spatial pattern of development from north to south in Gongcheng county. Xiling town, Lianhua town and Ping'an town were the main areas where rocky desertification occurred, accounting for 55.47%--61.31% of the total rocky desertification area of the county. In 2005 and 2010, when the rocky desertification was relatively severe, it was mainly at a moderate level in Xiling town, while it was mainly at a mild level in other years. In addition, the rocky desertification of Gongcheng county mainly occurred in the limestone area, accounted for 71.42%--75.85% of the total rocky desertification area of this county. But the rocky desertification area in orchards and shrub land accounted for 35.92%--39.21% and 31.77%--31.86% of the county's total area, respectively. The study results indicate that there exist strong karstification, severe soil erosion/leakage, and insufficient materials and slow rates of soil forming due to the wide distribution of pure limestone in Gongcheng county. Besides, the long-term cultivation of single economic fruit forests such as peaches and plums in orchards has led to a decline in fruit tree quality, and a large number of fruit trees have been cut down in recent years, resulting in an exacerbation of rocky desertification. Therefore, the local authority in Gongcheng county should consider constructing three-dimensional ecological planting model in the karst areas such as Xiling town, Lianhua town and Ping'an town during the comprehensive treatment of rocky desertification, so as to promote the coordinated and sustainable development of ecological industry, rocky desertification control and social economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the dynamic changes in the silage corn production, the study was based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2001 to 2021, and used a center of gravity model to analyze the changes in the silage corn production agglomeration areas. On this basis, the dynamic spatial Durbin model was used to analyze the impact of factor input, socio-economic and policy support on regional changes in Chinese silage corn production. The results showed that there was a spatial clustering phenomenon in Chinese silage corn, which meant that the Moran index of Chinese silage corn production from 2001 to 2021 showed an overall development trend of 'decreasing-increasing-decreasing- increasing'. The evolution trajectory of the production center showed that the center of gravity in the Chinese silage corn production area showed an evolution trend of 'first northeast, then northwest, and southwest'. The results of the mechanism of action indicated that the main driving factors for promoting the production of silage corn were grain advantages, financial support, and increased income from migrant workers. The production infrastructure, fertilizer application, and agricultural benefits had a positive impact on the production of silage corn in this province, but the impact on the production of silage corn in neighboring provinces was not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tarim Basin, renowned for its super large Ordovician marine carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, is a key area in the field of deep oil and gas exploration and development in China. Especially, the Fuman oilfield has become an important area in oil and gas exploration and development in recent years, largely owing to its extensively distributed fault-controlled gas reservoirs. Nevertheless, Hade block of the Fuman oilfield faces the complex interaction of thrust faults and strike-slip faults, which poses severe challenges. Due to the lack of comprehensive understanding of the impact of thrust faults on reservoir development, many wells with low yield and low efficiency had been drilled, which seriously hindered the effective exploration and development of oil and gas in this area. Therefore, an exhaustive geological examination of the Fuman oilfield in the Tarim Basin was meticulously conducted. This analytical endeavor was directed towards illuminating the intricacies underlying the synergy of thrust faults and strike-slip faults, and their consequential influence on oil and gas reservoirs. Methodologically, a methodical exploration was undertaken based on state-of-the-art 3D seismic data, thereby offering an all-encompassing perspective on the spatiotemporal characteristics of these fault structures in Hade block. The scrutiny further encompassed the delineation of the planar distribution of these faults, the elucidation of vertical crosscutting relationships, and the ascertaining of fault activity periods. The research findings were subsequently amalgamated with a comprehensive investigation of the regional temporal periods underpinning oil and gas accumulation, thereby proffering a lucid perspective on the dominion of thrust faults in this context. The investigation results display the key information on the endemic geological evolution of the Fuman oilfield. Foremost, the research findings determine that these fault structures originated from the late Middle Ordovician, especially the Middle Caledonian period. Noticeably, thrust fault activities peaked during the subsequent Hercynian period, i.e. after the appearance of strike-slip faults. This temporal distinction between the fault types is of profound significance for understanding their respective roles in oil and gas accumulation. The Fuman oilfield is divided into three different stages of oil and gas accumulation, namely, the late Caledonian, late Hercynian, and Himalayan stages. The results show that the oil and gas accumulation in the late Caledonian period is mainly affected by strike-slip faults, while the influence of thrust faults is great in the late Hercynian and Himalayan periods. The understanding of the interplay between fault types and oil and gas accumulation is of great significance for accurate exploration and development of benefit model in oil areas. In addition, this study unveiled three distinct modes of convergence between thrust faults and strike-slip faults, based on which three different modes of oil and gas accumulation and conveyance steered by thrust faults in Hade block were delineated. It is concluded that when thrust faults intersect with non-petroleum-endowed strike-slip faults in the Upper Cambrian-Yijianfang Formation, the reservoir is mainly formed in the late Hercynian period. When thrust faults and petroleum-endowed strike-slip faults intersect in the Middle Cambrian, the reservoir is mainly formed in the late Caledonian period. The intersection of thrust faults and petroleum-endowed strike-slip faults in the Upper Cambrian-Yijianfang Formation is most favorable for oil and gas accumulation, with characteristics of multi-source hydrocarbon supply and multi-stage accumulation. These conclusions provide valuable experience of and incisive insights into the exploration and development of similar oil and gas reservoirs, which is conducive to efficient decision making in the ongoing search for energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the relationship between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and the total load of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and its different imaging markers. Methods A total of 202 patients with CSVD admitted to The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2020 to May 2022 were selected. The clinical data of all patients were collected and TyG index was calculated. The lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and enlarged perivascular space (EPVS) were evaluated by MRI, and total load of CSVD score was calculated. Results 1) TyG index and total load of CSVD score: Logistic regression analysis showed the male (OR = 2.245, 95%CI: 1.017-4.957; P = 0.045), increase of age (OR = 1.084, 95%CI: 1.046-1.124; P = 0.000), hypertension (OR = 2.457, 95%CI: 1.189-5.078; P = 0.015) and increase of TyG index (OR = 2.657, 95%CI: 1.353-5.216; P = 0.005) were risk factors for moderate and severe total load of CSVD. 2) TyG index and imaging markers of CSVD: Logistic regression analysis showed the increase of TyG index was the risk factor of moderate and severe WMH (OR = 2.313, 95%CI: 1.095-4.885; P = 0.028), CMBs (OR = 1.690, 95%CI: 1.011-2.824; P = 0.045), lacunes (OR = 2.087, 95%CI: 1.235-3.525; P = 0.006), moderate and severe EPVS in basal ganglia (OR = 2.005, 95%CI: 1.190-3.378; P = 0.009). Conclusions TyG index is associated with the total load and various imaging markers of CSVD, which can be used as a valuable biomarker to evaluate CSVD and its severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient and clean technology for the preparation of activated carbon from agricultural and forestry waste biomass is of great significance for China's dual carbon strategy. The rapid pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry waste biomass generates a large amount of biochar. The current research focus is on cost-effective and large-scale conversion of biochar into activated carbon. Using Masson pine biochar as the raw material, N2/CO2 mixed gas was used to simulate the circulating fluidized bed high- temperature flue gas, and water vapor was introduced as an activating agent to prepare activated carbon through activation of the biochar. Through single-factor experiments, the influence of water vapor flow rate, activation temperature, and activation time on the iodine adsorption value and yield of activated carbon were explored to determine the optimal preparation conditions. The physicochemical properties and structure of the activated carbon were characterized using an automatic physical and chemical adsorption instrument, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of pH, adsorption time, activated carbon dosage and initial Cu2+ concentration (mass concentration) on the adsorption performance of activated carbon for Cu2+ were investigated. The adsorption mechanism of Cu2+ on activated carbon was studied using kinetic and isotherm models. The research shows that under the optimal preparation conditions (high-temperature flue gas flow rate of 100 mL/min, water vapor flow rate of 0.9 mL/min, activation temperature of 850 °C and activation time of 2.5 h), the activated carbon yield is 7.32%, the iodine adsorption value is 1914 mg/g, and the specific surface area is 1556 m²/g. The functional groups on the surface contain various chemical bonds such as O--H, C--O, C=C and C=O bond. Under the optimal adsorption process conditions (pH of 5.5, adsorption time of 30 minutes, activated carbon dosage of 1.5 g/L and initial Cu2+ concentration of 10 mg/L), the maximum removal rate of Cu2+ is 99.97%, and the residual Cu2+ concentration is 0.003 mg/L, which complies with China's drinking water standards ( < 1 mg/L). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model can better fit the adsorption process, indicating that the adsorption is a monolayer chemical adsorption, and the intraparticle diffusion is not the only rate-controlling step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clubroot disease has spread explosively in recent years, posing a serious threat to cruciferous crop production. Take rapeseed for example, according to the statistics, until year 2022 the incidence of the clubroot has exceeded 1.33 million hectares in China. Breeding for resistant cultivars is considered as the most efficient and economical way to prevent clubroot disease spreading. However, the current CR cultivars mostly used CR loci of PbBa8.1 or CRb. Due to the complexity and diversity of Plasmodiophora brassicae from different locations, resources for resistant germplasm need to be explored. In this study, 14 clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbages were characterized using different clubroot pathogens and molecular markers for known CR loci. We found that among them, five materials, DG117, ZS105, SG01, SR06 and JQ07 did not contain CRb locus, and their disease resistance were stronger than Huashuang5R/Huayouza5R. At last, KL02 containing the CRb locus showed stronger resistance to PbXM (strain from Xinmin) than 409R, therefore it may contain other novel loci leading to better resistance. These six Chinese cabbage resources can be considerd as new resistance resources and could be utilized in future breeding work for CR Brassica napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To screen the influencing factors for the poor prognosis in patients with ultra- severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Total 133 patients with ultra-severe TBI [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-5] which admitted to the 909th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force; Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2012 to June 2017 were included. All cases underwent hematoma removal with either standard craniotomy decompression or oversized craniotomy decompression, even combined with internal decompression. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to evaluate prognosis 6 months after surgery. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were adopted to screen the influencing factors for poor prognosis in patients with ultra-severe TBI. Results Total 133 patients were divided into favourable prognosis group (GOS score ≥ 4, n = 12) and poor prognosis group (GOS score < 4, n = 121). Logistic regression analysis showed bilateral pupils dilated (OR = 1.779, 95%CI: 1.698-4.531; P = 0.004), postoperative high intracranial pressure (ICP; OR = 12.629, 95%CI: 2.313-68.949, P = 0.007) and volume of secondly cerebral infarction > 75 ml (OR = 2.147, 95%CI: 1.894-5.156; P = 0.009) were the risk factors for poor prognosis, while injury subtyping of isolated epidural hematoma was the protective factor for favourable prognosis (OR = 0.172, 95%CI: 0.032-0.915; P = 0.002). Conclusions GCS score is not reliable in solely predicting the prognosis of patients with ultra -severe TBI. Preoperative bilateral pupil dilation, postoperative high ICP and volume of secondly cerebral infarction > 75 ml were risk factors for poor prognosis of patients with ultra-severe TBI, while injury subtyping of isolated epidural hematoma was the protective factor for favourable prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The southwest of China is a mountainous region with complex and variable geological and tectonic conditions. The rock has developed internal joints, lamellae and laminae. When the tunnel crosses the jointed rock, it is very easy to cause engineering disasters such as large deformation of the surrounding rock, destabilization and collapse of the palm face, deformation of the steel frame, falling blocks of the initial support and cracking of the secondary lining. In order to analyze the influence of joints on the stability of tunnel surrounding rock, a study was carried out based on the Xishuangbanna Tunnel of Yuxi - Mohan Railway. ABAQUS was used to establish a computational analysis model to obtain the plastic damage characteristics of the surrounding rock under different jointing conditions. (1) When the joints are distributed symmetrically, the yield of the joints and the plastic strain of the surrounding rock are symmetrically distributed in the areas of the arch, spandrels on both sides, and both sides of the invert; (2) When the dip angle of the joint is steep, the rock mass property is the main controlling factor. When the joint dip angle is relatively gentle, the surrounding rock will be damaged by shear slip along the joint surface. In this case, the joints are the main controlling factors for the plastic failure of the surrounding rock as a whole. When the joint dip angle is 60° or 120°, the plastic strain of the surrounding rock is the largest, and the maximum plastic strain is 0. 197; (3) When the joint dip angle is 90°, the surrounding rock and joint yield area are mainly distributed vertically along the joint direction, and the influence range is deep into the stratum; (4) The main reason for the plastic failure of the surrounding rock under the two groups of joint conditions is the plastic yield of the joint surface. When the joint dip angle combination is 60°+90°, the plastic strain of the surrounding rock is the largest, and the maximum plastic strain is 0.521. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, sharp contradiction exists between edible oil supply and demand in China. Developing edible oil production largely depends on the development of rapeseed production. For less land competition between cereal crops and rapeseed, the Yangtze River Basin is the main rapeseed producing area in China. But, problems (such as a large amount of labor, high labor cost and low efficiency) seriously restrict the development of rapeseed industry. The whole-process mechanization (including sowing, management, and harvesting) is the key to boosting rapeseed production. Thus we reviewed the research on rapeseed biological characteristics, planting habits, and rotation systems, to focus on high yield loss rate during harvesting. We expected to improve mechanized harvesting of rapeseed in China. The research processes on breeding ideotype rapeseed suitable for mechanized harvesting as resistance to lodging, pod cracking, and sclerotinia disease were also discussed. The aim was to provide an insight on breeding and cultivation management of rapeseed suitable for high efficient mechanized harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria have long been one of the food safety hazards in China. How to control effectively the proliferation of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food has always been a hot topic. Based on the single factor experiments of plasma activated lactic acid (PALA) volume concentration, activation time and reaction time, taking Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes as the model strains, and the total number of colonies as the response value, the effects of the PALA on four foodborne pathogens were investigated in this study. The results showed that the killing rates of four foodborne pathogens increased with an increase of the PALA volume concentration, extension of activation time and prolongation of reaction time in certain ranges. When the PALA was activated for 120 seconds, the volume concentration was 0.2%, and the reaction between PALA and the four foodborne pathogens lasted for 10 minutes, about 7.71 lg CFU/mL of Escherichia coli, 4.52 lg CFU/mL of Salmonella, 4.03 lg CFU/mL of Staphylococcus aureus and 3.90 lg CFU/mL of Listeria monocytogenes in pure culture were killed. The killing rates of 4 kinds of the pure culture foodborne pathogens reached 99.9% (P<0.05), and more than 3.9 logarithm of the total number of colonies of pathogenic bacteria were killed. In summary, PALA can rapidly and efficiently kill common foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy lacks viable biomarkers for response and prognosis prediction. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of peripheral blood laboratory test results combined with lymphocyte subset ratios to the response and prognosis of immunotherapy in advanced lung cancer. Methods Advanced lung cancer patients admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University from May 2021 to July 2023 were prospectively enrolled in this study. Clinical data and peripheral blood were collected before and after treatment and lymphocyte subset ratios were analyzed by flow cytometry. Logistic regression was used to identify factors correlated to ICIs treatment efficacy. Cox modeling was applied to explore the prognostic factors. Results Logistic regression showed that the baseline level of transcription factor T cell factor 1 (TCF1)+CD8+ T cell ratio and peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte percentage, cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYF^A21-1) after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment were the potential predictors for ICIs response (P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the baseline level of TCF1+CD8+ T cell ratio (P=0.020) and peripheral WBC count after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment (P<0.001) were prognostic factors. Conclusion Patients with high baseline TCF1CD8+ T cell ratio combined with low WBC counts and low CYF^A21-1 level after 1 cycle of ICIs treatment are more likely to benefit from ICIs therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the characteristics of cognitive function and sleep structure in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and to explore the correlation between them. Methods Total 73 patients with iRBD who visited Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from August 2018 to August 2021 were included, all of whom underwent neuropsychological tests and polysomnography monitoring. Pearson and partial correlation analyses were used to explore correlation between cognitive function and sleep structure parameters. Results 1) Neuropsychological tests: iRBD patients had lower Mini - Mental State Examination (MMSE; t = - 3.703, P = 0.000), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; t = - 4.811, P = 0.000), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT)-number of correct words (t = - 2.171, P = 0.032) than control group. Trail Making Test (TMT)-A (t = 2.500, P = 0.014), TMT-B (t = 2.430, P = 0.016) and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT)-A (t = 2.507, P = 0.013), SCWT-B (t = 15.042, P = 0.000), SCWT-C (t = 27.228, P = 0.000) completion times were longer than control group. 2) Polysomnography monitoring: total sleep time (t = 2.699, P = 0.008), sleep efficiency (Z = - 2.103, P = 0.035), number of sleep stage transitions (t = 3.965, P = 0.000), proportion of non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 1 (N1 stage) to total sleep time (t = 2.887, P = 0.005), periodic limb movement of sleep index (PLMSI; t = - 2.917, P = 0.004), periodic limb movement-related arousal index (Z = - 2.291, P = 0.022), and total arousal index (Z = - 2.609, P = 0.009) were higher than those in control group, and the time of wakefulness after sleep was less than those in control group (t = - 2.230, P = 0.027). 3) Correlation between cognitive function and sleep structure parameters: MoCA score was negatively correlated with the percentage of N1 stage (r = - 0.184, P = 0.035), and positively correlated with the percentage of N2 stage (r = 0.173, P = 0.049); SCWT-B completion time was negatively correlated with the number of awakenings (r = - 0.186, P = 0.033); SCWT-C completion time was positively correlated with the number of sleep phase transitions (r = 0.212, P = 0.015) and the percentage of N1 stage (r = 0.181, P = 0.039); VFT-number of correct words was negatively correlated with the periodic limb movement of wake index (PLMWI; r = - 0.216, P = 0.018); the number of correct China-Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (C-RAVLT) immediate recall was positively correlated with the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency (r = 0.183, P = 0.045); the number of correct C-RAVLT delay recall was negatively correlated with the PLMWI (r = - 0.196, P = 0.032) and PLMSI (r = - 0.180, P = 0.049); the Clock Drawing Test was positively correlated with sleep latency (r = 0.192, P = 0.035) and REM sleep latency (r = 0.199, P = 0.029), and negatively correlated with the percentage of REM sleep (r = - 0.189, P = 0.038). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score was positively correlated with total sleep time (r = 0.347, P = 0.000), sleep efficiency (r = 0.319, P = 0.000) and the percentage of REM sleep (r = 0.204, P = 0.026), and negatively correlated with the time of wakefulness after sleep (r = - 0.280, P = 0.002) and the percentage of N1 stage (r = - 0.299, P = 0.001). Conclusions Patients with iRBD have cognitive dysfunction mainly manifested by decreased attention, executive function and language function, and sleep structural disorders may affect the cognitive function of such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macleaya cordata is a traditional Chinese medicine in China. Its main active ingredients are mainly isoquinoline alkaloids, which has a variety of biological activity such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor. It is an ideal alternative to antibiotics. The paper mainly introduces the characteristics of sanguinarine and chelerythrine, the main active components of Macleaya cordata, reviews the biological activities of Macleaya cordata, such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities, as well as its application in animal production, to provide a reference for further development and application of Macleaya cordata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Bisphenol compounds of different origins have been found in many terrestrial ecosystems in across China. Their accurate detection is a key to mitigating their impact on the environment. In this paper, we present an improved method to reliably detect BPs in water and sediment in irrigation districts. [Method] A high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (HPLC-FLD) method was established for simultaneously measuring three types of bisphenol compounds. Suitable pre-treatment method for detecting these compounds was selected from the filtration method and centrifugation method by comparing their efficiency. The tested method was then used to analyze main bisphenol compounds in water and sediment samples taken from vegetable and paddy fields. [Result] The HPLC-FLD can detect BPS when its concentration is not lower than 0.2 µg/L, while for BPF and BPA, the method can detect them when their concentrations are as low as 0.2 µg/L. The centrifugation method can recover 76.69% to 99.03% of the water from the samples, and the detection rate for BPF in ditch water and sediment is 100% and 88.89%, respectively. The greatest BPs concentration the method can detect is 1.45 µg/L for water samples and 587.4 µg/kg for sediment samples. The contents of BPF, BPA and BPS in the sediment samples are 962.95 times, 871.82 times and 72.81 times those in the water samples, respectively. [Conclusion] The centrifugation method works better for pretreating the samples. BPF is the main BPs detected in water and sediment samples taken from the vegetable and paddy fields. BPs in sediments are substantially higher than in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Agriculture is responsible for 8.5% of greenhouse gasses emitted to the atmosphere. Improving agricultural management and reducing gas emissions from soils is hence important in the fight against global warming. In this paper, we investigate the effect of different irrigation and fertigation on reducing nitrogen losses from rice fields in Poyang Lake Basin in southern China. [Method] The field experiment was conducted at the Ganfu Plain Irrigation Area located at the Irrigation Experiment Center Station of Jiangxi Province. It consisted of an intermittent irrigation (W1) and a flooding irrigation (W0), each irrigation treatment had three nitrogen fertilizations: no fertilization (N0), fertilizing 135 kg/hm² (N1), and 180 kg/hm² of nitrogen (N2). Rice growth, its associated water use efficiency, and nitrogen emissions from each treatment were measured during the experiment. [Result] Irrigation impacted water consumption and leakage. Compared with W0, W1 reduced irrigation water usage by 18.12%~28.37%, water leakage by 13.68% to 22.85%, and saved water by 28.77%. Depending on nitrogen application, W1 treatments increased the average yield by 16.57% to 29.94% and reduced average nitrogen emissions by16.42%, compared to the W0 treatments. Increasing nitrogen fertilization led to an increase in nitrogen emission when the irrigation was the same; fertilization had a significant effect on ammonia volatilization. Irrigation-fertilization did not show a significant interactive impact on ammonia volatilization. [Conclusion] The optimal irrigation and fertilization for rice production in Poyang Lake Basin was intermittent irrigation coupled with fertilizing 135 kg/hm² of N. Compared to W0+N2 - flooding irrigation with 180 kg/hm² of nitrogen fertilization, the optimal irrigation and fertigation can increase rice yield by 9.82%, reduce irrigation amount, nitrogen pollution and nitrogen emissions by 27.54%, 25.67% and 11.90%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational utilization of groundwater resources is the key to achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, strengthening the comprehensive control of karst rock desertification and soil erosion in the ecological environment. On the southern wing of Tongmaling anticline in southeast Chongqing, Longtan trough valley--a part of Wuling Mountain area--is located in Youyang county, Chongqing City, China. The karst development is strong in the trough valley area, and the distribution of groundwater is extensive. At the same time, the problem of rocky desertification is severe in this area, so the efficient utilization of water resources and ecological restoration are especially important. The objective of this study is to explore the flow characteristics of karst spring and structure types of aquifer medium, and to further analyze the variation characteristics of inorganic carbon flux in the ecological restoration area of rock desertification control. In this study, the flow attenuation equation and hydrochemical runoff method are used to estimate and analyze attenuation process and inorganic carbon flux of Laoquan spring based on the re-vegetation in a karst rocky desertification area in Longtan trough valley in Youyang county, Chongqing City, Southwest China. The results show that: (1) The flow attenuation process of Laoquan spring is divided into two sub-dynamics with attenuation coefficients of 0.0892 and 0.0196, respectively. The attenuation process of this spring mainly occurs on the first sub-dynamics. In the aquifer medium of groundwater system, the ratio of pipeline to fissure is significant. The strong water conduction effect of aquifer medium leads to the weak capacity of Laoquan spring to regulate and store rainfall infiltration water. (2) The variation process of the carbon flux of Laoquan spring during the rainstorm period is divided into four stages, and the carbon flux has obvious variation characteristics with the flow. The carbon flux during the rainstorm period is 97.64 kg⋅km-2⋅d-1. In the summer drought period (from the end of July to the end of August), the carbon flux of Laoquan spring has obvious diurnal variation characteristics, low at night and high in the day. The soil CO2 concentration, water CO2 concentration and carbon flux of Laoquan spring are synchronized in the diurnal variation, and the carbon flux in the summer drought period is 18.23 kg⋅km-2⋅d-1. (3) The climate instability can affect the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The precipitation of this spring in summer is positively correlated with the carbon flux (R=0.78), and the evaporation is negatively correlated with the carbon flux (R=-0.36). The change of land use mode has a significant effect on the carbon flux of Laoquan spring. The correlation coefficient between HCO3-1 concentration and soil CO2 concentration based on the monthly mean value of Laoquan spring is 0.64, indicating that HCO3-1 in Laoquan spring sensitively responds to the change of soil CO2. The correlation coefficient between the annual spring carbon flux and the annual soil CO2 concentration is 0.90, and the average annual δ13CDIC shows an obvious negative trend, indicating that land use change (Vegetation Restoration) is conducive to the increasing of soil CO2 concentration and carbon flux. (4) From 2018 to 2021, the carbon flux in Laoquan spring was 11.66, 10.33, 21.31 and 16.9 t⋅km-2⋅a-1, respectively, showing an increasing trend with fluctuation. The annual inorganic carbon flux is 15.05 t⋅km-2⋅a-1 (CO2). The carbon sink capacity should be enhanced by the improvement of comprehensive control measures of rocky desertification. Therefore, in the process of rocky desertification control, it is necessary to make scientific use of karst water resources and heighten the awareness of karst environment protection, especially the scientific use and management of water resources in summer rainstorm and summer drought. In addition, it is necessary to boost regional carbon sink capacity by restoring natural dominant vegetation in rocky desertification control areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of tailings pond and frequency of disaster accidents of tailings ponds in China are ranked among the top in the world. The safety monitoring technology of tailings pond can be used to provide first-hand information and data reflecting the safety status of tailings pond in time, which can control the current operation of tailings pond, assess and predict the future risk development, guide the production operation of tailings pond in a scientific way, and prevent and reduce accidents, disasters and environmental pollution. With the increasing attention to the safety of tailings pond in China, the importance of safety monitoring of tailings pond is increasing, subsequently, the safety monitoring technology of tailings pond is also developing rapidly. The development of safety monitoring technology of tailings pond in China has gone through three stages: initial stage, middle stage and advanced stage. The standards on safety monitoring technology of tailings pond have also been gradually developed and improved, the technology is developed from the initial lack of standards to the gradual construction of the standard system. The promotion and application of standards have also developed from mechanical copying and dogmatism to adapting to local conditions and integrating theory with practice. The monitoring has been gradually developed from manual monitoring and automatic monitoring to intelligent monitoring, accordingly improving the monitoring efficiency and accuracy. The monitoring equipment is also changing with the development of society and economy, moreover, new scientific and technological achievements are also constantly incorporated. At present, China s safety monitoring technology of tailings pond has entered a good development period. A powerful national-level online monitoring and early warning platform for safety production of tailings pond has been built nationwide, providing strong technical support for the timely diagnosis and safety early warning of tailings pond disasters, and eliminating the occurrence of tailings pond disasters and accidents to the maximum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective This study retrospectively analyzed the application value of lung cancer immunotherapy prognostic index (LIPI) and iSEND immune scoring system in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immunotherapy in China, in order to find guidance for clinical development of NSCLC treatment plan. Methods The clinical data of 178 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. LIPI and iSEND immune scores were performed, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, and the predictive values of two models for objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared. Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and Cox regression analysis method was used for univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Results The area under the curver (AUC) of ORR, DCR and PFS predicted by iSEND immune score were 0.616, 0.634 and 0.631 respectively; LIPI were 0.789, 0.750 and 0.732 respectively, which were higher than iSEND immune score (P<0.05). The median PFS of patients in LIPI score groups 0, 1 and 2 were 9.9 months, 6.1 mon and 3.7 mon respectively; The median PFS of patients with good, moderate and poor iSEND immune scores were 9.9 mon, 7.0 mon and 3.5 mon respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001). In the immunotherapy subgroup, the median PFS of patients with different LIPI and iSEND immune scores was also statistically significant. Cox regression analysis showed that the derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and PFS were independently correlated (P<0.05). Conclusion LIPI and iSEND immune scoring system can effectively predict the efficacy and prognosis of advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy, and LIPI has higher predictive value than iSEND immune scoring system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the changes of brain activation and brain network connectivity in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A total of 20 patients with SCI were selected from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January to October 2021, including 8 patients with simple lower extremity involvement (paraplegia group) and 12 patients with all limbs involvement (tetraplegia group), and 10 healthy controls with matched baseline data with the SCI group were included in the same period. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to collect the data of cerebral oxyhemoglobin (HbO7) in the bilateral prefrontal lobe (LPFC/RPFC), motor cortex (LMC/RMC) and occipital lobe (LOL/ROL). The resting HM^ P values was calculated by generalized linear model to evaluate the activation degree of the cerebral cortex covered by different detection channels, the correlation between HbO7 P values was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis and partial correlation to analysis different detection channels [partial correlation coefficient (r) was defined as functional connectivity strength] to evaluate the functional connectivity of the brain network. Results 1) Degree of brain activation: compared with the control group, the HbO2 (3 values corresponding to channel 2 (t = -2.482, P = 0.020), channel 8 (t = -3.315, P =0.003) and channel 16 (t = - 2.738, P = 0.011) was increased in the tetraplegia group, while the HbO, (3 value corresponding to channel 25 was decreased (t = 2.104, P = 0.045), and the HbO, (3 value of channel 8 was increased (t = - 2.475, P = 0.020) in paraplegia group. Compared with the tetraplegia group, the HbO7 (3 values in channel 17 (t = 2.552, P = 0.017) and channel 25 (t = 2.342, P = 0.027) were increased in the paraplegia group. The value of HbO7 (3 in the left prefrontal lobe of tetraplegia group was significantly higher than that of control group (t = 2.652, P = 0.013). 2) The number of functional connections between different channels and cerebral cortex: the proportion of channels related to motor cortex in different groups was 94.12% in the paraplegia group (32/34), 82.76% in the tetraplegia group (24/29), and only 74.36% in the control group (29/39). 3) Functional connectivity strength in the brain: compared with the control group, the functional connectivity strength in the right motor area was weakened in both the paraplegia group (t = 4.572, P = 0.000) and the tetraplegia group (t = 4.822, P = 0.000). Conclusions There are abnormalities in resting brain activation and functional connectivity of brain network after SCI, which are manifested as local enhancement of spontaneous neural activity in some brain regions and abnormal functional connectivity in cerebral cortices and brain regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypripedium palangshanen.se is a rare and endangered protected plant unique to China. It is an extremely small population of wild distributed in a narrow area. To study its genetic diversity CDDP molecular marker technology was used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 92 materials from 6 experimental sites in 2 wild populations of C. palangshanense in Wolong and Wanglang Nature Reserves, and further explore the relationship between genetic diversity and environmental factors. The results of the genetic analysis showed that a total of 131 locus were detected at the species level with 12 primers, the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) was 100%, the observed allele (Na) was 2, the effective allele (Ne) was 1.5026, the Nei's genetic diversity index (H) was 0. 3141, and the Shannon diversity index (I) was 0.4856; At the population level, the genetic diversity of Wolong population was higher than that of Wanglang population, and the variation range of Na was 1.4504 ~ 1.9160; the variation range of Ne was 1.2446 ~ 1.4336; H was between 0.1464 and 0.2679; I was between 0.2231 and 0.4153; the variation range of PPL was 45.04% ~ 91.60%. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) of C. palangshanense was 0.2863. The genetic structure and AMOVA analysis showed that there was genetic differentiation among the populations of C. palangshanense. Mantel test showed that there was a significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance among Cypripedium palang shanense populations in Balang mountain (R² = 0.3830, P<0.05). According to UPGMA cluster analysis, Wolong population and Wanglang population are clustered into one branch. The correlation analysis between genetic diversity and environmental factors showed that there was a significant positive correlation among observed allele (Na), the number of polymorphic loci (Np), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) and available potassium content (AK); The number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei s genetic diversity index (H) and Shannon information index (I) were significantly positively correlated with altitude (Alt); There was no significant correlation between remaining environmental factors and genetic diversity index. The results showed that CDDP molecular markers technology was suitable for the study of the genetic diversity of C. palangshanense, and was highly polymorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical manifestations, laboratory examination, imaging examination, genetic test, treatment and prognosis of scrub typhus combined with central nervous system (CNS) infection. Methods and Results The clinical data of 4 cases of scrub typhus encephalitis diagnosed and treated from October to November in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital were analyzed. The main clinical manifestations were eschar and lymphadenopathy (4 cases), headache (4 cases), nausea and vomiting (3 cases), fever (3 cases), rash (3 cases), and mental behavior disorder (3 cases); laboratory examination of hepatic in 3 cases were abnormality. Three patients underwent lumbar puncture of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), including 3 cases with elevated pressure, 2 with elevated white blood cell count, 3 with elevated protein quantification, and 3 with abnormal immune function. Head MRI examination in 3 cases were normal, and one case showed a slightly linear hyperintensity of FLAIR in the bilateral occipital lobes. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of CSF was completed in 3 patients, and Orientia tsutsugamushi was detected in all of them. All 4 cases were diagnosed as scrub typhus encephalitis and recovered after effective antibiotic treatment. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of scrub typhus combined with CNS infection are not specific, so it is necessary to be vigilant against the occurrence of scrub typhus in patients with CNS infection of unknown etiologys. In particular, scrub typhus should be considered during the epidemic season, if there is a history of farm work or suburban activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities lead to the increase of atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition and many adverse ecological effects. Quantitative input of atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur deposition can provide reference for nutrient management of nitrogen and sulfur in farmland. In recent years, the national air cleaning action has had a great impact on the emission of atmospheric active nitrogen and sulfur, but there are few studies on the comprehensive deposition of nitrogen and sulfur in the agricultural area of North China. In this study, the concentrations of atmospheric NH3, NO2 and SO2 were collected in the agricultural area of northern Henan Province, and the seasonal variation of concentrations of PNO3-, PNH4+ and PSO42- in atmospheric PM2.5 was studied, and the dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen and sulfur was quantified. Atmospheric rainfall was collected to obtain atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur. The results showed that the average concentrations of NH3, NO2 and SO2 are 13.9 µg/m³, 10.38 μg/m³ and 4.1 μg/m³, respectively. The concentration of PM2.5 in the atmosphere is 61.3~110.8 µg /m³, which is higher in autumn and winter, and lower in summer. The proportion of total inorganic ions of PNO3-, PNH4+ and PSO42- to PM2.5 in four seasons were 15.0%, 37.0%, 29.8% and 37.0%, respectively. PNO3- has the largest proportion in PM2.5 in autumn and winter. The annual wet deposition of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and sulfur were 11.5, 8.07 and 14.36 kg/hm², respectively. The annual dry deposition of nitrogen and sulfur was 21.39 kg/hm² and 6.15 kg / hm², respectively. The annual atmospheric sulfur deposition was lower than the nutrient absorption of wheat and maize, which indicated that applying sulfur fertilizer might increase crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p-type 4H-SiC are ideal materials of substrate for high-power electronic devices. However, p-type 4H-SiC single crystal substrates with high quality, large size and low resistance could not be produced in China due to technological constraints. In this paper, Al doped p-type 4H-SiC single crystal substrates with a diameter of 4-inch were prepared by physical vapor transport (PVT). Dislocation defects were tested by the corrosion of KOH on the substrate. The crystal quality was characterized by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), the crystal polytype was determined by Raman spectrum scanning, and the resistivity was measured by non-contact resistivity tester, respectively. It suggest that as-prepared substrates with low overall dislocation density and total resistivity (less than 0.5 Ω·cm) are prepared, meanwhile their crystal quality are good and crystal polytype is stable. Furthermore, the energy band structure and density of states of pristine 4H-SiC and Al doped p-type 4H-SiC were calculated via the first-principles plane wave ultra-soft pseudopotential method. The results show that the gap width decreases and the Fermi level passes through the valence band after the introduction of Al, which is considered as the characteristics of a p-type semiconductor. This elaborate study pave the way for the large-scale production of the p-type 4H-SiC substrate with high quality and low resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The safety of drinking water is of great concern to economic and social development, and is a focus of research in all countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the research efforts of China in this sector in comparison with the rest of the world. Method The analysis was based on the CNKI database and the Web of Science. The CiteSpace visualization software was used to compare the research efforts of researchers in both China and the rest of the world in five perspectives: the number of publications, number of authors of each publication, affiliations, keywords and research frontiers. Result The earliest research on drinking water sources in China traced back to 1983, while the research in the rest of the world started in 1905. Researchers in the rest of the world combined have published more than their Chinese counterparts, indicating that the continued interest in drinking water in the world. In terms of the number of articles published by a sole author or co-authors, the international researchers have the edge. In terms of research topics and research methods, research in China can be divided into the following stages: proof-concept from 1983 to 1999, initial development from 2000 to 2008, prosperous development from 2009 to 2015, area-transition stage from 2016 to 2021. Conclusion Research on drinking water source in China and the rest of the world has a similar development history though it started much later in China. The research results have significant implications for theoretical development and practical applications of research results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The validity of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data has been widely verified in many areas. However, its unsatisfactory spatial resolution fails to meet the high precision requirements of precipitation data for small-scale region studies. In this paper, the geographical topographic and meteorological factors (the water vapor index from MODIS05) required by the downscaling model were obtained by integrating the data from meteorological stations, the remote sensing satellite, DEM, and other multi-source data. Based on the mechanism of topographic precipitation, the relationship between characteristic down-scaling factors and local precipitation was constructed, and the downscaling model based on water vapor index (TRMMMOD05) was obtained. The average monthly precipitation data of TRMM with a resolution of 0. 25° x 0. 25° in East China from 2005 to 2015 were downscaled to a resolution of 1 km x 1 km by using TRMMMOD05 model. The accuracy evaluation of downscaling results using the observed precipitation data of the stations shows that TRMMMOD05 model not only significantly improves the spatial resolution of TRMM precipitation products, but also improves the accuracy of original data, and can better describe the spatial heterogeneity of regional precipitation caused by complex terrain. In addition, the estimated accuracy of TRMMMOD05 model is slightly higher than that of the downscaling model based on lag normalized vegetation index (TRMMLNDVI). Therefore, the downscaling method proposed in this paper can provide technical support for obtaining reliable precipitation data in areas with sparse meteorological stations or complex terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research of the population structure and genetic diversity has guiding significance to soybean improvement. In this study, 105 cultivar soybean accessions bred from Huang-Huai-Hai and Southern region of China were collected to detect their population structure and genetic diversity by using 99 SSR polymorphic primer pairs. The results showed that a total of 1142 alleles were detected at 99 loci with 11.54 average number of alleles per locus ranging from 5 to 24. The whole population was divided into 4 subgroups according to breeding period. The range of Nei's gene diversity was 0.628-0.839 with an average of 0.774. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.562-0.820 with an average of 0.742. The genetic distance between subgroups ranged from 0.387 to 0.197 with an average of 0.297. Ninety-nine percentage of total variation was explained within the subgroups, and 1% of total variation was explained among subgroups based on the molecular variation analysis, which indicated that there were frequent gene exchanges in subgroups. The principal coordinate analysis showed that the first, second, and third principal factors explained 4.12%, 3.61%, and 2.90% of the total variation respectively. These soybean germplasm could be divided into 3 subgroups based on STRUCTURE analysis and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster. Further comparison showed that the UPGMA subgroups and STRUCTURE subgroups displayed a highly consistent correlation with these pedigrees and the genetic base of each period. The genetic diversity had period characteristics and showed an increasing trend in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among the elderly in rural communities in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and to explore the screening accuracy of Screening Scale for Mild Cognitive Impairment (sMCI) in the elderly with low education. Methods From April 2010 to September 2010, 360 elderly people in Sijiqing street, Jianggan district (now Shangcheng district), Hangzhou, Zhejiang were recruited. Dementia and MCI were judged by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), sMCI and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). Draw receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculate the area under the curve (AUC), and compare the accuracy of sMCI, MoCA and CDR scores in screening MCI. Results Finally, 171 cases completed all investigations. 1) 55 cases (32.16%) were diagnosed as MCI, including 25 cases (14.62%) of amnestic MCI (aMCI) and 30 cases of non-aMCI, 11 cases (6.43%) of dementia, 10 cases (5.85%) of depression, 4 cases (2.34%) of anxiety disorder, one case (0.58%) of bipolar disorder, one case (0.58%) of schizophrenia and one case (0.58%) of mental retardation. Among 154 patients with cognitive impairment, 25 cases (16.23%) were screened for dementia by MMSE, 8 cases (5.19%) were screened for dementia by CDR, and 11 cases (7.14%) were clinically confirmed; 138 cases (89.61%) of MCI were screened by MoCA, 117 cases (75.97%) by sMCI, 70 cases (45.45%) by CDR, and 55 cases (32.16%) were clinically confirmed. 2) Taking clinical diagnosis as reference standard, the ROC curve showed CDR score had the highest accuracy in screening MCI, and the AUC was 0.90 ± 0.03 (95%CI: 0.844-0.957, P = 0.000); the AUC of MoCA score was 0.53 ± 0.05 (95%CI: 0.430-0.621, P = 0.603); when the cut -off value of sMCI score was 23, the AUC was 1.00 ± 0.00 (95%CI: 1.000-1.000, P = 0.000). The cut-off value of subjects with education level of 0-3 years was adjusted to 22, and the AUC was 0.67 ± 0.05 (95%CI: 0.578-0.756, P = 0.001). 3) According to education level, they were divided into 0-3 years group (113 cases) and 4-6 years group (47 cases). Taking CDR score as the reference standard, ROC curve showed the AUC of MoCA score in screening MCI in 4-6 years group was 0.49 ± 0.17 (95%CI: 0.157-0.824, P = 0.955), the cut-off value of sMCI score was 23, the AUC of sMCI score was 0.50 ± 0.17 (95%CI: 0.161-0.839, P = 1.000); the AUC of MoCA score in the 0-3 years group was 0.51 ± 0.06 (95%CI: 0.402-0.617, P = 0.858), and the cut-off value of sMCI score was adjusted to 22, and the AUC was 0.64 ± 0.05 (95%CI: 0.535-0.744, P = 0.011). Conclusions It is more common for the elderly in the rural communities with low education to have MCI, the accuracy of sMCI in screening MCI is higher than MoCA, and the cut-off value is 23 (education level 4-6 years) and 22 (education level 0- 3 years), which is worthy of clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the effect of exercise therapy combined with medication on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women and the effect of nursing intervention. Methods 106 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in Zhongshan Bo'ai Hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected and randomly divided into a control group (n =53) and an observation group (n =53). The control group was given routine nursing intervention and the observation group was given systematic nursing intervention. After 18 months of intervention, the nursing effect and bone mineral density of the two groups were compared. Results The total effective rate, nursing satisfaction score, treatment compliance and bone mineral density of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P < 0. 05). The VAS scores, insomnia scores and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score of the observation group were lower than those of the control group (all P < 0. 05). Conclusion For postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, exercise therapy combined with medication and systematic nursing intervention can increase bone mineral density and improve perimenopause symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To improve the efficiency of pre-examination and triage in MCH hospitals through PDCA, reduce the waiting time, avoid gathering and promote convenient and fast medical service. Methods By means of on-site surveys and questionnaires, the patients who visited Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital from February 1st to April 15 th, 2020 were selected as the pre-improvement group. After the PDCA rectification, the patients who visited from May 1st to July 15th were selected as the post-improvement group, with 2 000 cases in each group. To understand the status quo of pre-examination and triage, distribute and collect 200 satisfaction questionnaires for each of the two groups of patients to understand the satisfaction of patients with pre-inspection and triage, analyze the results of the previous and second surveys, and evaluate the efficiency of pre- examination and triage. Results After using PDCA, the number of pre-examination and triage in the improved group increased significantly during the daily peak hours, the average time required for pre-examination and triage of patients and the error rate of triage were significantly reduced, and the efficiency of daily pre-examination and triage were significantly improved, the differences were statistically significant. ( all P <0.05 ). The satisfaction of patients with pre-examination and triage increased from 89. 45 % to 99. 00%, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion Through PDCA quality improvement of the hospital pre-examination triage system, it can shorten the triage time, improve the efficiency and accuracy of pre-examination and triage, and improve patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed is the major oil crop with the largest planting area in China. However, its productivity and cultivation area are severely affected by low temperature (LT) stress. This review summarized research progresses on evaluation of LT tolerance, molecular mechanisms of LT responses in rapeseed, and breeding of novel rapeseed variety with LT resistance. The application of genome wide association study (GWAS) and multi-omics in ongoing LTrelated research were highlighted, which had theoretical significance in exploring genetic resources for LT resistance, and elucidating regulation mechanism of LT response in rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Mortality of lung cancer can be decreased by early screening effectively. However, consistent and proficient standards & methods have not been established in China. This study was based on pulmonary nodules/lung cancer comprehensive management platform established by West China Hospital, Sichuan University. Early screening of pulmonary nodules was integrated into standard healthcare of lung cancer system, aiming to improve survivals of lung cancer patients. Methods Three cohorts were established: healthy populations, pulmonary nodules cohort and lung cancer patients cohort, and related clinical data will be collected and analyzed. Preliminary plan includes verifying effect of pulmonary nodules screening module. Results Pulmonary nodules screening was performed in 2,836 employers (>40 years old) of West China Hospital. Lung cancers were diagnosed in 66 participants, all receiving surgery to remove the lesions. 65 of them were with early stage diseases, 1 with lung cancer and brain metastasis. Conclusion Proficient screening, follow-up and healthcare can be achieved via pulmonary nodules/lung cancer comprehensive management mode, which will be extended all over west China region in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there have been many studies on the use of supercritical fluids for biological material treatment in countries outside China. However, little is reported on application of supercritical fluids to bone tissue extraction, in particular in China. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology in the treatment of porcine femur cancellous bone and its effect on bone biological properties. METHODS: Porcine femoral bone blocks that were subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (study group) or not (control group) were prepared to determine bone mineral density, microstructure, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus, bone tissue composition, collagen content and perform histological analysis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were inoculated into two groups of bone blocks, and cultured for 1 day. The microporous structure of trabecular bone and cell adhesion and growth in bone material-cell composite were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The two groups of bone blocks were implanted subcutaneously in SD rats. The inflammatory reaction of subcutaneous tissue was observed histologically at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The experimental protocol had been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital, China. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in pore size, bone mineral density, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus and collagen content between the study and control groups (P > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that in the control group, the material pores had poor connectivity and there was soft tissue residue; in the study group, material pores were connected to each other and the structure was intact. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the two groups of bone tissue materials had similar absorption and diffraction peaks. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction could reduce water content in bone tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that there were no soft tissue residues in the bone, and the cell residues in the bone pit were significantly reduced in the study group, while soft tissue and cell residues were observed in the control group. Sirius red staining and modified Masson staining showed that the structure of bone collagen in the study group was intact, the cytoplasmic components reduced, and the cytoplasmic components in the control group remained significantly. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was no obvious cell adhesion in the control group, but cell adhesion growth was obvious in the study group. Perivascular inflammatory response in the bone tissue implantation region was obviously weaker in the study group than in the study group. These results suggest that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology is an effective and environment-friendly bone tissue processing technology. It can effectively remove porcine cancellous bone cells and soft tissue without affecting its collagen structure and content and mechanical properties, retaining intact bone pore structure, increasing cell adhesion and growth, and effectively reducing inflammatory rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In China, although microscope-assisted anterior cervical decompression has been performed by many spine surgeons in recent years, the application of microscope still needs to be further promoted in China. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically evaluate and analyze the clinical efficacy of cervical spondylopathy by comparing patients under microscope-assisted anterior cervical approach to traditional anterior cervical approach. As a result, it can provide the evidence for clinical decision in these cervical spondylopathy patients. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect between microscope-assisted anterior cervical approach and traditional anterior cervical approach in cervical spondylopathy patients. METHODS: Databases such as Medline, Embase, PubMed, Web of science, CBM, Wangfang databases, VIP, and CNKI were searched from inception to July 2019 to find literature related to microscope-assisted anterior cervical approach and traditional anterior cervical approach in treatment of cervical spondylopathy. Two investigators evaluated the researches independently and compared the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, the preoperative and postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association score, neurological success rate, the preoperative and the postoperative visual analogue scale score, and the complication rates between two groups. The quality of the included literature was evaluated by the modified Jadad scale, the modified Newcastle ottawa score and the methodological index for non-randomized-studies. The correlative clinical outcome in inclusive research was analyzed systematically by using Stata 12.0 Software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Twelve studies were accorded with the inclusion criteria, containing 892 cases (438 cases in the microscope-assisted group, while 454 cases in the traditional group). (2) There were no significant differences in the preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association score (WMD=-0.1 00, 95%CI(-0.459, 0.259), P=0.585), operative time (WMD=6.852, 95%Cl(-0.446, 14.149), P=0.066), the preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scale score (WMD=0.293, 95%Cl(-0.023, 0.608), P=0.069; WMD=-0.718, 95%Cl(-1.495, 0.059), P=0.070) between two groups. (3) Postoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association score (WMD=1.310, 95%Cl(0.621, 1.998), P < 0.001}, the rate of neurological success (WMD=4.639, 95%Cl(0.294, 8.984}, P=0.036} in the microscope-assisted group were higher than those in the traditional group. The intraoperative blood loss (WMD=-18.068, 95%Cl(-24.504, -11.632}, P < 0.001} and the rate of complication (RR=1.068, 95%Cl(1.012, 1.126), P=0.002) in the microscope-assisted group were significantly lower than those in the traditional group. (4} Performing anterior cervical approach under microscope has a better clinical effect than using traditional anterior cervical approach in the treatment of cervical spondylopathy, but more high-quality clinical studies are needed to verify it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macadamia nut, which is rich in nutrients necessary for human growth, has a crunchy and delicious taste. In China, macadamia trees are widely planted. Therefore, this paper focuseed on the nutritional analys of macadamia nuts, and reviewed the comprehensive utilization of the processing by-products of macadamia nuts, included macadamia shell, macadamia peel and macadamia nut residue, so as to provided a theoretical reference for the market development and comprehensive utilization of macadamia nuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Previous reports have shown that lung cancer incidence and mortality were increasing both in male and female; however, the temporal trends in lung cancer eliminated life expectancy and potential years of life lost (PYLL) are very rare. Thus, we examine the temporal trends in lung cancer eliminated life expectancy and PYLL in Kunshan city, Jiangsu province, 1981-2015. Methods Data were collected from vital registry of Kunshan city. Lung cancer eliminated life expectancy and the PYLL were calculated by sex. The Chinese population in 2000 was used to calculate age-standardized PYLL. Estimate annual percentage changes (eAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to examine the temporal trendss. Results During 1981 to 2015, substantially increasing trend was observed for the lung cancer eliminated life expectancy, which increased by 0.34 years in 1981 to 0.86 in 2015 (APC=3.2%, 95%CI: 2.8%-3.6%), and a significant increasing trend was found for male (APC=3.0%, 95%CI: 2.5%-3.5%) and female (APC=3.6%, 95%CI: 3.0%-4.2%). Moreover, the age-standardized PYLL among both sex (APC=-0.1%, 95%CI: -0.6%-0.4%) and male (APC=-0.5%, 95%CI: -1.1%-0.1%) were stable, but increasing trend was observed in females (APC=1.5%, 95%CI: 0.3%-2.7%). Conclusion Although there was no significant change over the past 3 decades regarding the effect of premature deaths due to lung cancer, a substantial increasing trend was observed in lung cancer eliminated life expectancy, which suggested that targeted lung cancer prevention and control measures are urgently need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The unauthorized releasing of confidential patient information is a serious problem worldwide. Nurses, the healthcare professionals who are in most frequent contact with patients, have access to a significant amount of confidential patient information and play a key role in protecting patient privacy. However, currently, there is no proper tool to measure the level to which clinical nurses protect the privacy of their patients in China. Purpose: To translate the patient privacy scale (PPS) into Chinese and to test the reliability and validity of this Chinese version. Methods: The original scale was developed by Özturk, Bahcecik, and Özçelik (2014) to identify whether nurses protect or violate patient privacy in the workplace. This study used the "back translation" method to translate the scale. A total of 616 nurses in two tertiary hospitals in the Western region of China were enrolled to test the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the translated scale. Results: The Cronbach's coefficients of the total scale and its 5 factors ranged from .84 to .94; the split half reliability was .91; the test-retest reliability was .82; and the content validity index was .95. Explanatory factor analysis revealed that the 5 factors explained 64.98% of the total variance. Conclusions: The Chinese version of the PPS is reliable and valid, and may be used to reliably assess the behaviors of nurses with regard to protecting the privacy of their patients. The scale may also be used to evaluate the effects of training on patient privacy protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coalbed methane (CBM) composition analysis in China is adopting the natural gas sampling and analysis standards at present. In this paper, the applicability of these standards for CBM was studied by theoretical evaluation and experimental verification. The results show that most of the existing methods are suitable for CBM, some methods still need to be improved for CBM quality analysis. Based on these studies, the proposals for improvement of CBM analysis methods and standardization are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly 20 years of rapid economic growth has a significant impact in poverty reduction in China. However, rural districts show slower improvement due to the difference in individual income and distribution policy between rural and urban regions, which emphasizes the importance of rural distincts in poverty reduction in China. This paper is limited to neither geographical division nor economic zoning, but creatively utilizes the decomposition of SST index to group the provinces in a 3-dimensional space, that is, to group the provinces according to their performance and characteristics in poverty, aiming to make the division of rural poverty group more reasonable. We carry out the group study basing on the CHNS rural data of 9 provinces, and further prove validity of the division by Shapley decomposition of FGT index differences. Take into consideration the characteristic of rural poverty groups and sources of differences, we suggest specific measures be taken for poverty reduction of different groups for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-casino gaming (e.g., horse racing, lotteries, football betting) in Hong Kong has seen a considerable growth in recent years, making it a good case for the study of residents' perceptions and attitudes towards non-casino gaming in urban communities. Residents are the primary participants of non-casino gaming. Previously, models have been developed to analyze the impact of gaming on the attitudes of residents in casino gaming communities. Despite the growing popularity of non-casino gaming, the influence of different forms of non-casino gaming has not yet to be assessed under a theoretical framework. This study aims to examine the residents' perceptions on the effects of non-casino gaming in urban communities. Based on a comprehensive literature review, the main research constructs developed to measure community perceptions of non-casino gaming were derived from the social exchange theory. The data used for this study were collected through survey research and were subsequently analyzed through structural equation modeling. A pilot test was conducted with 159 respondents in Hong Kong prior to the main survey, which yielded 626 questionnaires. Research findings can be reported as follows. First, social exchange theory is found valid for explaining residents' perceptions on non-casino gaming. The residents' level of support for non-casino gaming was influenced by several variables, such as perceived positive social influence, gaming behavior, perceived negative environmental and economic impact, perceived negative social influence, community attachment, and power. Positive relationships were found among the residents' perceived positive influences, gaming behavior, community attachment, and power and levels of support for non-casino gaming. Moreover, negative relationships were identified among perceived negative environmental, economic, and social impacts. Negative social impacts played a more important role as compared with negative environmental and economic impacts. Second, the major positive impacts perceived by residents were availability of entertainment and recreation, social opportunities, public infrastructure, increased attractiveness of a city, and educational funding brought by gaming. Furthermore, the perceptions on negative environmental effects included overcrowding, cleanliness of the community, traffic congestion, and costs of living. Perceived negative social effects included destruction of family, increase of loan, and sharking and gambling addicts. Third, the family members' gaming behaviors had significant effects on the support level of non-casino gaming. Direct positive relationships were identified between residents' community attachment and their support level. Thus, community attachment was positively related to perceived positive impacts. Moreover, residents who perceived themselves as having greater power experienced stronger positive and negative impacts simultaneously. Consequently, such residents were supportive of further developments in gaming. As compared with previous research on the influences of gaming, this article is distinct because of the several aspects it considered. First, the present study develops and provides an analytic framework and a valid instrument that helps in evaluating the effects of non-casino gaming. Furthermore, an improved model that integrates community attachment, power relationship, and gaming behavior is developed based on social exchange theory. Finally, this research provides an in depth understanding of the perceptions of Chinese on gaming. Practically, the results will help policy makers in mainland China and Hong Kong to create appropriate gaming development strategies. Consequently, measures can be implemented to broaden the community's understanding of gaming and encourage public support for the administration of gaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospect of transporting coal-bed methane (CBM) by natural gas pipeline network was predicted, which indicated the urgent standardization for pipeline coal-bed methane. Then, natural gas standards, CBM relevant standards and the CBM constituents in China were studied. And suggestions were proposed for the standard based on the research results considering the economic benefits, safety & health and environmental protection factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In The Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement between China Mainland and Taiwan, the regime of disputes resolution has been set up and made detailed provisions, which can clear up some doubts and promote the development of economy and trade. However, the regime has some noticeable problems that might derogate from the implement of the Agreement and its effect. This article focuses on analyzing these defects and propounds corresponding proposals for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid increase of the LNG gas stations and the LNG vehicles, the LNG dispensers are increasingly available. The working principle of LNG dispensers as the starting point, the national verification regulation and the program for pattern evaluation of LNG dispensers are introduced. The traceability and transfer of quantity of LNG are analyzed. The developing tendency of LNG dispensers in China is prospected. The research results of the paper will promote the development and study of LNG dispensers industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideological development within Gao's family in Jinshan at the end of the Qing Dynasty characterized how the big families of intelligentsia in the Jiangnan Region responded to tumultuous historical changes at that time. The great social changes, especially the abolishment of Keju system, prevented people of those families from following the traditional way of career development and thus forced them to turn to new cultural ideals. Members of Gao's family, who had embraced the idea of social reform in the 1898 Reform Movement led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, joined the force to topple the Qing Government. They started a family monthly journal of Juemin (literally awakening people) and established a connection with the forces against Qing Government in Shanghai through this magazine . In addition to the journal, Gao's family also set up Hanyin Association, blazing a trail for the establishment of the revolutionary Nanshe Association. In this sense, the study of Gao's family is an effective way to explore the relationship between great families and the development of key social communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visitor satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of the success of urban tourism development. However, mastering and controlling its influence is becoming more and more critical to urban tourism development and management. It is important for cities to increase the level of visitor satisfaction, improve urban tourism development, coordinate the relationship between urban development and urban tourism and enhance the sustainable development of urban tourism. According to the international literature, research on urban tourism in western countries originated in the mid-1960s, almost 20 years earlier than in China. The research content and themed have become richer and deeper in recent years, emphasizing concerns about urban heritage management and protection, urban tourism environments, business tourism and shopping tourism, theoretical framework development, the impacts of urban tourism, sustainability, and research progress. Although some research discusses the use satisfaction and production development in the context of international urban tourism, as well as visitors' perceptions of international cities, few studies have examined the most influential factors affecting tourists' satisfaction with urban tourism. In China, there are several shortcomings in the research on urban tourism. First, few scholars have undertaken quantitative analyses regarding the influence of, and relationship between visitors' satisfaction and urban characteristics, or visitors satisfaction and social demographics. Second, most literature on visitor satisfaction focuses on simple comparisons between expected and perceived experiences. Third, few, if any, have applied econometrics to test the causality between visitors' satisfaction, urban feature and demographics. Considering these deficiencies, document analysis, questionnaires and a Bivariate Discrete Probit Choice Model were used to test hypotheses about influential factors and visitor satisfaction. The influential factors were grouped into three main variables--urban features, personal characteristics and tourist motivation--and ten indicators. Data were collected from 477 visitors through an on-site survey in Changsha City. The results confirmed six hypotheses, and the modified visitor satisfaction-influenced Probit model exhibited statistical significance. The results indicate that the level of urban social development, degree of environmental protection, abundance of tourism resources, visitors' monthly salary, and positive visit motives have a positive effect on visitors' satisfaction. Among those variables, positive visit motives have the strongest influence, with the influence coefficient being 0.950122, while urban social development demonstrated the weakest influence, with the coefficient being 0. 205284. These findings raise concerns about urban development and quality of tourism. Finally, policy suggestions for city tourism managers are discussed, including improving systems of satisfaction, urban development and infrastructure, urban tourism resource development, and tourism marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal portion system is a product that balances the conflicts between prohibition of heritage disposal and freedom of testament, and between individual freedom and social public interests. In nature, legal portion belongs to a special right of inheritance, which a legal heir is entitled to after the opening of succession. The statutory share in the inheritance law of PRC is not legal portion by nature, which has drawn lessons from the corresponding systems of the former Soviet Union and many other socialist countries. Although the statutory share limits to some extent a testator's freedom of property disposal, its main function is to give full play to the household old-age and child care, and to reduce the social burden rather than to restrict testamentary freedom. In China's future civil code, a parallel double-track mode of statutory share in testament inheritance and legal portion in legacy should be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]