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Objective: To explore the role of negative emotional arousal in attention disengagement difficulties in college students with social anxiety. Methods: Totally 35 college students with social anxiety[38≤Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale(LSAS) total scores≤72, Beck Depression Inventory Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ) total scores ＜14] and 35 college students without social anxiety(0≤LSAS total scores ＜38, BDI-Ⅱ total scores ＜14) were selected, and 2(groups: social anxiety group, non-social anxiety group) × 3(stimulus types: high arousal angry face, low arousal angry face, neutral face) two factor mixed experimental design was used to investigate the reaction time and accuracy of college students with social anxiety under different arousal conditions. Results: The reaction time in social anxiety group was longer under high arousal than that under low arousal and neutral conditions(Ps ＜0. 05). There was no statistically significant difference in the reaction time under high arousal, low arousal and neutral conditions in non-social anxiety group(Ps＞ 0. 05). Conclusion: Compared with neutral and low arousal negative emotional stimulus, college students with social anxiety are more difficult to disengage attention to high arousal negative emotional stimulus, but this pattern do not exist in college students without social anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders (EDs) are a kind of chronic disease with high relapse rate and heavy disease burden. Patients with EDS have neurocognitive deficits related to executive function, among which the main manifestations are abnormal attentional bias and inhibitory control. Event-related potential studies are being undertaken to explore the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive abnormalities in EDS. This paper reviews the research of event-related potentials in EDs from the aspect of attentional bias and inhibition control. Suggestions for the future diagnosis and treatment programs based on neurocognitive mechanism are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation plays a significant role in the correction of addictive behaviors. Behavioral addiction is often accompanied by attentional bias to habitual behaviors of specific stimuli. As a kind of behavioral addiction, mobile phone addiction is no exception. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the attentional bias of mobile phone addicts through the transcranial direct current stimulation (2 mA, 20 minutes) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe with cathode as the center pole.METHODS: A total of 39 health college students from Tianjin University of Sport were recruited as experimental subjects. Among them, 21 were assigned into mobile phone addiction group and 18 assigned into non-mobile phone addiction groups. All the subjects underwent transcranial direct current stimulation (2 mA, 20 minutes) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe with cathode as the center pole, at a 2×3 mixed design. The interventional effects were demonstrated from three aspects: physiological indicators, behavioral response indicators, and eye movement indicators. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure before and after intervention. Before intervention, compared with the non-mobile phone addiction group, the mobile phone addiction group showed significantly longer response time and lower accuracy in the dot-probe task (P < 0.05). After intervention, the response time and accuracy of the mobile phone addiction group were both significantly improved (P < 0.05). Before intervention, there were significant differences in total fixation times, total fixation time, fixation correction time, saccade correction time, forward saccade time, and saccade times between the mobile phone addiction group and the non-mobile phone addiction group in the anti-saccade task (P < 0.05). After intervention, the total fixation times, total fixation time, fixation correction time, saccade correction time, forward saccade, and saccade times were all improved in the mobile phone addiction group compared with those before the intervention (P < 0.05). To conclude, transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can improve attentional bias in mobile phone addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effects of perceived risk of COVID-19 of college students on their anxiety and depression, as well as the roles of attention to negative information and perceived social support, so as to provide theoretical basis for colleges and universities to formulate corresponding intervention measures. Methods By the convenience sampling method, totally 1 404 college students from Shaanxi and Henan provinces were investigated online by using General Information Questionnaire, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic Scale, Attention to Negative Information Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Perceived Social Support Scale. SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis, Pearson correlation method was used to explore the correlation between variables. The mediating effect of attention to negative information and the moderating effect of perceived social support were analyzed by PROCESS. Results The scores of anxiety and depression of the 1 404 college students included in the study were 4.03±4.48 and 6.21±5.41, respectively. The detection rate of anxiety symptom was 29.9%, and that of depression symptom was 44.4%. The risk perception of COVID-19 epidemic of the college students was positively correlated with attention to negative information (r=0.373, P＜0.001), anxiety (r=0.227, P＜0.001), and depression (r=0.226, P＜0.001). Anxiety (r=0.553, P＜0.001), and depression (r=0.497, P＜0.001), were positively correlated with attention to negative information, while perceived social support was negatively correlated with the risk perception of the COVID-19 (r=-0.154, P＜0.001), attention to negative information (r=-0.259, P＜0.001), anxiety (r=-0.321, P＜0.001), and depression (r=-0.278, P＜0.001). The risk perception of COVID-19 affected the anxiety and depression of the students mainly through the mediating effect of attention to negative information. The total effect of risk perception of COVID-19 and anxiety was 0.227, and the mediating effect accounted for 80.18% of the total effect. The total effect of risk perception of COVID-19 and depression was 0.228, and the mediating effect accounted for 90.35% of the total effect. Perceived social support played a moderating role in the last half of this mediating model. Conclusion Risk perception of COVID-19 indirectly affects the occurrence of anxiety and depression in college students through attention to negative information, and perceived social support plays a moderating role in this mediating model. The findings suggest that when a risk event occurs, colleges and universities should pay attention to guiding students to adjust their attentional bias to external information, and give students enough care and support to improve their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Eye tracking has attracted the attention of Chinese scholars because it can objectively, timely and non-invasively reflect the eye movement and attention characteristics of autistic patients, which makes up for the lack of objectivity of traditional measurement methods. However, there is yet no visualization analysis of literature on eye tracking in autistic patients. OBJECTIVE: To perform the visualization analysis of relevant Chinese and English literature on eye tracking in autism and to understand the research overview, hot spots and trends in this field. METHODS: Literature related to eye tracking in autistic patients were searched in Web of Science Core Collection database and CNKI database from their inception to November 5, 2021. Bibliometrics and visualization analysis of key node information in the literature was conducted using CiteSpace software (R5.8.R1). The main observation indexes were node centrality, co-occurrence frequency or co-citation frequency, and burst time. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 1 458 papers were included in the Web of Science core Collection database, the first of which was published in 1994, and 210 papers were included in the CNKI database, the first of which was published in 2007. The international author with the most publications is JOHNSON MH who is from the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, and the institution with the most publications is University College London. In China, Chen Shunsen who is from the Institute of Applied Psychology of Minnan Normal University has published the most papers, and the institution with the most publications is the Institute of Applied Psychology of Minnan Normal University. There are some differences between domestic and international research hotspots. Domestic researchers mostly focus on the attentional bias behavior pattern of children with autism towards external social cues, and their results mainly show that children with autism have attentional bias of negative emotional cues and eye attention bias. International researchers not only focus on the visual patterns of processing social cues in children and infants with autism, but also use brain imaging technology to study the underlying neural mechanisms of abnormal visual behavior patterns. The main research results are that the abnormal attention pattern of autism patients is mainly related to the activation of amygdala, occipito-temporal lobe and fusiform gyrus. Further research on biomarkers related to autism is required to provide objective indicators for early diagnosis and intervention of autistic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object: To investigate the effect of implicit emotion regulation on attentional blink in negative emotions. Methods: Fifty students were selected and randomly divided into the regulated group with priming emotion control regulation goals and the non-regulated group without priming. A documentary clip was used to induce negative emotions of participants and then a word matching task was employed to prime emotion regulation goals implicitly, and the accuracy of the two groups of subjects in response to two target stimuli（the numbers at T1 and T2）in attentional blink task was compared. Results: Participants who initiated the implicit emotion regulation goal had lower implicit negative emotion experience than the non-regulated group [（1. 98±0. 56） vs. （2. 05±0. 40), P <0. 05]. As for the attentioral blink task, a main effect of Lags for T2 was found Accuracy dropped significantly for Lags 2-5 and then gradually increased again for both two groups, showing a typical attentional blink. Moreover, the accuracy of T2 in the regulated group was lower than that in the non-regulated group, showing more obvious attentional blink [Lag4: （86. 12% vs. 92. 92%), P <0. 05; Lag5: （93. 56% vs. 98. 48%), P <0. 05]. Conclusion: In negative emotions, priming the emotion control goals could reduce implicit negative emotion experience and strengthen attentional blinkin college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization regards betel quid (BQ) as a human carcinogen. The BQ chewers may develop dependence symptoms. Although chewing BQ is common in many Asian countries, BQ is still a “populous orphan” in the field of addictive substance. The current review paper systematically reviews the cognitive neuroscientific studies on BQ chewers to understand the chewing effect on cognitive functions and brain. This review includes 25 studies ranged from 1976 to 2019. According to the subjects and study tools, these studies are categorized into “cognitive functions” and “executive control and reward systems.” The “cognitive functions” session includes alertness, selective attention, short-term memory, and executive control. The “executive control and reward systems” session includes the studies that adopted the magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the possible imbalance between the executive control and reward systems. The current review shows that (1) the alertness studies on BQ chewers are few and inconsistent, (2) chewing BQ can affect spatial attention distribution that facilitates target identification, (3) dependent chewers can bias their attention to BQ cues, (4) dependent chewers may have impaired spatial short-term memory, (5) the behavioral studies on executive control are few and inconsistent, (6) imaging studies, in general, show deteriorated executive control in dependent chewers, but show inconsistent patterns on the reward system. The current review discusses several research limitations for future BQ studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the characteristics of attentional bias to career-related stimuli job burnout in college teachers. Methods: Twenty college teachers with job burnout [job burnout group, the scores of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey (MBI-ES) were above two standard deviations of the mean] and 16 teachers without job burnout ( control group, the scores of MBI-ES were below two standard deviations of the mean) were selected as participants. The stimuli were words related to teachers, education and teaching, which were classified as high-threatening and low-threatening according to the degree of difficulty and threat. A dot-probe task was adopted. Results: In the condition of high-threatening words, the attentional facilitation indices were higher in the control group than in the job burnout group (P < 0. 001). However, in the condition of low-threatening words, the attentional facilitation indiceswere lower in the control group than in the job burnout group (P < 0. 001) . While in the conditions of both high-threatening and low-threatening words, the attentional disengagement indices were lower in the control group than in the job burnout group ( Ps ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: It suggests that college teachers with job burnout show attentional bias toward career-related stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention bias modification (ABM) can correct the attention bias of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and improve their symptoms. However, the therapeutic mechanism of ABM is poorly understood (Macleod & Clarke, 2015). In this study, 28 patients (18 women and 10 men; average age = 46.04 years) with GAD were recruited. In addition, 28 healthy people (22 women and 6 men; average age = 45.43 years) were recruited as the control group. All participants were randomly assigned to either the ABM group (receiving neutral stimuli for attention training) or the placebo-training group (receiving no specific stimuli). Before and after training, both groups received two types of attention network test (ANT)-the standard ANT and the emotion ANT (e-ANT)-to assess changes in the alerting network, the orienting network, and the executive control network of the participants; e-ANT, in which threatening and neutral words serve as clues, is used to assess alertness to neutral or threatening stimuli as well as orientations, from neutral to threatening and from threatening to neutral stimuli. The results indicated that the attention allocation of the patients with GAD was inflexible. Compared with the control group, the patients’ conflict-monitoring abilities were unsatisfactory. Moreover, the patients were significantly highly alert to symbols, neutral stimuli, and threatening stimuli. Compared with the control group, shifting attention from threatening stimuli to neutral stimuli was more difficult for patients with GAD. After receiving training (of any type), the ability of patients with GAD to shift their attention from threatening stimuli to neutral stimuli improved significantly, possibly because the participants responded strategically during attention training. These results clarify the processes underlying attention bias in patients with GAD as well as the relationship between such processes and ABM, from the perspectives of the alerting, orienting, and executive control networks proposed by Posner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To explore how induced depression influences attentional bias and the moderating effect of cognitive appraisal. Methods: Eighty college students participated in the study and were randomly assigned to the induced depression group (n =40, accepted a procedure of depression induction) and the control group (n =40, accepted a procedure of the same time rest). Then, a 2 (induced depression group vs. control group) x 2 (different location vs. same location) mixed design experiment was conducted with the cognitive appraisal as the moderator and the attentional bias as the dependent variable. Induced depression was manipulated by an induction process, attentional bias was measured with the dot-probe task and cognitive appraisal was assessed with the visual analogue mood scales. Results: The reaction time to the different location was longer than that to the same location in the induced depression group [(374.1 ±62.0) ms vs. (367.8 ± 60.9) ms, P <0.01], while there was no statistically significant difference between the reaction time to the different and the same location in the control group (P >0.05). Bootstrap analysis showed that cognitive appraisal played a statistically significant moderating role in the influence of induced depression on attentional bias (P<0. 01). Conclusion: It suggests that the college students with induced depression show negative attentional bias and cognitive appraisal may play a moderating role on the relationship between depression and attentional bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research was focused on systemically evaluating the effect size of negative and positive attentional bias in social anxiety individuals, and its influencers. Methods: The current study retrieved the researches which measured the attentional bias of social anxiety individuals directly or indirectly from Chinese database (CNKI, Wanfang, CQVIP) and English database (Web of Science, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, SicenceDirect, Talor &Francis online, PsycNET) , and conducted meta-analysis on those researches which meet the inclusion criteria by using CMA3. 0. The overall effect size of negative and positive attentional bias of social anxiety individuals were calculated. Furthermore, by taking the subgroup into account, potential moderators of the effect size of attentional bias were explored. Results: The overall effect of negative and positive attentional bias of social anxiety were 0. 57 and - 0.06 respectively. And a subgroup analysis showed that for negative attentional bias, the effect size of indirect measurement (g=0. 55) was higher than direct measurement ( g = 0. 10) , and the effect size of word stimulus (g=0. 77) was higher the facial stimulus group (g =0. 23) (Ps < 0. 001). With respect to positive attentional bias, the effect size of vigilance (g =0. 11) was higher than avoidance (g=- 0. 18) (P < 0. 01) , the effect size of indirect measurement (g=0. 17) was higher than direct measurement (g =- 0. 22) , and the effect size of word stimulus (g :0. 35) was higher than the facial stimulus (g= -0. 16) (Ps <0. 01). In addition, the screening criteria and experimental scenarios did not show significant differences in both negative and positive attentional bias. Conclusion: Social anxiety individuals has a moderate negative attention bias, and small positive bias; and it was affected by time course, measurement, and experimental material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the components and time characteristics of attentional bias in type 2 diabetes patients with different levels of self-management. Methods: The patients were first divided into higher, medium and lower self-management levels based on th Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA), 63 subjects in each group. A probe detection task was used to examine the impact on the different emotional pictures and stimulus presenting time on attentional bias. Results: When the stimuli were displayed for 500 ms, patients with higher self-management levels showed shorter reaction time to positive pictures than to negative pictures [(597.8±185.5)ms vs.(626.0±186.6)ms,P<0.01], and their scores of negative attentional bias [(-22.5±79.0) ms, P<0.05] and negative orienting index were lower than 0[(-26.6±74.5)ms, P<0.01]. The scores of negative disengaging index were significant higher than 0 in patients with medium self-management levels [(17.2±60.3)ms,P<0.05], the scores of positive disengaging index were significant lower than 0 in patients with lower self-management levels [(-22.6±74.8)ms,P<0.05]. When the stimuli were displayed for 1250 ms, the scores of positive orienting index were higher than 0 in patients with medium self-management levels [(14.9±54.4)ms,P<0.05]. Conclusion: It suggests that there are different characteristics of implicit cognitive processing in patients with different levels of self-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with op- timistic and pessimistic attributional style. Methods: A total of 83 college students (20 males and 23 females in op¬timistic group, 20 males and 20 females in pessimisticgroup) were recmited online. The 2 cue validity (valid, inva¬lid) X 2 emotional type (positive, negative) x 2 attributional style (optimistic group, pessimistic group) hybrid de¬sign was used to investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with optimistic and pes¬simistic attributional style, adopting the cue-target paradigm. Results: Under valid situation, optimistic group had re- sponded to positive (cue) target faster than pessimistic group [ (311‘ 4 ± 26‘ 6) ms vs‘ (324 1 ± 47‘ 0) ms，P < 0. 05], while there was no significant difference in reaction times (RTs) on negative (cue) target between two groups (P >0. 05). Under invalid situation, optimistic group had responded to negative target faster than pessimistic group [ (331. 0 ±31. 7) ms vs‘（337. 4 ±50. 0) ms，P 0. 05). Conclusion: It suggests that optimistic individuals and pessimistic individuals respectively have selective attentional bias to positive information and negative information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]