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Fecal microbial contamination in the food chain is a significant concern in the field of food safety as it is one of the most important pathways causing foodborne diseases. Microbial source tracking (MST) is an effective approach to address this issue, which can track the sources and contamination of fecal microbes. MST methods can be categorized into two types: library-dependent methods (LDMs) and library-independent methods (LIMs), with LIMs including culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The non-culture-dependent method using 16S rRNA and host-microbial interaction genes as specific molecular markers has been widely used to investigate microbial contamination in the food chain. This review provides an overview of the basic principle and characteristics of MST, and focuses on recent advances in MST methods based on host-specific molecular markers for tracing microbial contamination in the food chain. Furthermore, future prospects of MST are discussed based on its unique advantages and disadvantages.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ileo amino acid digestion rate is an important index to evaluate amino acid digestion rate, using ileal amino acid digestibility to improve poultry feedstuff database is of great significance. The article summarizes evaluation system of amino acid utilization rate of poultry feedstock, including enzymolysis in vitro and in vivo methods such as growth test, fecal collection method, ileal amino acid digestibility, compared the research of multiple linear regression equation and artificial neural network in establishing dynamic prediction model of amino acid utilization rate of poultry. The multiple linear regression method is one of the tools for establishing dynamic prediction models, which can efficiently and quickly estimate amino acid utilization rate of feedstuff and provide reference for scientific formulation of poultry feedstuff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microbial agents, made from one or more microorganisms, are biological products with high vitality and specific effects, they are used in crop planting, livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, and the safe treatment of agricultural organic wastes. Microbial agents have the functions such as improvement of soil properties, increase of crop yields, efficient fermentation of fecal waste, release of nutrients, regulation of ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture waters, improvement of water quality, and degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Through literature reading and collation, in this article, the types of microbial agents and the preparation of microbial agents were introduced, and the research progress of different types of microbial agents and the application methods of microbial agents(microbial agents alone or in combination) on the application effects on soil enzyme activity, quantity of soil microorganisms, agronomic traits of crops, photosynthetic efficiency, yield and quality were elaborated. It was noted that the research on microbial agents should mainly focus on the selection and breeding of good strains, effective ingredients and reasonable combinations, and the evaluation of application effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Favourable water quality is the basis of pond healthy aquaculture. In order to realize the automation of monitoring and sampling, an integrated unmanned water quality monitoring and sampling boat was designed and its performance test was carried out. Considering the requirements of water quality monitoring and sampling, the hull structure was designed, and the layout of the functional areas of water quality sensor, sampling system, power supply, control box, and water sample collection bottles in the cabin was designed considering the load bearing and stability. The autonomous cruise control system was developed based on the differential twin-propellers driven model and the integration of GPS and attitude sensor. The water sampling control system and water quality monitoring data platform were integrated with Internet of Things technology. The comprehensive test results showed that the trajectory of unmanned boat was accurate, the maximum deviation of monitoring point was 1.49 m, the minimum deviation was 0.39 m, and the average deviation was 1.003 m. The water quality monitoring and sampling function was stable, and the pH value, water temperature and dissolved oxygen of water could be returned in real time. Six 500 mL water sampling bottles could collect water samples of underwater 50 cm accurately, which is in line with national standards. The results provide a low-cost and reliable implementation scheme for the whole surface water quality monitoring of aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil in karst high background value area were analyzed based on small space scale, providing basic data for comprehensive prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil and safe utilization of paddy soil. [Method] With 129 paddy soil samples（0-20 cm soil layer） from a rice planting area in Debao county, Guangxi as the research object, the pH and the contents of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cr and As were determined.The pollution characteristics of paddy soil were evaluated by using geographic information system software（ArcGIS） combined with single pollution index method, Nemero comprehensive pollution index method, geological cumulative index method and potential ecological hazard index method.The sources of heavy metals in paddy soil in the study area were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis. [Result] The average pH of paddy soil in the study area was 7.46,and the average contents of Cd, As, Pb and Cr were 1.87,11.65,24.57 and 121.45 mg/kg respectively.The average value of single pollution indexes of Cd, As, Cr and Pb was 2.86＞0.56＞0.39＞0.15.The comprehensive pollution index of 69.00% points was at medium pollution level, and the comprehensive pollution index of 31.00% points was at light pollution level.The evaluation result of geological cumulative index showed that the influence degree of the four heavy metal elements by human activities was in the order of Cd＞Cr＞Pb＞As.The comprehensive potential ecological risk index of the four heavy metals was at a slight ecological risk level.The main potential ecological risk source of paddy soil was Cd, which contributed 92.89% to the comprehensive potential ecological hazards.The spatial distribution of Cd, As and Cr element content was mainly characterized by high in the northwest and low in the southeast.The distribution of Pb content was the highest in the southeast, followed by the west and low in the middle.The slight enrichment of Cr and As may be related to the discharge of sewage and coal in residential areas, the Pb content may be affected by transportation, and the Cd pollution may be affected by agricultural activities, atmospheric sedimentation and residents’ living activities. [Conclusion] A paddy soil（129 sites） in Debao county, Guangxi was seriously polluted by heavy metal Cd.Although As, Pb and Cr have accumulated to varying degrees, they were at a non-pollution level.The ecological hazard risk was shown as slight ecological hazard, which was related to agricultural activities, atmospheric sedimentation, domestic sewage and coal burning emissions.The contribution rate of Cd to the comprehensive potential ecological hazard was 92.89%.Therefore, in the treatment and remediation of heavy metal pollution in paddy soil, attention should be paid to the pollution of soil Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Toilet Revolution is closely related to people's livelihood, well-being, and welfare. The renovation of rural toilets has been one of the most important parts to realize Rural Revitalization. In this review, a systematic investigation was made to sort out the existing challenges during rural toilets renovation in China. Some issues were also covered, including the inadequate implementation of toilet-renovation policies, blind selection of toilet types, improper treatment of fecal sewage, and imperfect toilet standards. Three aspects were reviewed in the development of rural toilet renovation: the development process of toilet renovation policies, the key technologies (such as the types of sanitary toilets and fecal sewage treatment), and the standard system of toilet renovation. There was the continuous updating and introduction of policies and regulations in the process of toilet renovation in recent years. The toilet reconstruction was a high urgency to fully meet the requirements of the country for the sanitary toilets in Rural Revitalization. It is necessary to comprehensively promote the improvement of rural human settlements. The farmers’ concept of environmental health also needed to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Alternatively, a summary was made for the types of sanitary toilets and the process of harmless treatment of fecal sewage, according to the key technologies of toilet renovation. There were six types of sanitary toilets renovation in the rural areas in China at present. Specifically, three-compartment septic tank, double-urn funnel, triple, feces and urine separation, double-pit alternating, and complete sewer flush type toilet. Furthermore, it was also summarized to gradually develop and popularize the new ecological toilets in rural areas. Therefore, the characteristics of sanitary toilets were evaluated to choose the specific types of toilets suitable for the local situation and the requirements of farmers in different areas. At the same time, the treatment of toilet feces was also an urgent problem to be solved. The abandonment of the reconstructed toilet and waste of resources also posed a major threat to human health and the ecological environment. An optimal treatment mode was selected for the faecal sludge to balance the local conditions, the types of sanitary toilets, and the requirements of farmers. Besides, it was also essential to treat the faecal sludge in a harmless, reduced and resource-based manner. According to the standard system of rural household toilets, the current standards, specifications or technical requirements were also summarized for the reconstruction of rural toilets in China. Different levels were classified during this time. However, it was still lacking in the system and integrity in the standards and specifications. Thus, a systematic standard system needed to be issued in the future. Finally, some suggestions were recommended for the policy regulations to implement in place, the technologies and models to select suitable for the local conditions, and a systematic rural household toilet standard system to formulate. It is also necessary to further strengthen departmental coordination and operation management. The finding can also provide a strong reference to promote the rural toilet revolution in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of endoscopic Soave radical operation and open modified Soave surgery in the treatment of children with long segment Hirschsprung's disease (HD), and to observe the effects of the two methods on stress response and defecation control function. Methods: 88 children with long segment HD who were treated in our hospital from April 2017 to September 2020 were selected, and they were divided into laparotomy group and minimally invasive group according to different surgical methods. The number of cases were 43 and 45 respectively. The perioperative indexes, stress response indexes, defecation control function and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The intraoperative blood loss in the minimally invasive group was less than that in the laparotomy group, and the operation time, gastrointestinal function recovery time, fasting time and hospitalization time were shorter than those in the laparotomy group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the length of intestinal resection between the two groups (P>0.05). 1 d after operation, the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the two groups were higher than those before operation, and the blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was lower than those before operation, but the HR and MAP of the minimally invasive group were lower than those of the laparotomy group, and SpO2 was higher than those of the laparotomy group (P<0.05). The stool characteristics, defecation times, fecal contamination, the need treatment (enema, medicine, diaper) score and the total score of Heikkinen in the two groups at 1 years after operation were higher than those before operation, and the minimally invasive group was higher than the laparotomy group(P<0.05). The total incidence of short-term complications and long-term complications in the minimally invasive group were lower than those in the laparotomy group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with open modified Soave surgery, the treatment of long segment children with HD with endoscopic Soave radical operation can shorten the operation time, fasting time, hospitalization time, gastrointestinal function recovery time, reduce the operation trauma, reduce the body stress response, improve the defecation control function of children, and reduce the incidence of complications, and the effect is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of bone cement combined with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) and pedicled posterior thigh musculocutaneous flap transplantation in the treatment of stage IV ischial tubercle pressure ulcers. Methods From February 2016 to May 2020, 8 patients with stage IV sacrococcygeal pressure ulcers in our department were selected as research subjects. All patients were treated with bone cement combined with VSD and pedicled posterior thigh musculocutaneous flap transplantation. The wound reinfection, reoperation and wound healing time of all patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results These wounds were repaired with pedicled posterior thigh musculocutaneous flap after 1 to 2 times of bone cement and VSD treatment. Seven cases of flaps survived, and one distal part of epidermis was necrotic with an area of 2.0 cm x 2.5 cm. The wounds healed after dressing change. The healing time ranged from 37 to 79 days. One case healed at 79 days after operation due to fecal contamination. All patients were followed up for 1 year, no reinfection or pressure ulcers occurred in 8 patients. Conclusion The bone cement combined with VSD and pedicled posterior thigh musculocutaneous flap has reliable clinical efficacy. This is an effective method to treat stage IV ischial tubercle pressure ulcers of high paraplegia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Water pollution not only affected water quality, but also affected the composition and quantity of human intestinal pathogenic microorganisms in the water. [ Method] In this study, the coal mining subsidence area in Digou, Fuyang, Anhui province was taken as the object, and the Dongpu reservoir, the source of drinking water in Hefei city, was used as the reference systerrL Based on qPCR( Quantitative Real-time PCR) technology, the difference in the relative abundance of the pathogenic genes of five human intestinal pathogens in the overlying water and sediments ( eae gene of Escherichia coli 0157: H7, ttr gene of Salmonella, ipaH gene of Shigella,div/VA gene of Emerocoecus faecalis, and ail gene of Yersinia) were analyzed. [Result] The relative abundance of the five pathogenic genes in the water body of the coal mining subsidence area had significant spatial differences, and the spatial distribution trends in the overlying water and sediments were inconsistent In the overlying water, the degree of contamination by eae gene in the three study areas was in the order of domestic sewage area > coal gangue pollution area> farming wastewater area,and the degree of pollution by ttr, ipaH,ail and div/VA genes was in order of farming wastewater area > domestic sewage area > coal gangue pollution area. In the sediment, the degree of eae gene pollution in the three study areas was in the order of domestic sewage area > farming wastewater area > coal gangue pollution area, the order of the degree of pollution by ipaH gene was farming waste water area > domestic sewage area > coal gangue pollution area, the most polluted by ttr, div/VA and ail genes was the farming wastewater area, the domestic sewage area and the coal gangue polluted area were less affected and there was no significant difference. The sediment in the study area was contaminated by pathogenic bacteria more serious than the overlying water. The content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the overlying water and sediments and the content of Zn in the sediments are positively correlated with the relative abundance of pathogenic genes of human intestinal pathogens. Compared with Dongpu reservoir, the relative abundance of pathogenic genes in the waters of Digou coal mining subsidence area is significantly higher than the former. [ Conclusion] Based on the comparisons of the relative abundance and physical and chemical properties of pathogenic genes in the study area and the control area, from the perspective of public health and safety, the waters of the Digou coal mining subsidence area are not suitable for drinking water sources. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the protection and utilization of water resources in water-deficient areas in northern Anhui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The slatted floor was widely used in a sheep house for cold winter at present. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of thermal parameters in a closed sheep house with a slatted floor in winter in a cold region. Two sheep houses with slatted floors (House A and B) with the same structure were selected in the north-south direction. The manure outlet of House A was not blocked, where that of House B was blocked. The temperature and humidity in the upper space of two slatted floors were continuously and dynamically measured in time and space (horizontal and vertical). A two-month test was carried out to measure the key environmental parameters. An infrared thermal imaging device was used to systematically analyze the temperature in the lower space of the slatted floor. The results showed that: 1) There was no difference in the average daily temperature (Ta) or relative humidity (RH) between two houses (P>0.05), with the Ta of -3.07 ℃ and the RH of 38.08% in House A. However, there was an increasing trend in the Ta at the fecal outlet of House B, compared with House A, revealing an average Ta of -2.76 ℃ and a maximum Ta difference of 1.05 ℃ between two houses. 2) the Ta at 1.5 m above floor (T1.5) was higher than that at floor (T0) (P<0.01) in the vertical distribution. Specifically, the difference was 1.71 ℃ in House A, and decreased to 1.35 ℃ in House B. The average T0 in House B increased by 0.49 ℃, compared with House A. In addition, the lowest T0 in House A was -7.40 ℃, and the T0 was lower than -3 ℃ for 16.0 h every day. 3) In the horizontal direction, the Ta on the south side in both houses was higher than that on the north side. s lower than -3 ℃ for 16.0 h every day. 3) From horizontal, the south-side Ta in both houses was higher than the north-side. Particularly at the slatted floor, the difference between north- and south-side Ta reached to 0.59 ℃ in House A and 0.39 ℃ in House B. Moreover, the horizontal difference of Ta was obvious in the east-west direction, showing the west-side Ta was the lowest. Particularly on the west-north side, the horizontal temperature Ta difference reached 2.11 ℃ in House A, whereas, the difference decreased to 0.92 ℃ in House B. Consequently, the Ta at the outlet on the north-west side was the lowest in both houses, where the T0 and T1.5 in House B increased by 1.33 and 0.47°C, respectively, compared with House A. 4) In infrared thermography of enclosure under the slatted floor, the Ta difference was 2.1 ℃ between the slatted floor and ditch bottom in House A, while the difference in House B dropped to 0.7 ℃. Moreover, the side wall Ta of the ditch in two houses was the lowest among all structures under floor, with -9.3 ℃ in House A and -7.2 ℃ in House B. 5) The wind chill temperature (WCT) in House B was higher than that in House A (P<0.05). The wind speed at the fecal outlet of house A was higher (P<0.05) than that of House B, reaching 0.68 m/s. The fecal outlet was sealed in a slatted-floor house, further increased the indoor Ta, while decreased both horizontal and vertical Ta difference. The finding can provide strong support to the airtightness and heat preservation at the fecal outlet when the slatted floor was used in the sheep house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the livestock and poultry breeding industry in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, improper utilization of livestock and poultry fecal sewage may pollute cultivated land and even affect the drinking water source in the Dongjiang basin through surface runoff. In order to assess the carrying loads and risks of livestock and poultry fecal sewage in the cultivated land of Huizhou, this study collected the latest statistical yearbook data of livestock and poultry breeding in Huizhou and the second national survey of pollution sources. According to these data, the production and emissions of livestock and poultry fecal sewage and major pollutants（COD, NH3-N,TN, and TP）in 2018 were calculated using the method of the production and discharge coefficient. The cultivated land carrying loads and environmental risks of livestock and poultry fecal sewage, TN, and TP were then estimated and assessed based on the actual cultivated land area of each district（county). The results showed that in 2018, the quantity of poultry fecal sewage produced by livestock and poultry breeding in Huizhou was1.51×106t with emissions reaching 4.44×105t, and the contribution proportion and its order for each livestock and poultry animal was pig（50.3%）>broiler（17.2%）>beef（14.3%）>layer（13.4%）>cow（4.8%). Moreover, the production and emissions of major pollutants totaled2.61×108kg and7.66×107kg, respectively. Among all the districts（counties), Boluo had the largest emission of fecal sewage because of its large scale livestock and poultry breeding, which accounted for42.9%. The cultivated land carrying loads of livestock and poultry fecal sewage, TN, and TP in Huizhou were 7.69t×hm-2, 65.38kg×hm-2, and 15.63kg×hm-2, respectively. The alarm grading levels for poultry fecal sewage and TN were level I, whereas that for TP was leve lII, and the threats caused by them to the surrounding environment were small. Thus, the resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste needs to be strengthened continuously through balance planning for planting and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toilet revolution has become one important part of a rural revitalization strategy in China, aiming to effectively reduce the incidence rate of fecal oral diseases, while to ensure the health-care level and quality of human beings. Since 2018, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with relevant departments, has taken active actions to vigorously promote the rural toilet revolution and achieved positive effects. However, some situation, like “poor construction, not working well and improper use” of rural toilets, still occurs in some rural areas. The main reason is a lack of a standard system for the toilet modernization and utilization of excrement, further to improve the hygiene of toilets facilities in rural areas. Therefore, this study first summarized the 22 national and industry standards system that were directly related to rural toilet construction and excrement disposal in China. It was found that the number of existing standards was seriously insufficient, indicating the standard system has not been well-established for the rural toilet construction and excrement disposal in China. As such, this study aims to establish a three-dimensional structure diagram of rural toilet construction and excrement disposal, using the system engineering technology method, including levels (basic standards, general standards, special standards), sequence (product equipment standards, engineering construction standards, technical method standards, operation management standards, safety and health standards), category (rural household toilet standards, fecal sewage centralized treatment center standards, other standards). An optimal level of special standard was further determined, according to the basic established principles of a standard system for rural toilet construction and excrement disposal. The key content of a standard system construction was proposed to fill the research gaps in the basic national standards, and the general standards system, as well as in the special standards. Four recommendations were also proposed during this time: 1) To organize a special standardization working group or professional committee as soon as possible to systematically implement the policy of the toilet revolution; 2) To strengthen the fundamental research on the various advanced international standards systems; 3) To speed up the preparation of urgently needed standards systems; 4) To encourage the local governments to actively prepare the local standards system, in order to provide for the rural toilet revolution in China. The standard system of toilet modernization and utilization of excrement in rural areas can provide an important means to guide the renovation of toilet and the utilization of excrement as resources, further to standardize development of the modern industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste can be in the form of a liquid, slurry, or solid, such as manure, one of which the slurry is a mixture of urine, feces, washing water and disinfectant, containing complex components and many pathogenic bacteria. If the slurry was directly applied to farmland without any treatment, some severe negative effects can occur in this case. Firstly, the pathogenic bacteria in the slurry can be easy to enter the human body via the food chain, particularly harmful to human health. Secondly, the slurry contains a large amount of salt easy to cause crop "seedling burning", where ammonium salt is the main component of the salt in the slurry, mainly produced from the urine in the slurry to degrade the fecal organic matter. Finally, the degradation of organic matter in the slurry can make the soil in a temporary anoxic state, thereby to inhibit the growth of crops. At present, the general treatment to the slurry can be returning to the field after natural storage in most small and medium-scale livestock and poultry farms in China. Prior to directly returning to the field, the storage time of the slurry is usually only 1-2 months, particularly restricted by the sites. It is necessary to examine whether the stored slurry is suitable for returning to the field directly. The evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of the slurry after storage still remained unclear. Taking summer as the time node, while pig and cow manure water as the research objects, this paper aims to analyze the changes of fecal coliform, electric conductivity (EC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the long-term storage of slurry, in order to obtain the optimum storage period and utilization mode of slurry. The results showed that the loss of ammonium nitrogen was more than 68% after six months of natural storage, indicating that it caused environmental pollution, and further reduced the nutrient value of slurry. A suggestion can be made to cover the surface of slurry with shelter or add acidification agent, in order to reduce the ammonia emission in slurry storage. After that, the slurry can basically meet the requirements of harmless after storage, but the pH value, EC Value and COD content of slurry were still high unsuitable to use directly. The high value of pH and EC indicated that there was a high concentration of ammonium salt in the slurry, and the long-term unreasonable application of fecal sewage can lead to soil salinization. Moreover, the application of slurry with high COD content can inhibit the root growth of paddy crops, thereby to affect root respiration, leading to the reduction in the yield of paddy crops, but it has little effect on dry land crops. Therefore, it is necessary to make a reasonable plan for the utilization of manure water before applying manure water to farmland, in order to reduce the risk of manure water when directly returning to farmland. In addition, a solid-liquid separation can effectively reduce the COD content and EC value in the slurry, thereby to promote the process of harmless slurry. The finding can provide a sound reference for the utilization of slurry resource and safe returning to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Source reduction and process control are the key links of comprehensive treatment of pig farm wastes, and pig house is the source of waste generation. In this paper, the effects of wasted water quantity of water dispenser, flushing water quantity of enclosure and dung method on harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in large-scale pig farms were expounded from three aspects, and three measures for emission reduction from the source of pollutants generated in the enclosure were put forward. Under the scientific feeding and management, according to the different stages of pig drinking water standard, the suitable drinking water and water flow speed can be allocated. According to the density of drinker, the suitable drinking water can be provided, and the drinkers were installed at the right place and height. In general, their behavior of lying down, eating, drinking and excreting was continuous. According to their excretion behavior, water dispensers were usually installed in the leaky floor area, the excretion area was located in the short side wall of the pen, and the separation mode of the pen was designed to be closed. It was suggested that the breeding and fattening stages should be separated from each other in the feeding process, and the appropriate feeding density should be designed so that pigs could only excrete at the fixed points. In the case of guaranteeing the minimum discharge of wasted water from drinking water appliances and flushing water from enclosures, the mode of manure scavenging was a relatively important factor affecting harmful gases, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration in enclosures in emission reduction measures of pollutant sources. Compared with the blister manure and water flushing manure, mechanical dry-dung cleaning process could reduce the harmful gas concentration, sewage discharge and pollutant concentration to the greatest extent. Under the conditions of pig farm, it was suggested that the floor of pig house should be designed as a semi-leaky seam floor and equipped with mechanical dry-dung cleaning technology, which could reduce the pollutant emission of pig house to a large extent. At present, the great breakthroughs had been made in the research of engineering technology for reducing pollutant sources in pig farms in China, but the popularization and application of this technology in pig production was still in its infancy. The related technical equipment in this field still faced many problems, such as insufficient matching, complex operation and management, high cost and poor stability. Therefore, it was suggested to vigorously develop the research and application of pig farm waste source reduction technology model, comprehensively consider the drinking water system, fence layout, fecal clearance mode and other engineering technologies, design and develop the mechanical dry-dung cleaning system and its supporting facilities and equipment. At the same time, the intelligent drinking water, excrement and deodorization could be developed by using electronic information technology such as Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and so on. Such as waste reduction breeding equipment improved the stability of equipment and intelligent management level. The purpose of this paper was to provide technical support for reducing the total amount of pig wastes, reducing the cost of treatment and utilization, and realizing clean and healthy breeding, so as to promote the green transformation and upgrading of pig breeding industry in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To quantitatively estimate the range and area of environmental contamination by the feces of Schistosoma japonicum -infected that were freely grazed, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the scientific assessment of the role of the freely grazed goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and development of control strategy., Methods: All the fecal samples excreted by the infected goat at daytime (12 h) were collected by using a self-made goat fecal collector, weighed and counted. The quantity and dispersal of the feces excreted by the freely grazed goat at daytime under a natural condition were investigated, and the walking route and speed of the freely grazed goat at daytime were recorded with a multifunction GPS data logger. The maximum range and area of the environment contaminated by the feces of the freely grazed goat at daytime were estimated, and the maximum range and area of the Oncomelania hupensis snails that may be infected by the schistosome miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat at daytime were calculated., Results: During the walking along the marshland at daytime (12 h), the quantity of the feces execrated by the freely grazed infected goat was (232.8 ± 39.8) g per goat, and the fecal samples were composed of (819.2 ± 152.1) pellets. The goat had a mean walking speed of (0.522 7 ± 0.099 7) km/h, and the longest distance, largest radius and largest range of walking activity were (6.272 4 ± 1.195 8) km, 3.136 2 km and (3 191.113 0 ± 1 189.709 4) hm 2 at daytime, respectively. The area of the snails that may be infected by the miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat (range of key regions for infected snails detection and control) at daytime was estimated to be (3 210.717 5 ± 1 190.907 3) hm 2 ., Conclusions: The intensity of environmental contamination by the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely grazed goat is linked to the number of infected goat. The contamination range caused by the feces of the freely grazed goat with fixed fences is relatively stably kept within the walking range at day-time, and the range and area of goat fecal contamination is associated with the number of households that breed goat and the distribution of goat fence. The area of the snails that may be infected by the miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat is larger than the area of setting contaminated by the eggs in the goat feces, indicating that the range of infected snail examination and control is larger than the range of goat feces detected.

To investigate whether the underground river was polluted or not, and trace the source of fecal sterols, the particulate water samples were collected from typical karst underground river named Laolongdong in Nan'an District, Chongqing Municipality in October, 2014, January, March and May, 2015. Ten prior steroids in the underground river were quantitatively analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed ten steroids including 9 sterols and 1 ketone were detected. During the sampling period, the mass concentrations of particulate steroids (ranging between 1573 and 5007 ng·L -1 ) in March and May were higher than those in October and January. The 3 principal steroids-cholesterol, β -sitosterol and coprosterol-in the river accounted for 50.8%-80.4% of the total steroids. The ratios of (epicoprostanol+coprostanol) to (coprostanol+epicoprostanol+cholestanol) of three samples were greater than 0.7, which indicated the river was contaminated in sampling months. The ratio of epicoprostanol to coprostanol was less than 0.2 in October, which indicated the wastewater came from the upstream sewage treatment plant. The ratios of coprostanol to ΣSteroids and coprostanol to 24-ethylcoprostanol in January, March and May were respectively 0.109-0.254 and 6.3-10.3, which indicated that Laolongdong underground river was mainly polluted by human feces. The ratio of 24-ethylcoprostanol to 24-ethylcholestanol in March (0.86) was less than those in January (5.4) and May (2.3), which showed the river was polluted more severely in March than in January and May by poultry dung.