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Pulmonary infection by pathogenic microorganisms is a common disease of the respiratory system with high mortality and poor prognosis, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. In recent years, single-cell RNA sequencing （scRNA-seq） has been widely used in the study of lung infection to provide an atlas of immune cells of patients, identify new immune cell subsets, analyze differential expression genes, reveal pathways related to inflammatory immune pathways in pathogenic microbial infection, monitor the levels of cytokines, and identify novel biomarkers of lung infection. Therefore, this paper presents a review of the application of scRNA-seq in pulmonary infection by pathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement lectin pathway is an important means to exert immune effect. Ficolin and Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) are the initiators of complement pathway. Both structure and function are very similar. They can activate the complement path-way by recognizing certain substances on the surface of pathogens, emphasizing phagocytosis or directly kill and dissolve related pathogens, thereby playing an important role in the immune system, especially in fighting infection. The respiratory system diseases are mostly infectious diseases. In recent years, there have been reports that ficolin/MBL is related to many other respiratory diseases. This article discusses the related research of ficolin/MBL and respiratory diseases, hopes to provide theoretical support for related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic asthma (AA) is one of the most common allergic respiratory diseases. CD4+ T cell sub- types play an important role in the pathogenesis of AA. IL-18 and IL-37b are involved in the pathogenesis of AA via binding to IL-18Rα and thus regulating the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells. In view of this, understanding the role of IL-18 and IL-37b in the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells in AA is of great significance for the pathogen- esis, diagnosis and treatment of AA, and for the research and development of biological agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To construct a hybrid training course on prone positioning treatment for ICU nurses under emergency conditions and evaluate its implementation effects, providing a basis for further critical care nursing training. Methods Through literature review and expert consultation using the Delphi method, a hybrid (online and offline) training course on prone positioning treatment for ICU nurses was developed. From December 2022 to January 2023, 58 nurses in the emergency ICU and buffer ICU of Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were selected as the research objects. This study compared the participants’ theoretical knowledge, clinical practice scores, and satisfaction with this training before and after the training course. Results Two rounds of expert consultation had a response rate of 100%, with the authority coefficient of 0.795 and Kendall’s harmony coefficients of 0.196 and 0.318, respectively. The content validity indexes of this course, S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/Ave, were both 0.948. The hybrid (online and offline) training course on prone positioning treatment included a total of 10 hours. After training, the nurses’ theoretical knowledge scores increased from (35.48 ± 15.24) to (89.68 ± 12.51) points, and the clinical operation scores increased from (66.45 ± 8.85) to (91.97 ± 3.75) points, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The participants rated their satisfaction with the training at (11.9 ± 0.32) points, close to the full maximum score of 12 points. Conclusions The course setting is scientific and reasonable. During epidemics of severe infectious disease, the hybrid training course on prone positioning treatment can further improve ICU nurses’ special nursing skills. It can provide a theoretical basis for setting up continuous education courses on critical care nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common respiratory disease in preterm infants, and systemic treatment with glucocorticoids is commonly used to prevent and treat BPD. However, the short-term and long-term complications, especially the impact on the nervous system, should not be ignored. Inhaled glucocorticoids and airway glucocorticoids supported by lung surfactants are newly proposed administration regimens, ye the efficacy and safety of the regimen still need to be verified by more clinical data and follow-up results. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages from three aspects including systemic glucocorticoids, inhaled glucocorticoids, and intra-airway administration of glucocorticoids in the form of alveolar surface-active substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis (As) is a focal vascular disease that closely related to many injury factors such as endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and shear stress. More and more studies have shown that the risk of As is higher in a variety of non-cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the mechanism of As in respiratory system diseases, digestive system diseases, urinary and reproductive system diseases, autoimmune diseases and metabolic diseases from the perspective of endothelial inflammation and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenang theory is an important theory of the combination of phlegm and static blood, which has been continuously developed and perfected through the clinical practice of doctors of all ages. In recent years, people have paid more attention to pulmonary nodules, a common and frequently occurring respiratory disease. In the present paper, we discuss the pathogenesis and treatment of pulmonary nodules based on Kenang theory. Traditional Chinese medicine theory holds that pulmonary nodules are often found deep in the lungs, and the pathogenic factor is hard to remove. Pulmonary nodules are difficult to treat. Regulating qi, transforming phlegm, and circulating blood are the basic treatment principles, and these therapeutics need to be applied comprehensively for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asarum has a wide range of clinical applications in traditional Chinese medicine, and is mostly used in the treatment of exterior wind-cold syndrome, asthmatic cough caused by phlegm and retained fluid and other diseases in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Among them, the chemical constituents of volatile oils are the most important ingredients for their curative effects,and have various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Through CNKI and PubMed, the literature in the recent years are reviewed; the researches on the main medicinal components of Asarum are summarized and analyzed, and its important effects in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of respiratory system are summarized. At the same time, its two-way effects on the respiratory system are summarized in view of the adverse drug reactions during the drug use in order to provide a reference for the application of Asarum in respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the confusion about the concepts of "phlegm" and "in" in the clinical practice and literature reports of contemporary Chinese medicine, this paper proposes that it is vital to clarify the concepts of "phlegm" and "Yin" for better prevention and treatment of diseases related to "phlegm" and "Yin". Huangdi Neijing was the first to record the name of the disease related to "Yin disease". Zhang Zhongjing's detailed records of the disease related to "Yin" and the prescriptions for the treatment of "Yin" greatly developed and enriched the theory of "Yin disease" in traditional Chinese medicine, which had an important influence on later generations. Subsequently, the concept of "phlegm" gradually came into being. In the Song Dynasty, the concept of "phlegm" was gradually perfected. In the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, doctors gradually generalized the concept of "phlegm" and gradually formed a relatively complete theory of phlegm disease. Contemporary Chinese medicine scholars have explored, analyzed, and preliminarily summarized the concept and essence of "Yin" and "phlegm" from the perspective of modern medicine and began to pay attention to "Yin". By organizing and analyzing the differences in the concepts and treatment of "phlegm" and "Yin" above, and combining them with the author's long-term clinical practice, it is proposed that the essence and connotation of "Yin" should be further explored. This would further expound on the important value and clinical significance of treating chronic respiratory diseases from "Yin evil". In addition, the research ideas of preventing and treating chronic respiratory diseases are proposed based on "Yin evil". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic cough is a common chronic respiratory disease in which cough is the only or main symptom. This cough typically lasts for more than eight weeks without significant abnormalities on the X-ray image. However, some chronic coughs may be diagnosed as chronic refractory cough (CRC) in two conditions; cough without definite causes after thorough examinations; symptoms without improving after conventional treatment. With the rapid advancement of science and society, CRC has received increased attention from clinicians, presenting the respiratory system research community with new challenges and opportunities. CRC has no specific name in the Chinese medicine system, but it can be named "Wan Ke" based on its "long duration". In the history of Chinese medicine, the treatment of "Wan Ke" has been scattered throughout the clinical theory and practice of Chinese medicine, but a systematic theory is still lacking. In this article, we use "multidimensionality" as an entry point to understand the pathogenesis of CRC in terms of its cause, nature, location, and syndrome, and to summarize the ideas of its syndrome differentiation and treatment variation. We believe that CRC is a disease of mixed deficiency and reality, with a mixture of cold and heat. The disease is located in the lungs, and its pathogenesis is closely related to the internal organs, with "lung and spleen related" being significant. The wind-evil hidden lung is the basic and central pathogenesis of CRC. In terms of treatment, the primary approach is Qufeng Xuanfei, combined with the identification of the symptoms and focusing on the lung and spleen. This is combined with syndrome differentiation to clear heat and dampness, invigorate the spleen, warm the lungs, dissolve drinks, and remove dampness and phlegm. In addition, we should also pay attention to the treatment of sparing the liver and regulating wood by changing the medication and dosage as the syndrome changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), the firstly identified member of NDRG family, is a hypoxia and stress related gene. NDRG1 is widely distributed and expressed in a variety of tissues and organs, with its unique molecular structure and chemical modification. NDRG1 is mainly expressed in the respiratory tract tissue in the lung. The expression level and chemical modification of NDRG1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various respiratory diseases, including infectious diseases, chronic airway inflammatory diseases, hypoxia related diseases such as lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as well as hypoxic tumor microenvironment, tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress on the role of NDRG1 in respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the changes of serum IL-35 and Th2 cytokines in children with bronchiolitis and to explore their significance. Methods Sixty-eight hospitalized children with bronchiolitis (observation group）and 20 non-infected children in the same period (control group）were selected. According to the severity of the disease, children with bronchiolitis were divided into the mild group and moderate-severe group. Serum IL-35, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IL33 were detected by ELISA. The levels of serum cytokines were compared between the observation group and the control group, the mild group and the moderate-severe group. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum cytokines. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors for the severity of bronchiolitis. ROC was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of the above serum cytokines in the moderate-severe bronchiolitis. Results Compared with the control group, the levels of serum IL-35, IL-10 and IL-33 in the observation group were lower, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were higher (all P<0. 05）. Compared with the mild group, the levels of serum IL-35, IL10 and IL-33 in the moderate-severe group were lower, and the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were higher (all P<0. 05）. The level of serum IL-35 in the observation group was positively correlated with IL-10 (P<0. 05）, and was negatively correlated with IL-4 (P<0. 05）. Serum IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-33 in the observation group were the influencing factors for the se‐ verity of bronchiolitis (all P<0. 05）. When the cut-off value was 10. 53 pg/mL, the area under the curve of serum IL-35 level in diagnosing moderate-severe bronchiolitis was 0. 760, and the sensitivity and specificity were 70. 6% and 70. 6%, respectively. When the cut-off value was 7. 3 pg/mL, the area under the curve of serum IL-4 level in diagnosing moderatesevere bronchiolitis was 0. 827, and the sensitivity and specificity were 82. 4% and 73. 5%, respectively. When the cutoff value was 115. 38 pg/mL, the area under the curve of serum IL-10 level in diagnosing moderate-severe bronchiolitis was 0. 712, and the sensitivity and specificity were 44. 1% and 97. 1%, respectively. When the cut-off value was 643 pg/mL, the area under the curve of serum IL-13 level in diagnosing moderate-severe bronchiolitis was 0. 739, and the sensitivity and specificity were 97. 1% and 41. 2%, respectively. When the cut-off value was 22. 61 pg/mL, the area under the curve of serum IL-33 level in diagnosing moderate-severe bronchiolitis was 0. 635, and the sensitivity and specificity were 26. 5% and 100. 0%, respectively. Conclusions The levels of serum IL-35, IL-10 and IL-33 in children with bronchiolitis decrease, while the levels of IL-4 and IL-13 increase, and the levels of the above indices of the moderate-severe children are more obvious than those of mild children. The level of serum IL-35 is positively correlated with the level of IL10 and is negatively correlated with the level of IL-4. Th2 cytokines are the influencing factors for the severity of bronchiolitis. IL-35 and Th2 cytokines can be used to help judge the severity of bronchiolitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the in-depth study of exosomes, the protein RNA, DNA, miRNA and other molecular substances carried on the surface are closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of chronic respiratory diseases. OBJECTIVE: Based on the structural and functional characteristics of exosomes, to explore the relationship between exosomes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease and lung cancer, and to systematically analyze the effects of exosomes from different cell sources on chronic respiratory diseases. METHODS: A review of the relevant literature of domestic well-known databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM and foreign databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase in the past 10 years was reviewed. “Exosomes” and “respiratory diseases” were search terms in English and Chinese, and the search time was from the establishment of the database to May 2020. Relevant articles related to the treatment of respiratory diseases with exosomes were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exosomes carry a variety of active substances such as protein and RNA, and are widely involved in the information exchange between cells and tissues. Exosomes maintain the physiological functions of the active substances by virtue of their small diameter and difficulty in being swallowed, and exert many functions such as intercellular information transmission, immune regulation, inflammatory response and signal transduction, and have become potential targets for regulating the development of respiratory diseases. Exosomes improve the function of receptor cells, protect damaged tissues, and participate extensively in cellular inflammatory and immune response processes through their information transmission channels. They are expected to provide new treatment methods for the diagnosis and prevention of chronic respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic has provoked a huge change in daily functioning in millions of people worldwide. The epidemiological measures in prevention of possible infection have increased the possible risks on the mental and physical health. We have conducted a survey in order to investigate the needs and challenges of families with children with chronic respiratory diseases. In this order, we have created a questionnaire with general information about the family, general information about the child with chronic respiratory disease, overall physical and mental health before and during the pandemic, needs and mental health condition of the parents/caregivers. This survey showed that this group of families of children with respiratory disorders have suffered financially in significant way and has changed the way they perform professional and educational patterns due to the pandemic. Most of the children were stable in their physical health, but their mental health has deteriorated. This is probably due to the regular contact with the medical staff, but not with the mental health professionals. This group of children has a significant reduction in their physical activity and increase the hours in front of TV screens. The further effect on the physical and mental health is to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearing a surgical mask is one of the most important methods to prevent respiratory infectious diseases such as COVID-19, which is generally transmitted via droplets. For the problems of whether single-use mask can be prolonged to use after disinfection, the effects of three effective sterilization processing methods (heating, immersing in alcohol and bathing under UV light) on mask microstructures and surface wettability of the outer and middle layer were studied. A sprayer was used to mimic the human exhalation flows generally accompanied with lots of droplets. The filtration of original and processed mask layers for droplets was discussed. The results show that the three processing methods within effective sterilization time would not cause the observable rupture or erosion of the cellulose. The fiber coverage of the outside and middle layer remains about 89% and 99% after sterilization processing. No significant changes of hole sizes in outside layers were observed, which are mostly smaller than 100 μm. The wetting angles remain about 127° and 136° on outside and middle layer, respectively showing good hydrophobicity. The hindering effect for droplets of the mask outside layer decreased after processing, while no significant difference was found on middle layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study effect of symbicort turbuhaler (ST) combined with montelukast on pulmonary function and serum cytokine levels in patients with acute stage of bronchial asthma(ASBA). 86 patients with ASBA who were treated in our hospital from February 2015 to August 2017 were selected as research subjects. The patients were divided into the observation group (n=43) and the control group (n=43) according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with ST, and the observation group was treated with montelukast on the basis of the control group, two groups were treated for 3 months. The lung function, cytokine levels, cough score, St. George's respiratory disease questionnaire (SGRQ) before treatment and 3 months after treatment and drug safety were compared between the two groups. After treatment, the levels of forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC in the two groups were increased significantly compared with those before treatment, and the observation group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5), interferon-酌 (INF-酌) and tumor necrosis factor-琢 (TNF-琢) in the two groups were all lower than those before treatment, and the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of cough in two groups were significantly higher than before treatment, and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of SGRQ in two groups were significantly lower than before treatment, and the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 20.93%, and there was no statistical difference compared with 16.28% of the control group (P>0.05). ST combined with montelukast can effectively improve the symptoms of the ASBA patients, alleviate the inflammatory reaction of the body and improve the pulmonary function and quality of life of the patients at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze possible drug interactions in the treatment of chronic diseases in elderly patients, so as to reduce adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and complications, and also to guide rational use of drugs in clinic. Methods: Case information of 180 patients with cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases were screened from Jiuquan People's Hospital of Gansu Province from January 2017 to May 2017 in a retrospective study. The drug utilization was summarized and potential drug interactions were analyzed. Results: In the comprehensive treatment of chronic diseases, the highest percentage of drug combination involved 6-10 drugs, accounting for 4CM, the least used combination drugs were related with 2 drugs, and the most frequently used combination drugs were as many as 16 drugs. There were 116 cases of drug interactions, with a percentage as high as 64 .4%, of which the highest percentage of drug interactions involved 2 drugs, accounting for 40 .0% . 8 cases of ADRs were recorded and reported in the course of disease. Drug interactions that occurred between classical or commonly-used drugs were quite frequent • Conclusion: In the treatment of chronic diseases, drug interactions are commonly seen. Pharmacists should clearly know the mechanism and regularity of common drug interactions，assist physicians to optimize treatment profiles and minimize the kinds of drugs used, so as to avoid or reduce adverse reactions between drugs and ensure safe clinical medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the etiological detection and epidemiological regularity of respiratory viruses in children with respiratory tract infections, so as to provide etiological basis for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. 280 children with respiratory tract infections who were admitted to General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected as the study subjects. The detection of respiratory viruses in children with respiratory tract secretions were analyzed, and the relationship between respiratory viral infection and age, season and disease type in children with respiratory tract infection were analyzed. 98 positive specimens were detected in 280 children with respiratory tract infection, the positive rate was 35.00%. 2 viruses were detected in 2 samples, and the positive rate of mixed infection was 0.71%. Among all virus types, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) had the highest positive rate. The highest positive rate of viral infection was found in children younger than 1 year old, which was significantly different from that in other age groups (P<0.05). The positive rate of respiratory tract infection in spring and winter was significantly higher than that in summer and autumn (P<0.05). The positive rates of viral infection in children with different respiratory tract infections were significantly different (P<0.05). The positive rate of virus infection in children with asthmatic pneumonia, bronchiolitis and pneumonia was higher. RSV is the main pathogen of respiratory viral infection in children with respiratory tract infection. Infants younger than 1 year old are more susceptible to infection. Spring and winter are the high incidence seasons. The positive rates of virus infection in children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis and asthmatic pneumonia are higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the composition and trend of disease death among residents in the Heilongjiang Province from 2013 to 2017, and therefore provide reference data to improve the awareness of disease prevention and treatment and strengthen the healthy living concept of residents in the Heilongjiang Province. Methods: The statistical methods were used to analyze the changes the composition and trend of disease death among residents elicited from the National Health Statistics Network Direct Reporting System. Results: The sex ratio of death in the whole province is higher than that in females. The death rate of residents in the province is above 70 years old. The top three causes of death in the province were: circulatory diseases, tumors, and respiratory diseases. Furthermore, cardiovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease have higher mortality in circulatory diseases. Conclusions: Strengthening the prevention and treatment of circulatory diseases, malignant tumors and respiratory diseases may be helpful to reduce the incidence and death of diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchial asthma is a worldwide chronic airway inflammatory respiratory disease, in recent years, with the increase of air pollution and the increasing number of smokers, the incidence of the disease has increased year by year, which has attracted more and more people’s attention. Bronchial asthma is caused by a variety of factors such as genetic factors, biological factors, psychological factors and other factors, with the deepening of research, great progress has been made in the study of the effect of psychological factors on bronchial asthma, there are obvious personality characteristics and emotional disorders in the patients with bronchial asthma, and the patient’s personality characteristics and emotional disorders will have a certain impact on the patient’s condition and quality of life. In view of this, this article gives a brief account of the personality characteristics, emotional characteristics and its influence on the disease for the clinical reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence，and the factors that influence depressive symptoms a- mong chronic respiratory disease patients in tertiary hospital Methods: A total of 1713 outpatients and inpatients with chronic respiratory disease were selected from 8 tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province from July to September, 2014 and screened according to the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-D (HADS-D). A questionnaire developed by this research group, was used to collect demographic and clinical information. Logistic regression was used to identi­fy factors that were associated with depressive symptoms. Results: The overall rate of depressive symptoms was 46. 0%. Multiple logistic analysis showed that spinsterhood (OR =0.45), higher education level (middle school / high school/technical school OR =0. 65; college degree or aboweOR = Q. 28), BMI ⩾24 (OR = 0. 71) were associat­ed with decreased risk of depressive symptoms (P <0. 05). BMI < 18. 5 (OR = 1. 52,), average income of family ⩾10000 RMB (OR = 1.37 -1. 96), limited daily activities (OR = 1. 72), poorer sleep quality (OR = 1. 45), and negative life events (OR = L 62) were associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms (P <0. 05). Conclusion: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among chronic respiratory disease patients in tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu Province was higher. Marital status, education level, income, BMI, limited daily activities, subjective sleep quality, negative life events may be the related factors of depressive symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study TCM patterns and mechanism for pediatric pneumonia with the approach of symptom correlation analysis. Methods 480 cases records of pediatric pneumonia were collected from multiple centers as a large sample data source. Correlation analysis was conducted to analyze both the to-tal dataset and subgroups by patterns under the guidance of TCM theory and clinical practice so as to study TCM patterns and mechanism for pediatric pneumonia. Results More than 30 000 association rules were mined from the total samples, from which the basic pathogenesis of pediatric pneumonia was confirmed to be heat, stagnation and phiegm. And over 100 000 association rules were obtained from the subgroups. Heat pattern is the primary underlying one. Compared with the pattern of wind heat invading lung, the support and confidence of the pathogenesis related to heat were higher than the pattern of phlegm-heat obstructing lung, while those of the pathogenesis related to stagnation, to phlegm, were low-er than the pattern of phlegm-heat. Conclusion The approach of symptom correlation analysis could be used for a more standard, objective, and scientific TCM development as it is consistent with the spirit of evidence based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the effect of particles matters in the ambient air pollution on the hospital emergency treatment for respiratory diseases in Beijing. Methods: The data of the daily hospital emergency treatment for respiratory diseases fromthe PLA 305 Hospital and the clinic of eighth military cadres department of the West Third Ring general staff department, and the data of air and meteorological conditions from Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center were collected. The case-crossover design was used to analyse the data. Results: In the control of temperature and relative humidity, the results from unidirectional retrospective 1:1 matched case-crossover analysis showed that the fine particulates pollution of lag 0 days affected chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the OR values of the hospital emergency room visits for those diseases were 1.032, 1.033,1.035 with each increased 10 ug/m3 increment of particulate matters respectively. Conclusion: The elevated level of fine particulates pollution in atmospheric concentration can increase the hospital emergency treatment for the respiratory disease associated with chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To learn the change of disease spectrum in rural areas since the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS) was performed in 2005, so as to provide the scientific basis for improving and maximizing the benefit of rural residents. Method The basic data of the inpatients under NRCMS in Yuxi during 2005-2012 were collected, and were analyzed by Excel 2003 and SPSS 17.0. Results There were 248670 inpatients under NRCMS in Yuxi during 2005-2012, the top three diseases accounted for 63.70% of all cases, they were urogenital system diseases (58495 cases, 23.52%), respiratory system disease (57849cases, 23.26%), injury and poisoning (42073cases, 16.92%) . The proportion of digestive system diseases stably kept between 10.99% and 12.70%. Besides, the proportions of six diseases were on the rise, they were respiratory system diseases, heart disease, malignant tumor, cerebrovascular disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases, nervous system disease, and the proportions of urogenital system diseases and injury and poisoning were declining, in addition, the proportion of infectious diseases kept stably at 2.00% except 2010 in which the proportion was on the rise. Conclusion The research of disease spectrum of inpatients under NRCMS in rural areas may provide reference basis for scientific policy-making of NRCMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]