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Objective To understand the current situation, influencing factors, and urban-rural heterogeneity of overweight/ obesity among the elderly in China, so as to provide basis for formulating corresponding intervention measures. Methods The data of people age ! 60 years old in China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database in 2020 were used. Unconditional binary logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of overweight/obesity in the elderly. Results A total of 4 870 eligible samples were included in this study, of which 1 903 were overweight/obese, and the overweight/obesity rate was 39.08% (33.10% in rural areas and 36.56% in urban areas). People aged 60-69 (OR = 2.145, 95%CI: 1.559-2.951), 70-79 years old (OR = 1.752, 95%CI: 1.270-2.416), suffering from chronic diseases (OR = 1.215, 95%CI: 1.061-1.392), smoking (OR = 0.651, 95%CI: 0.556-0.763), living in the central China (OR = 1.255, 95%CI: 1.052-1.498), eastern China (OR = 1.378, 95%CI: 1.169-1.623), living in town (OR = 1.366, 95%CI: 1.193-1.565), with primary school education (OR = 1.214, 95%CI: 1.034-1.427), retirement pension (OR = 1.342, 95%CI: 1.126-1.599), and endowment insurance (OR = 0.841, 95% CI: 0.739-0.956) were the influencing factors of overweight/obesity in the elderly. People aged 60- 69 (OR = 2.333, 95%CI: 1.561-3.487), 70-79 years old (OR = 2.057, 95%CI: 1.372-3.084), suffering from chronic diseases (OR = 1.364, 95%CI: 1.132-1.645), smoking (OR = 0.705, 95%CI: 0.563-0.881), living in the eastern region (OR = 1.278, 95%CI: 1.006-1.623). with primary school education (OR = 1.397, 95%CI: 1.104-1.768), and retirement pension (OR = 1.284, 95%CI: 1.046¬1.577) were the influencing factors of overweight/obesity of the urban elderly. People aged 60-69 years old (OR = 1.779, 95%CI: 1.048-3.021), smoking (OR = 0.594, 95%CI: 0.473-0.747), living in central China (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.010¬1.647), eastern China (OR = 1.481, 95%CI: 1.176-1.867), retirement pension (OR = 1.424, 95%CI: 1.003-2.022), and new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS) (OR = 0.475, 95%CI: 0.261-0.862) and health insurance for urban/rural residents (OR = 0.615, 95%CI: 0.380-0.995) were the influencing factors of overweight/obesity of the rural elderly. Conclusion The in¬fluencing factors of overweight/obesity in the elderly are multi-level and multi-dimensional and vary between urban and rural areas. Timely and targeted preventive strategies and preventive measures should be taken from individual to macro dimen¬sions, based on the current situation of urban-rural differences in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the spatial accessibility of hemodialysis services and the differences between urban and rural areas in Sichuan Province, and to put forward corresponding policy recommendations. Methods The shortest patli method was used to calculate the proportion of population covered by hemodialysis services at a given time as an index of spatial accessibility, and the accessibility of different quality hemodialysis institutions and the difference of accessibility between urban and rural areas were compared and analyzed. Results There were more hemodialysis hospitals in Sichuan Province in the east than in the west, and the coverage of non-tertiary hospitals was slightly larger than that of tertiary hospitals, but 68.1% of the hemodialysis volume in the whole year was provided by tertiary hospitals. Most of the rural population (94.5%) and the urban population (99.5%) could reach the nearest hospital for dialysis within 2 hours, but the rural population (49.3%) could reach the nearest hospital for dialysis within 0.5 扎 which was significantly less than the urban population (81.9%). The higher the urbanization rate, the higher the accessibility of hemodialysis services. Conclusion The accessibility of hemodialysis in Sichuan Province is good, but the hemodialysis service still has room to expand, so it is necessary to expand the service scale of non-tertiary hospitals and increase the number of hemodialysis institutions in the western region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the urban and rural differences and influencing factors of the demand for community door-to-door medical services of the disabled elderly. Methods In total 3 865 disabled elderly were selected as research subjects from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The 於 test, rank sum test, and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the demand and influencing factors of community door-to -door medical services for the disabled elderly in urban and rural areas. Results In total 2 154 (83.39%) rural disabled elderly and 1 009 (78.71%) urban disabled elderly had demand for community door-to-door medical services, and the difference was statistically significant (护=6.113, P=0.013), Age over 80 years old: (OR=L529, 95%CI: 1.044-2.239; P<0.05), old-age security (old-age pension: OR=1.370, 95%CI: 1.070-1.755, P<0.05; retirement pension: OR=0,637, 95%CI: 0.424-0.959, P<0.05) and visual acuity (unclear: 0/2=1.272, 95%CI: L010-1.601, P < 0,05) were the influencing factors of the demand for community-based medical services of the disabled elderly in rural areas. Geographical division (northeast: 0R=0,603, 95%CI: 0413-0.881, P<0,01), health self-assessment (bad: 0=1.891, 95%CI: 1.151-2.893, P < 0.05) and loneliness self-assessment (having experienced loneliness: OR-1,467, 95%CI: 1.057-2.036, P < 0.05) were the influencing factors of the demand for community-to-home medical services of the urban disabled elderly. Conclusion The demand for community door-to-door medical service of the elderly in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas. In providing door-to-door medical services, we should focus on the rural disabled elderly with old age, pension, and visual impairment as well as the urban disabled elderly with poor self-evaluation and loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban-rural factors have been the most important elements to promote urban-rural linkage and regional cooperation in an urban-rural community of destiny. Various social resources are very necessary for social production and business activities in urban and rural areas. Rural development has been hindered and slowed by the dual system of urban and rural areas in China over a long time. However, only a single flow has been considered in the urban-rural factors. The current relationship between urban and rural areas has shifted from separation to integration. The flow of urban and rural factors has been characterized by the "multi-factors two-way freedom flow", particularly with the national policies leaning toward rural development, and the implementation of national strategies, such as "new urbanization", "rural revitalization", and " integrated urban-rural development ". Furthermore, agricultural production has gradually brought into the various promises of ecological conservation, leisure experience, and cultural inheritance. Rural development has entered an accelerated transformation period. The rural pluralistic values can be expected to realize for the rural revitalization strategy and transformation. It is very necessary to clarify the influencing mechanism of urban-rural factor flow for the rural multi-values in the urban-rural integrated development and all-round rural revitalization. Taking Chongqing in South China as the research area, this study aims to evaluate the flow of urban and rural factors, as well as the realization of rural multi-values. A systematic analysis was implemented on the correlation between rural and urban factor flow and rural multi-values, in order to explore the influence mechanism of rural factor flow, and then to empower the rural multi-values realization and the path of realizing rural multi-values under the flow of urban and rural elements. The results showed that: 1) The correlation logic law was established between rural-urban factor flows and the realization of rural multi-values. The comprehensive effects of population mobility, resource transfer, and social interaction between urban and rural systems were utilized to realize the multiple values in rural areas. Among them, the core, key and driving forces were the population flow, the resource transfer, and the social interaction, respectively. 2) There was a significant spatial difference in the factor flows between urban and rural areas. The population flow was relatively frequent with a spatial pattern of "high in the west and low in the east". There was a small difference in resource transfer, the high integration degree of urban and rural areas, the more interaction between urban and rural systems, and the highly active degree of resource transfer. There was a large difference between urban and rural development in southeast Chongqing and northeast Chongqing. There was a low integration degree of urban and rural, and the low active degree of resource transfer. Social interaction was less with the low activity, indicating a spatial pattern of "low-value series and high-value flower arrangement". 3) Rural multi-values were represented by supply, regulation, inheritance, and service values. The realization degree of rural multi-values was normally distributed with a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north, and flower arrangement in the north". The distribution of flower arrangement in the main metropolitan area was mainly in the middle and low-value areas, while the northeast and southeast of Chongqing were in the middle and high-value areas. Low-value area was less. 4) The rural multi-values were attributed to the comprehensive effects of multiple factors, such as population flow, resource transfer, and social interaction. Population flow shared a significant positive correlation with the supply and adjustment value with a positive promotion, whereas a significant negative correlation was found with the inheritance value with a reverse inhibition effect. Resource transfer presented a significant positive correlation with the supply, adjustment, and service value, indicating a positive promoting effect. Social interaction showed a significant positive correlation to the adjustment and service value with a positive promotion effect, whereas, a significant negative correlation was found in the inheritance value with a reverse inhibition effect. 5) Rural multi-values should be started from three aspects: a new urban-rural relationship with the county territory as an important carrier, in order to establish an institutional channel for the free flow of factors with the full factor flow as the core. The rural value can be expected to realize with the high quality and multi-values in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, China announced that it had lifted all rural residents living below the current poverty line out of poverty and built a moderately prosperous society in all respects. However, relative poverty characterized by a development gap still exists, and tackling relative poverty by reducing inequality and narrowing rural-urban disparities has great theoretical and practical significance for pushing integrated urban-rural development and achieving common prosperity in China. This study explored how regional differences and inequality affected the construction of the weakly relative poverty line, measured and compared relative poverty conditions with different poverty standards in different regional levels in China, chose a framework to construct a relative poverty standard suitable for China ’s nation‑ al condition, and finally carried out the Shapley decomposition and Fairlie decomposition on the formation of rural-urban disparities of relative poverty. The study found that relative poverty was highly related to inequality but was eventually determined by the specific pat‑ tern of regional income distribution. The problem of unbalanced development among regions had a significant impact on the specification of the poverty line and the distribution of relative poverty. The occurrence of relative poverty and the degree of inequality in rural areas were much higher than those in urban areas, whatever relative poverty line was used, and rural areas would still be the center of poverty reduction. Income, types of work, quality of life, education, and differences between provinces were the main reasons for the formation of rural-urban disparities in relative poverty, among which income and work together accounted for 49.88% of the reasons and quality of life and education accounted for 10.41% and 9.28%, respectively. However, compared with relative poverty in rural areas, in‑ come distribution and living costs were the disadvantages of relative poverty in urban areas. Therefore, in the context of accelerating integrated urban-rural development and promoting common prosperity, the formulation of a relatively uniform relative poverty standard should be considered the main strategy for poverty identification in China in the future. In addition, relevant policies need to be formulated to address the development imbalance at both individual and regional levels in order to carry out the governance of relative poverty issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production-living-ecological space is a typical spatial carrier to coordinate economic, social， and ecological benefits. Its coordinated development has been greatly significant to promote the ecological civilization, even to optimize the spatial planning in land use. However, the spatial function differentiation is still lacking on the different plots in the same land type, particularly in the most current evaluation on the production-living-ecological space. The clustering or coordination degree (CD) is also less sufficient in production-living-ecological space. The purpose of this study is to improve the evaluation system of production-living-ecological space, further to partition its aggregation and coordination degree for the land-use spatial optimization. An integration of multi-source spatial data was implemented to evaluate the functions of production-living-ecological space in different plots with the same land from the grid scale, with emphasis on the perspective of spatial heterogeneity. A systematic analysis was then made on the spatial autocorrelation and trigonometric coordinates. As such, the clustering and coordination characteristics were revealed on the production-living-ecological space on the township scale. Zoning schemes were finally proposed for the optimization of land space. The results are as follows. 1) The high score areas of production space in Hainan Island were concentrated in the coastal cities and counties, indicating the distribution characteristics of "higher around and lower in the middle, higher in the north and lower in the south". There were also differences between the urban and rural production spaces. The high score areas of living space were mainly concentrated in the cities and counties, with the spatial pattern of "small part gathering and most scattered". The high score areas of ecological space were concentrated in the middle, with the distribution characteristics of "higher in the middle and lower around". 2) The Moran's I indexes for the production, life, and ecological space function were 0.569, 0.221 and 0.716, respectively, in Hainan Island obtained from the township scale. It inferred that there was the strongest spatial correlation between the spatial autocorrelation characteristics and ecological space. Therefore, a zoning scheme was proposed for the whole island using the characteristics of spatial clustering. 3) There were great differences in the coordination degree of production-living-ecological space in different towns of Hainan Island. The high value areas were dominated by ecological space and coordinated type, accounting for 51.72% and 43.97% of the total number of towns, respectively. The low value area was dominated by ecology space, accounting for 72.41% of the total number of towns, where no living dominant town was observed. In the case of spatial features, a zoning scheme was proposed for the whole island using the characteristics of spatial coordination. The heterogeneity of spatial functions was effectively identified in the production-living-ecological space for the different plots with the same land type. A specific scheme of production-living-ecological spatial zoning was also proposed from two new perspectives of spatial clustering and coordination degree, suitable for the current practice of land space optimization. An optimization path of production-living-ecological spatial evaluation can provide the zoning schemes, according to the spatial characteristics. The finding can offer a potential decision making for the land space optimization, as well as the construction of free trade port and ecological civilization in Hainan Island of southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is hot and humid during the summer in Guangzhou. Based on the difference in the urban and rural indoor environments where Guangzhou elderly live, the study seeks to explore the indoor environment of 116 urban and rural elderly in Guangzhou through a questionnaire survey. The investigation is conducted on the summer indoor environment by measuring and comparing five typical urban households and five typical rural households of 65+ elderly individuals. The temperature, relative humidity, and CO2, CO, PM2.5, VOC concentrations in the living room, bedroom, and bathroom of each house were measured. The study shows that rural households in Guangzhou mainly avoid summer heat using fans. Meanwhile, only about one-third of households use air conditioners. At the same time, all the urban residents use air conditioners, and most of them also use fans. Additionally, the average indoor air temperature in rural households in Guangzhou is 0.8 ° C lower than that of urban households. Further, the average relative humidity is 21.6% higher than that of urban households. The indoor CO2 concentration of households with poor ventilation is relatively high. The concentrations of CO and PM2.5 in all measured urban and rural households are lower than the national standards' limited values. The indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations and total indoor VOCs in urban households are generally higher than those in rural households. According to the research findings, Guangzhou rural elderly housing should be strengthened to prevent excessive moisture. Further, urban elderly housing conditions should be enhanced concerning ventilation, and the elderly should be encouraged to use ecological and sustainable furniture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]