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Meeting the differentiated deterministic service quality experience of customers in different industries in an economically effective manner is conducive to promoting the construction of a vertical industry deterministic private network. In the face of various segmented industries and different dimensions of deterministic service quality requirements, the classification and grading of SLA(service level agreement) indicators are very important. Firstly, various types of application scenarios of deterministic service in vertical industries were summarized, and indicator requirements analysis was conducted for each type of business. Then, a deterministic SLA indicator system was proposed and a hierarchical design scheme for each indicator was summarized to solve the problem of insufficient reflection of deterministic attributes in current network SLA indicators, and help reducing the difficulty of understanding and aligning indicators between industry customers and service providers, and enable the network to meet the deterministic service needs of different industries. Finally, prospects for future work were presented.

以经济有效的方式满足不同行业客户差异化的确定性服务质量体验，有利于推进垂直行业确定性专网建设。面对多种细分行业不同维度的确定性服务质量需求，服务等级协议（service level agreement, SLA）指标的分类分级十分重要。首先总结了垂直行业中多种类型确定性服务的应用场景，并对各类型业务进行了指标需求分析。然后，提出了确定性SLA指标体系并总结了各指标的分级设计方案，解决当前网络SLA指标对于确定性属性体现不足的问题，帮助降低行业客户和服务提供商之间的指标理解对齐难度，使得网络能契合不同行业的确定性服务需求。最后，对未来的工作进行了展望。

[Introduction] In response to the inability of existing communication conditions to meet the intelligent O&M and ecological monitoring needs of offshore wind farm, this article explores and proposes a 5G customized network scheme to solve the problems of poor signal accessibility, incomplete network coverage, and low smoothness in offshore wind farms. [Methods] In this paper, a comprehensive O&M and monitoring scheme was proposed by using 5G customized network technology, which was as follows: through the deployment of 5G macro base stations outdoors, 5G indoor distribution in towers, and underwater laying of optical networks, the 3D coverage of wind farm communication networks was realized; Based on 5G slicing technology, one network could be used for multiple purposes to meet the needs of offshore wind farms for network differentiation; computing nodes were deployed in the centralized control center computer room, and private network data was forwarded through the edge UPF (user plane function) to achieve computing-network integration. [Result] The intelligent management and ecological environment monitoring scheme for offshore wind farms based on 5G technology proposed in this article has been piloted and tested based on the project. The test results show that the maximum effective coverage radius of 5G base stations reaches 11.3 km, and the stable transmission uplink rate reaches 5 Mbps, meeting the needs of observation data return and unmanned ship video return in the sea area. By deploying two 2.1G 8TR enhanced base stations on the booster station and wind turbine to enhance sea area coverage, the pull-net test around the wind farm verified that the 5G private network can effectively cover wind farms, with a coverage rate of 98.4%, which can basically meet the coverage needs of the entire wind farm. [Conclusion] This scheme utilizes a 5G private network to cover the sea area of the wind farm and achieves underwater communication through STN (Smart Transport Network) and underwater optical networks. Consequently, it innovatively constructs a 3D ocean monitoring and communication network, laying the communication foundation for the intelligent management and ecological environment monitoring of offshore wind farms.

In recent years, China's modern coal industry governance system cannot satisfy the high-quality development requirements of coal industry. To improve the capacity of government regulation, a complete set of coal industry governance platforms should be set up by the new generation of information technologies. The governance platform can help to overcome the bottlenecks in market cooperation, set up international channels of dialogue, and eventually support the practical reform of China's coal industry mechanism and implementation of relevant policies. This paper analyzes the technical characteristics, the current development, and trends of the new generation information technologies, including 5G, artificial intelligence, big data, and block chain. The topological structure of the coal industry governance platform is also proposed. The topological structure contains the integrated public and private 5G coal industry network, coal big data and intelligent information processing platform, and blockchain coal industry cooperation supervision platform. Furthermore, the key technologies that can be applied in the coal industry governance platform are also analyzed in depth, providing practical and feasible solutions for the construction of the modern coal mining governance platform.

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Southern Energy Construction is the property of Southern Energy Construction Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Chongqing University of Posts & Telecommunications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Engineering Management & Technology Discussion is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At present, the society is in an era of rapid development of science and technology, and the rapid development of wireless communication technology has not only promoted the digital transformation of industry, transportation, medical and other fields, but also continuously upgraded wireless communication networks, trying to move from wired to wireless. With the continuous evolution of computer technology and wireless communication technology, many application scenarios require highly reliable transmission in a wireless environment. Especially in the fields of modern industrial automation and autonomous driving, the demand for highly reliable transmission is more urgent. 5G technology was delved into, which was one of the most advanced wireless transmission technologies in the industry, focusing on multi-channel redundant transmission technology within 5G systems. The key points of the technology in terms of application background, technical principles and technical route were summarized. In terms of application background, the practical application requirements of 5G redundant transmission in wireless scenarios such as modern industrial automation and autonomous driving were highlighted. In terms of technical principles, the relevant research was summarized and sorted out from the end-to-end multi-channel redundant transmission of services, the analysis of the technical principles of 5G multi-channel redundant transmission were focused on, and its unique advantages in improving transmission reliability were explained. In terms of technical routes, the development direction of 5G multi-channel redundant transmission technology and various possible implementation paths were comprehensively considered. Finally, the difficulties and challenges of the future development of 5G multi-channel redundant transmission technology were pointed out, and its future development trend was discussed, so as to better understand the key role and prospect of 5G redundant transmission technology in the field of wireless communication.

当前社会正处在科技高速发展的时代，无线通信技术的迅猛发展不仅推动了工业、交通、医疗等领域的数字化转型，也在不断升级无线通信网络，试图从有线向无线化迈进。随着计算机技术和无线通信技术的不断演进，许多应用场景要求在无线环境下实现高可靠传输。特别是面向现代工业自动化、自动驾驶等领域，对高可靠传输的需求更为迫切。深入研究了作为当前业界最先进的无线传输技术之一的5G技术，重点关注了5G系统内多路冗余传输技术。综述了该技术在应用背景、技术原理和技术路线方面的关键要点。在应用背景方面，突出了5G冗余传输在现代工业自动化、自动驾驶等无线场景中的实际应用需求。在技术原理方面，有针对性地从业务端到端多路冗余传输对有关研究进行归纳和梳理，重点分析5G多路冗余传输的技术原理，解释了其在提高传输可靠性方面的独特优势。在技术路线方面，综合考虑了5G多路冗余传输技术的发展方向和各种可能的实施路径。最后，指出5G多路冗余传输技术未来发展的困难和挑战，并探讨其未来发展趋势，以更好地理解5G冗余传输技术在无线通信领域的关键作用和前景

Nowadays, the demand of consumers and industrial users for satellite-terrestrial integrated communications is evolving to achieve seamless coverage and anytime, anywhere access, and the integration of satellite and terrestrial communication capabilities will be the development direction of future mobile phones. The application scenarios for direct-to-handset connectivity, domestic and international development paths, and related technical solutions were introduced. Subsequently, the network architecture and key technology for realizing direct-to-handset connectivity with respect to the 3GPP NTN standard scheme were analyzed. The requirements and potential improvement schemes for multi-mode terminals in satellite communication scenarios in terms of integrated design, antenna capabilities, voice capabilities and power saving, were also identified. Finally, by exploring the key regulatory challenges (e.g. radio-frequency spectrum) related to direct-to-handset communications, feasible pathways for the future development of satellite-terrestrial integrated terminals were provided.

当前，大众用户和行业用户对星地融合通信的需求不断演进，以实现无缝覆盖与随时随地接入，集成卫星和地面通信能力将是未来手机终端的发展方向。首先介绍了手机直连的应用场景、国内外发展路径和相关技术方案；其次，针对3GPP NTN标准化技术方案，分析了实现手机直连的组网架构和空口关键技术方案，并探讨了卫星通信场景下多模终端在天线能力、语音能力及节能方面的需求及潜在改进方案；最后阐述了手机直连频谱资源及挑战，为星地融合手机直连终端通信设计提供参考。

【Objective】In response to the needs of Ultra High Voltage (UHV) site infrastructure control and intelligent transportation and inspection, 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G) is applied to the construction phase of UHV converter station for the first time in China.【Methods】On the basis of realizing 5G full coverage of Henan southern converter station, 5G virtual private network of converter station is built and the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) cloud platform is deployed. Fully considering the needs of early infrastructure and late operation, the intelligent infrastructure site is connected with the intelligent converter station in the later stage. Relying on the advantages of 5G and integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and other technologies, various types of data on the construction site of UHV infrastructure can be collected in real-time and unified, providing multi-functional 5G solutions for remote video monitoring of UHV infrastructure, engineering monitoring and early warning, panoramic presentation of infrastructure site, identification of safety hazards, and expert remote assistance guidance. 5G applications such as smart construction site, intelligent inspection and intelligent control are organized and 5G network adaptation test is carried out.【Results】Providing a flexible, large-bandwidth and high-speed communication methods of 5G for the business application of Henan southern converter station. It effectively enables various business requirements in the UHV converter station, verifying the carrying capacity of 5G for UHV construction and inspection services. It also improves the management efficiency, and reduces the operation and maintenance cost.【Conclusion】The successful application of 5G in the Henan southern UHV converter substation provides a typical UHV substation solution of 5G+ energy Internet, which verifies the feasibility of 5G in the power industry and also promotes the application of 5G in power scenarios.

The core value of 5G in the field of digital distribution network is to give play to the technical advantages of 5G in ultra-high reliability and low latency, and provide high reliability and low latency communication for the control related business of distribution network. In order to provide a systematic theoretical analysis scheme for the latency and reliability of 5G communication deployment applications in the distribution network, a typical architecture of 5G communication in the distribution network in combination with digital distribution network services was given, the latency model for 5G communication in the distribution network was deeply analyzed. The end-to-end latency analysis for 5G frame structures of four operators in China was conducted with 5G reliability values of 3GPP Rel-15 and Rel-16 through 5G link level simulation. At last, a joint analysis method of time latency and reliability of 5G communication in distribution network was proposed.

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Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Piezoelectrics & Acoustooptics is the property of Piezoelectric & Acoustooptic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In practical applications of coal mine personnel positioning systems, there are problems of insufficient equipment computing power and storage resources. The problems result in preventing the use of complex ranging and positioning algorithms, inadequate real-time transmission and response performance of positioning data, and significant human and material resource losses in system deployment. In order to solve the above problems, a new underground personnel positioning system based on 5G+UWB and inertial navigation technology is proposed. The system deploys UWB positioning base stations with low energy consumption and strong anti-interference capability at the end. The positioning base station is connected to the 5G base station in a cascaded manner. The positioning base station collects UWB and inertial navigation data, and uses the 5G network to transmit it back to the computing platform. The positioning information is solved and stored on the computing platform. The inertial navigation based personnel position estimation is used as the predicted value. The UWB based trilateral positioning algorithm is used to obtain personnel position estimation as the observed value. The Kalman filter is used to fuse the predicted and observed values to reduce positioning errors. The testing system is built at the main experimental base of the coal mine, simulating the real underground environment of the coal mine, and conducting comparative experiments. The results show the following points. ①In the x-axis direction and the y-axis direction, the coincidence degree between the position information obtained by the Kalman filter algorithm of the fusion inertial navigation and the real position information is the highest, indicating that the position information obtained by the Kalman filter algorithm of the fusion inertial navigation is closest to the real position, and the average error is 22.192 cm. ② The position information of the underground personnel positioning system combined with 5G + UWB and inertial navigation technology has the highest coincidence degree with the real position information, and the error is [15 cm, 20 cm], with a maximum average error of 26 cm on the x-axis and 24 cm on the y-axis, exceeding the precision of most current underground personnel positioning systems.

Copyright of Electronic Communication & Computer Science is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Communication & Computer Science is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The large broadband, short delay and wide access of 5G network have laid the foundation of the necessary network infrastructure for all kinds of professions and promoted the continuous enrichment of urban rail transit construction. However, when accidents happen during metro construction, rescue workers cannot obtain the accurate real-time position of the construction site personnel and cannot quickly arrive at the accident site for rescue. In order to effectively solve these problems, this paper, based on the plan of "5G+ ubiquitous wireless" fusion technology, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of WiFi, Bluetooth, RFID, ultrasonic waves, UWB, and other positioning technologies one by one. After fully considering the underground application scenarios of urban rail transit, a solution of "5G+ Bluetooth" fusion positioning technology is finally proposed. By establishing two networks, namely a 5G network and a Bluetooth positioning network, positioning data is returned and information is reported. This allows 5G micro base stations to become the information hubs of the mobile cellular network and the Bluetooth positioning network, enabling accurate positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National University of Defense Technology / Guofang Keji Daxue Xuebao is the property of NUDT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics / Jisuanji Fuzhu Sheji Yu Tuxingxue Xuebao is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Telecommunications Science is the property of Beijing Xintong Media Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To meet the security requirements of smart airports, a 5G-based smart airport network security solution was proposed.The security characteristics and security requirements of the 5G scenario in smart airport were analyzed, and the pain points of security requirements in the current scenario were summarized in five aspects:unified security management and control, network slicing security, security monitoring and early warning, edge computing security, and IoT-aware node security.And then a 5G network security system was designed for smart airports.The functional components of this system included 5G network unified security management and control functions for ubiquitous networks, lightweight 5G network identity authentication and authentication functions, 5G network slice security protection for multi-service requirements, 5G network security monitoring and early warning based on big data analysis, integrated security protection function based on edge computing, and sensory node security protection function based on device behavior analysis.This comprehensive approach built an all-in-one security platform covering business encryption, network security, terminal trustworthiness, identity trustworthiness, and security management and control.Additionally, the potential counterfeit base station attacks in the existing 5G authentication and key agreement (AKA) were analyzed.Due to the lack of authenticity verification of the messages forwarded by the SN, the attacker can pretend to be the real SN to communicate with the UE and the HN, thus carrying out the base station masquerading attack.This kind of attack may lead to the leakage of smart airport network data, and encounter problems such as tampering and deception by opponents.Aiming at the network security requirements of smart airports and the security issues of 5G authentication and key agreement protocol, an improved 5G authentication and key agreement protocol was designed.Formal security models, security goal definitions, and analysis were performed to ensure the robustness and effectiveness of the protocol against attacks.

The 5G flow residence ratio is an important indicator used by communication operators to evaluate the coverage capacity of 5G networks, and it is also an important starting point for the networks’ planning, optimization, maintenance and operation.To ensure user perception, the actual wireless transmission influencing factors, existing network structure and network coordination strategy, etc., need to be considered.The resident capacity of a 5G network in the 3.5 GHz frequency band was evaluated, analyzed and calculated, and the theoretical ultimate value of the 5G traffic resident ratio based on the analysis of network and users’ big data was put forward, which explained the positive relationship between user perception and residence ratio, and provided a reference for the reasonable theoretical ultimate value of 5G traffic resident ratio.

Intellectualization and unmanned manufacturing have been an inevitable trend in industrial development. The landing of intelligent applications is one of the current challenges in the industry. Due to the hierarchical architecture of the industrial automation pyramid, traditional programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that are usually employed in the field cannot cooperate with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that require massive data and computing resources. Therefore, it is necessary to research the virtualization of traditional PLCs as dockers, which can be deployed in the cloud, edge, or field. Cloud PLCs can be easily integrated with AI, big data, and cloud computing to achieve intelligent decision-making and control and break down data islands. The visual sorting system has attracted increasing attention for its ability to accurately detect the position of objects. Many deep learning–based methods have achieved remarkable performance in computer vision. Additionally, the requirement of a network is fundamental for guaranteeing data transmission with low latency and high reliability. The combination of 5G and time-sensitive networking (TSN) can achieve the deterministic transmission of several industrial applications. According to the above challenges, joint control between cloud PLCs of low-level devices and visual sorting systems in a reliable network is critical and has industry potential. In this study, we propose a deep learning–based material recognition and location system with a cloud PLC, which is demonstrated in a 5G-TSN network. First, traditional PLC is virtualized to realize flexible PLC function deployment in the field and cloud. Second, we establish a cloud-based AI platform and design a You only look once v5 (YOLOv5)-based object detection algorithm to locate the position and recognize the types of materials to obtain pixel coordinates. Third, the camera calibration method is used to transform pixel and world coordinates, and the material information consists of the world coordinates, types, and timestamps that are sent to cloud PLC. Finally, the commands are transmitted by the 5G-TSN environment from cloud PLC to the low-level devices for real-time control of the multi-crane cooperative. We establish an experimental system to demonstrate the significance and effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which synergistically controls multi-crane operation. The mean average precision (mAP) of material location is up to 99.65%, sorting accuracy reaches 96.67%, and the average consuming time is 25.99 s, which meets the requirements of low latency and high precision in industrial applications.

At present, intelligent coal caving in high gas fully mechanized top coal caving face is facing many problems, mainly including poor recognition accuracy of coal gangue, incomplete control research on coal flow and gas concentration, cumbersome design and development of follow-up process, and slow response of control system.In order to solve these problems, this paper developed a cloud side collaborative intelligent coal caving control system based on 5G communication.The system includes 5G network, cloud server, edge processor, terminal execution equipment, etc.It has a high data transmission speed, control response speed and data processing capability.Based on the analysis of fully mechanized coal caving process parameters and intelligent coal caving process flow, elaborates the four key technologies of intelligent coal caving the coal gangue identification technology, big block coal identification and coal flow load balance technology, gas safety linkage control technology, and digital twin technology of coal caving following machine.The application test was carried out in Baode 81309 fully mechanized top coal caving face.After the intelligent fully mechanized top coal caving technology was adopted, the top coal recovery rate increased from 86% to 93%, the coal gangue rate decreased from 21% to 15%, the total production efficiency increased by 10%, and the number of coal caving operators decreased from 3 to 4 to 1 to 2.The cloud edge collaborative intelligent coal caving control system based on 5G communication developed in this paper and its key technologies can also be extended to other fully mechanized coal caving faces, which is of great value for reducing personnel and increasing efficiency and safe and efficient mining of coal mines.

RAT-dependent is a satellite independent positioning technology of 5G.3GPP gives the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the positioning accuracy under the ideal condition of a single station and the simulation positioning accuracy of multi-station under different network configurations.Based on the actual network conditions, the analysis framework, accuracy range of multi-station positioning accuracy and the corresponding improvement method were proposed.The experimental results show that the RAT-dependent positioning accuracy is closely related to network technologies, and the positioning accuracy of the optimized scheme can be improved by 20%～30% compared with the non-optimized scheme.

Mining 5G provides a high-speed information transmission channel for the construction of intelligent mines. The remote control application of mining equipment based on 5G is a key means to achieve less human and unmanned mine production. The paper analyzes the shortcomings of using 4G and WiFi6 in remote control of mining equipment, and points out that 5G technology is a necessary support method for achieving remote control of mining equipment. A reference architecture for remote control application system of mining equipment based on 5G is constructed using the research method of information physics system architecture. Taking 5G+coal mining machine remote control as an example, the key technologies of 5G transmission link are studied. The information flow between monitoring data and remote control data is sorted out. The current 5G network adopts a layer three communication method, and point-to-point layer two communication is required between the control system of remote control of mining equipment and the controlled equipment. In order to solve this problem, a layer two tunnel construction method and 5G LAN technology have been studied, and a stable channel for remote control information transmission has been established. In order to address the high bandwidth transmission requirements of on-site monitoring data and the low latency transmission requirements of remote control data, a flexible and adaptable over the air bandwidth allocation mechanism for resource pre-scheduling and request scheduling is proposed. The on-site test results show that a total of 13 328 data packets are transmitted through the layer two tunnel, without any packet loss or unsuccessful reception. The end-to-end delay is 11.5-23.8 ms, which can meet the transmission requirements of remote control of mining equipment. The RSRP(reference signal receiving power) distribution is between −93 dB·m and −53 dB·m, and the SINR(signal to interference plus noise ratio) distribution is between 10 dB and 38 dB, indicating good wireless coverage. The reliability, end-to-end delay, and wireless coverage of the mining 5G wireless communication system can meet the transmission requirements of remote control of shearers.

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Copyright of Electronic Communication & Computer Science is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Communication & Computer Science is the property of Omniscient Pte. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, 5G has been commercialized around the world in a large scale.However, considering the cost and geographical restrictions, traditional 5G networks still have trouble in providing seamless global communication.To reach the global area coverage, satellite and 5G technology integration has become a new hot topic in the communication industry.In 3GPP, the first release of 5G NTN technical specifications based on transparent payload architecture has been completed.Firstly, the standardization status of 5G NTN network architecture was introduced.Secondly, the shortcomings or issues existing in the current network architecture of 5G NTN were analyzed.Finally, three 5G NTN network architecture enhancement and optimization schemes were proposed, which including IAB-based network architecture, NTN adaptive network architecture and NTN multi-connection network architecture for intersatellite link construction and data shunt.The proposed architectures aim to providing valuable suggestions and references for the subsequent research, standardization and network deployment of 5G NTN.

The 5G cellular network not only provides wireless communication capabilities for terminals but also offers positioning functionalities.Firstly, the 3GPP 5G positioning technology was briefly outlined, followed by the proposal of the 5G indoor positioning technology road-map.The cloud-edge collaborative integrated positioning architecture, the 5G+X fusion positioning solution, as well as the 5G positioning solution for smart parks were included, with a detailed analysis of the architecture and process.These positioning solutions seamlessly addressed the issue of locating people or objects in areas where GNSS signals cannot reach, which could meet the positioning accuracy and timeliness requirements in different scenarios.The technology solution has been applied in the industry with meter-level positioning accuracy and second-level timeliness, which has been well evaluated by customers.

Based on a summary of the characteristics of the industrial Internet, combined with the overall status of the existing industrial Internet, this paper analyzes the problems of the traditional industrial automation closed five-tier architecture and concludes that the current industrial Internet remains in a stage of technological development and maturation, which restricts the promotion and standardization of China’s intelligent manufacturing level to some extent. In the future, the industrial Internet will break the original data hierarchy structure, break the data barrier, and realize the development of intelligent manufacturing toward intelligent, flattening, lightweight, and green. First, this paper proposes a new industrial network collaboration architecture on the cloud side that supports efficient data flow. The proposed architecture is a flat, platform-based structure that realizes cloud-side collaboration and the integration of control, computing power, and network. Second, on the basis of the overall architecture of the industrial network, two key technologies are proposed to adapt the new industrial network infrastructure. One is 5G–time-sensitive networking (TSN) collaborative transmission technology. TSN realizes the interconnection and integration of heterogeneous networks in the industrial field based on the data link layer, and 5G–TSN collaborative transmission has become an important evolution trend of the intelligent factory network. Three key technical contents are introduced: 5G–TSN heterogeneous network convergence architecture, network clock adaptation mechanism, and software defined network (SDN)-based integration management and resource scheduling. The other key technology is cloud PLC technology based on a deterministic network, and the virtualization and cloud control system is the basis for breaking the original closed industrial control system. On the one hand, cloud-based hardware resources can be used to achieve one-to-many control, saving a large amount of industrial control equipment deployment investment costs. More importantly, the centralized control system can achieve unified control and optimization of global resources. This paper introduces the virtualization 5G cloud chemical industry control technology with two parts: technical content and technical route. Third, this paper proposes a cloud-based allocation of control resources and a cloud–network integration collaboration scenario and designs the 5G cloud-based programmable logic controller (PLC) and EtherCAT fusion system and the EtherCAT and TSN fusion system for real-time motion control. Through the testing of the end-to-end delay and cross-network time synchronization accuracy of the actual system, the current end-to-end delay of network transmission is less than 5 ms, the cross-network time synchronization error is between 100–400 us, and the accuracy is less than 100 ns These performance indicators reach the current industry-leading level. The test platform verifies the scientificalness and rationality of the new industrial network architecture. Finally, the integration problems and potential solutions of efficiency, reliability, and security are discussed in the future industrial automation system integrating network, control, and computing.

In order to meet the needs of remote monitoring, video monitoring, data acquisition, and voice communication in coal mines, the 5G communication system used in coal mines should have the following functions. ① The system has different service-bearing functions such as remote control, monitoring, positioning, surveillance, and voice. ② The system has remote control functions such as coal mining machines, roadheaders, electric shovels, excavators, trackless rubber wheeled vehicles, and electric locomotives. ③ The system has an emergency remote takeover function for mining transportation vehicles. ④ The system has a remote real-time transmission function of camera audio and video. ⑤ The system has data collection functions such as monitoring equipment, sensors, and vehicle-assisted driving. ⑥ The system has a voice call function. ⑦ The system has an end-to-end slicing function that meets the differentiated business performance requirements of remote control, monitoring, video, and voice. ⑧ The system supports SA networking and 5G NR communication system. ⑨ The system supports 5G LAN Ethernet communication. ⑩ The system has an emergency inertia operation function. In case of disconnection between the mining area's private network and the communication operator's public network, local businesses can continue to operate online. ⑪ The system has a device level redundancy protection function that ensures uninterrupted data service in the event of a single physical port failure. ⑫ The system has a dual device redundancy protection function of the core network that allows for the switching of backup devices to continue providing services when the main device fails. ⑬ The system has the core network control surface transmits confidentiality and integrity protection functions to ensure the security of the core network control surface. ⑭ The system has terminal authentication, checking, and restricting access to unauthorized terminals in the system, supporting the authentication of terminals by coal mining enterprise security servers. ⑮ The system has functions that prevent terminal attacks on the system and legitimate terminal. ⑯ The system has the integrated management function of the core network, transmission equipment, base station controller, base station, and terminal. ⑰ The system has a centralized monitoring function for network performance and business service performance. ⑱ The system has an abnormal visual alarm and fault location function. ⑲ The system has the evaluation function of mining 5G network resources. The system can evaluate the utilization rate of 5G network resources and provide a report on whether new services can be accessed when the coal mine adds new services or more terminals are connected to the 5G network. ⑳ The system has backup power supply. The main technical indicators of the 5G communication system used in coal mines should meet the following requirements. ① When the uplink rate is 20 Mbit/s and the wireless working frequency band is 700-900 MHz, the wireless coverage radius (unobstructed) of the base station in the underground coal mine should be ≥ 500 meters. When the wireless working frequency band is other working frequency bands, the wireless coverage radius (unobstructed) of the base station in the underground coal mine is ≥ 150 m. When the uplink rate is 30 Mbit/s, the wireless coverage radius (unobstructed) of the base station in the open-pit coal mine is ≥ 400 m. ② The wired transmission distance from the base station to the base station controller is ≥ 10 km. ③ The maximum number of access terminals in the system is ≥ 20000. ④ The wireless transmission power of the base station and terminal of the underground coal mine is ≤ 6 W. The transmission power of the base station in the open-pit coal mine is ≤ 320 W. The wireless transmission power of the terminal in the open-pit coal mine is ≤ 6 W. ⑤ The base station wireless reception sensitivity is ≤ −95 dBm. The terminal wireless reception sensitivity is ≤ −85 dBm. ⑥ The wireless working frequency should be selected from the frequency bands of 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1.9/2.1 GHz, 2.6 GHz, 3.3 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 6 GHz, etc. (preferably 700 to 900 MHz for underground coal mine). ⑦ When the format is TDD and the frame structure is 1D3U1S, the average uplink throughput rate of multiple users accessed by the base station is ≥ 600 Mbit/s, and the average downlink throughput rate is ≥ 250 Mbit/s. ⑧ For underground coal mines, when operating upstream services at 1 Mbit/s and 20 Mbit/s, the average system delay should be less than 20 ms, and the probability of end-to-end delay stability being less than 100 ms should not be less than 99.99%. For open-pit coal mines, when operating upstream services at 1 Mbit/s and 30 Mbit/s, the average system delay should be less than 20 ms, and the probability of end-to-end delay stability being less than 100 ms should not be less than 99.9%. ⑨ The packet loss rate of a single user is ≤ 0.01%. ⑩ The handover delay for a single user from cell A of the base station to cell B of the base station is ≤ 100 ms. ⑪ The continuous working time of the mobile station battery should not be less than 11 hours, among which the call time should not be less than 2 hours. ⑫ After a power outage in the power grid, the backup power supply continuously provides power to the base station, base station controller, and transmission equipment for ≥ 4 hours.

Mine communication is an indispensable part of the intelligent development of coal mines. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different communication systems and technologies in different development stages of wireless communication in underground coal mines. It is concluded that 5G and WiFi6 currently have significant technological advantages and good applicability in terms of transmission rate, delay, reliability, and user capacity. They are the mainstream solutions for mine wireless communication technology in recent years. This paper discusses the problems in underground wireless communication system construction and the corresponding development directions. ① Technological convergence issues. Different scenarios have different requirements for bandwidth, delay, power consumption and reliability. A single communication technology can not meet the requirements of all application scenarios in coal mines. It is necessary to select appropriate communication technology according to the actual application situation to meet the application requirements. Different technologies are integrated through protocol converters, gateways and other devices to form an integrated communication network platform for technological convergence above the ground and underground. ② System integration issues. Since each system is provided by different manufacturers, and the communication protocol and hardware interface are inconsistent, it is difficult to truly realize the data sharing of each system in the mine. It is necessary to provide standard interfaces, open network architecture, and unified user data to provide interconnection and inter-working functions for monitoring, emergency, production, and other systems. It is further required to provide unified data messages to enable data transmission with low delay, high concurrency, real-time, and synchronization within each system. ③ Device power consumption issues. The existing mine 5G base station and other equipment can only be made into a single flameproof product due to their high power consumption. The equipment is bulky, large, and difficult to install and maintain, which restricts the popularization of 5G technology in coal mine. Low-power design can be started from the main chip, RF module, and power amplifier module.

The current shearer control system is difficult to deal with the complex working conditions of the underground working face. The realization of the intelligent height and speed regulation control of the shearer is faced with three major technical problems:the lack of data communication capacity of traditional 4G, WiFi and other wireless communication technologies, the low data processing synergy of the centralized cloud computing platform, and the need for high manual intervention assistance for coal cutting control. In order to promote the intelligent development of the shearer and the whole fully mechanized mining face, starting from solving the key technologies of the shearer such as 5G communication technology, cloud-side-end collaboration technology, intelligent height and speed regulation control technology, a shearer intelligent height and speed regulation control system based on 5G+cloud-side-end collaboration technology was developed, and the 5G communication technology and cloud-side-end collaboration technology used in the system were described in detail, the hardware platform and communication network of the shearer intelligent height adjustment and speed regulation control system were introduced. The shearer intelligent height and speed regulation control system adopts a multimodal fusion coal rock distribution identification model based on feature level fusion and decision level complementarity, and on the basis of coal rock distribution identification technology, the shearer intelligent height adjustment and speed regulation control strategy of "memory cutting coal+coal rock distribution identification intervention" is used for cutting control. The 81309 Working Face in Shendong Baode Coal Mine conducted a 2-month application test of the control system, the test results showed that the packet loss rate of the real-time communication of the shearer was about 0.003%, the end-to-end average communication delay between the shearer and the centralized control center had decreased by 75%, the failure rate of the shearer drum had decreased by 42%, and the coal gangue mixing rate of the front scraper conveyor had decreased by 42.9%, which verified the practicality and feasibility of the shearer intelligent control system and the hardware platform. The work improved the intelligent degree and reliability level of shearer control, which can be popularized and applied to promote the intelligent development of fully mechanized mining face.

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)