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OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to clarify the concepts of physical education and sport from a philosophical perspective and propose the potential of kinesiology as a promising alternative. METHODS The method of philosophical argumentation was employed to carefully examine the logical consistency of physical education, sport, and kinesiology. The conceptual tools of connotation and denotation were used to analyze these definitions, and their compatibility was thoroughly assessed. RESULTS Through deductive analysis, it was discovered that both physical education and sport face inherent challenges of limited externalization and excessive externalization. These challenges hinder the accurate representation of reality or weaken the distinct identity of the disciplines. Conversely, it was argued that kinesiology possesses the conceptual capacity to encompass both physical education and sport as a discipline. CONCLUSIONS Considering the apparent conceptual constraints of physical education, it becomes reasonable to reassess the nomenclature of our field. This paper has demonstrated the philosophical significance of kinesiology and its potential as a viable alternative. However, since philosophical arguments may not always perfectly align with practical reality, further exploration and evaluation from diverse perspectives are necessary to determine the suitability of adopting the term ‘kinesiology’ as an alternative.

We use phonological variation to refer to alternative forms that are available in a language, such as different syllable structures or word stress patterns in English. We discuss several approaches to such variations and argue for a new approach, in which all alternative forms observe a set of inviolable constraints. In particular, we propose that all English words observe four constraints: (a) a foot must be disyllabic, (b) stressed syllables must be heavy, (c) heavy syllables must have stress, and (d) the maximal syllable is CVX. We discuss the implications of our proposal for Optimality Theory and for the analysis of linguistic variation in general.

The fingernail is damaged and deformed by various causes such as crushing, laceration, avulsion injury, infection, tumor and personal habit. The growth disturbance of nail plate may be caused by systemic diseases or trauma without a direct injury of the fingernail and is usually found in accident. We experienced abnormal growth of nail plate in four patients with previous fractures of metacarpal bone. At about 8 weeks after trauma, a swelling and tenderness on the eponychium and a growth disturbance of affected nail plates occurred. All affected fingernails were treated with the nail extraction. The authors report four cases of growth disturbance of nail plates which obtained the satisfactory results by using the nail extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the trends in studies published in Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing (JKCCN) from 2008 to 2013. Methods: A total of 65 studies published between 2008 to 2013 were reviewed using criteria developed by researchers. Results: Approximately 36% of studies were conducted with patients. Intensive care unit (ICU) was the most popular site as the study setting. Among 59 research papers, 42.4% were approved by institutional review board (IRB). Quantitative studies were 78.6%, while qualitative studies were 4.6%. The research designs for the quantitative studies were survey (52.3%), quasi-experimental (16.9%), and so on. There was no randomized controlled trial. The most frequently used methods to provide nursing intervention was education. In addition, "nurse" and "ICU" were most commonly used keyword. Conclusion: Considering the low rate of IRB approval, more stringent application of research ethics is necessary to improve the quality of JKCCN. In addition, more randomized controlled trials should be encouraged to support evidence-based practice in critical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of geometrically different wax pattern shapes and sizes on the castability of Grade2 Cp-Ti (commercially pure titanium). Materials and methods: Total of 40 mesh wax pattern (61 mm × 24 mm, 207 grids), (61 mm × 17 mm, 138 grids) was cast in this experiment. Depending on the geometrical shape of the wax pattern, 8 groups was organized; Flat, Semicircular, Horse-shoe and V-shape, each consisting 5 samples. Runner-bar sprue was used in all patterns. The number of completely cast grid in wax pattern served as a measure for the castability of comercially pure titanium. Results: The mean value of square count in each group was as followed; 133.20 squares in group SS (96.52%), 132.40 squares in group SH (95.94%), 132.00 squares in group SF (95.65%), 127.60 squares in SV (91.43%), 198.60 squares in group LF (95.94%), 197.80 squares in group LV (95.56%), 196.40 squares in group LS (94.88%), and 188.00 squares in group LH (90.82%). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study the results indicate that there were no sttistically significant difference in castability of titanium regarding wax pattern shape (P>.05). However, Small size wax patterns were showing the noticeable castability more than Large size pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of systematic information on maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence of mothers of premature infants. Methods: Using a non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design, 42 participants were assigned to one of two groups, an experimental group (n=20), which received systematic information; and a control (n=22), which received the usual discharge education. Prior to the intervention, baseline data were collected (pretest) and then the systematic information was provided four times for the experimental group. Maternal attachment, parenting stress and maternal confidence were measured. Data were collected three times: Seven to 10 days prior to discharge, day of discharge, and two weeks after discharge. Results: Mothers in the experimental group had significantly higher scores in maternal attachment (F=6.16, p=.005), lower parenting stress scores (F=5.56, p=.004), and higher scores for maternal confidence (F=16.50, p<.001) than mothers in the control group. These tendencies were progressively enhanced even two weeks after discharge from the hospital. Conclusion: The results indicate that provision of systematic information to mothers with premature infants is an effective intervention to enhance mothers 'maternal attachment, decrease parenting stress, and enhance maternal confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as "baker's yeast" or "brewer's yeast", and is considered to be a frequent colonizer of human mucosal surfaces. Although it is a very uncommon cause of infections in humans, it can cause wide range of clinical syndromes, including pneumonia, empyema, liver abscess, peritonitis, urinary tract infection, cellulitis, unexplained fever, or septic shock, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Fungemia is the most severe and well-proven manifestation of S.cerevisiae infections. According to previous studies, the conditions related to immunosupression, such as cancer, HIV infection, use of corticosteroid, neutropenia, stem cell transplantation, solid organ transplantation, burns and heart surgery, appear to be predisposing factors to fungemia. The antifungal agent of choice has not been established. We report two cases ofS.cerevMae fungemia in patients with hematologic malignancies. One was primary fungemia, and the other was presumed to be a catheter related one. Both cases showed a good prognosis with the complete negative conversion of fungemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nasopharyngeal bacterial flora can cause respiratory tract diseases as well as invasive bacterial diseases. Moraxella catarrhalis colonizing in the nasopharynx is considered an important potential pathogen with an increasing production of β-lactamase. This study examined the nasopharyngeal colonization rate of M. catarrhalis and the antibiotic susceptibility of M. catarrhalis. Materials and Methods: Healthy children who visited one of the three University hospitals in the Republic of Korea or attended a day-care center around the participating hospitals were enrolled in this study. The nasopharyngeal samples were obtained by nasopharyngeal washing with normal saline and M. catarrhalis was isolated. The nasopharyngeal colonization rate of M. catarrhalis was investigated and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured for commonly used oral antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefixime, cefdinir, cefditoren, erythromycin and trimethoprim). Results: Three hundred and seventy-nine children aged between 6 months and years were enrolled, and the nasopharyngeal colonization rate of M. catarrhalis wa 33% (124 children). All isolated M. catarrhalis produced/β-lactamase. The MIC90 the antibiotics were as follows: amoxicillin, >16 mg/L; amoxicillin/clavulanate, 0.5 mg/L; cefaclor, 8 mg/L; cefixime, 0.125 mg/L; cefdinir, 0.25 mg/L; cefditoren, 0.25 mg/L; erythromycin, 0.5 mg/L; and trimethoprim, >16 mg/L. Conclusions: M. catarrhalis was colonized in 33% of the children aged 6 months to 5 years, and showed low MICs for amoxicillin/clavulanate and oral 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial colon polyps are largely divided into hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. Adenomatous polyps are premalignant lesions, whereas hyperplastic polyps are regarded as benign lesions. However, this histological classification has been blurred, as cases of malignant changes in hyperplastic polyposis, mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps (MHAPs), and serrated adenomas in the colon have been reported. Rare cases of MHAP have been reported, and are mainly found at the proximal colon with a relatively large size. MHAPs seem to be an intermediate stage of the hyperplastic polyp-adenoma sequence or a collision tumor. Here, we report on a case of a single polyp in the rectum diagnosed with a MHAP combined with an invasive adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Some clinical and laboratory parameter are predictors to determine steroid treatment failure in patients acute severe ulcerative colitis. We aimed to validate previous models in the Korean patients. Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively with 70 patients who were diagnosed with severe ulcerative colitis (UC) between January 2001 and June 2011. The rate of treatment failure was investigated using predictors or numerical scoring systems from prior studies. Results: Twelve (17.2%) patients failed to respond to steroid therapy. The logistic regression analysis revealed that stool frequency on the fifth day and colonic dilatation were the only independent predictive factors related to treatment failure. Formulated numerical risk scores based on mean stool frequency, colonic dilatation, and hypoalbuminemia were significantly higher in the non-responding group than those in the responding group (P=0.001). Using another scoring system (stool frequency on the third day +1.4xC-reactive protein [CRP]), treatment failure rate was significantly higher in the group in which the score was >8 than in the group with a score >8 (30.8% vs. 8.6%, P=0.042). Lastly, treatment failure rate was higher in the group (stool frequency <8 plus CRP >4.5 mg/dL or bloody stool plus CRP >4.3 mg/dL) than those of the other group at the third day (40% vs. 7.3%, P=0.004; 33.3% vs. 5.2%, P=0.014, respectively). Conclusions: Stool frequency and CRP level were the meaningful parameters among the predictors for steroid treatment response. Furthermore, several predictive models for steroid treatment failure in western countries seem to be of value for use in the Korean population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Adequate bowel preparation is essential for full visualization of colonic mucosa because detection of small polyps and neoplasms depends on the quality of bowel cleansing. The aims of this study were to compare the efficacy, tolerability of preparation and side effect between two groups: clear-liquid diet with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution versus no diet restriction with PEG solution. Methods: This was a randomized single-blind prospective study. A total of 330 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 2 L PEG solution with a clear-liquid diet on the day before colonoscopy and another 2 L PEG solution on the day of the procedure (group 1) or 2 L PEG solution with a general diet on the day before colonoscopy and another 2 L PEG solution on the day of the procedure (group 2). Results: 162 patients were assigned to group 1 and 168 patients to group 2. The satisfactory quality of bowel preparation was not significantly different between the two groups (80.2%, 78.6%, P=0.707). Patient's compliance of the clear-liquid diet in group 1 was 50%. The satisfactory quality of bowel preparation was weakly better when the clear-liquid diet was given 2 or 3 times a day (group 1A) than 0 or once a day (group 1B) (74.1%, 86.4%, P=0.048). The tolerability of the PEG solution and side effects of preparation were not significantly different in the two groups (P=0.573, 0.686). Conclusions: Bowel preparation with no diet restriction and split-dose PEG solution was similar to preparation with a clear-liquid diet in efficacy, tolerability and side effect. Therefore, the use of the clear-liquid diet protocol should improve patient's compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the mediating effects of self-efficacy between academic stress and college adjustment in first year nursing students. Method: Data were collected from 396 first year nursing students from 3 junior colleges and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and structural equation model (SEM) with PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs. Results: There was a negative relationship between academic stress and college adjustment but a positive relationship between self-efficacy and college adjustment. There was a partial mediating effect of self-efficacy between academic stress and college adjustment. Conclusion: The results indicate a need to develop programs that effectively promote the self-efficacy of first year nursing students to decrease academic stress and maximize college adjustment. Further studies are needed in which other factors that could affect college adjustment are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]