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Allergic asthma is an important phenotype of asthma, accounting for sixty to eighty percent of the whole asthma population. This guideline was divided into 15 chapters, which provided a detailed introduction to epidemiology, pathogenesis, common allergens, clinical manifestation and the principles of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic asthma, and highlighted the similarities and differences of allergic and non-allergic asthma. According to the principles of international and national asthma guidelines, this guideline placed special emphasis on allergen specific immunotherapy, anti-IgE therapy, anti-allergy therapy, management of allergic comorbidities and tertiary prevention. Based on the evidence-based medicine and clinical practice in China, the guideline made recommendations to guide the diagnosis, treatment and management of allergic asthma in China.

Objective: To perform a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of endonasal phototherapy in the treatment of AR, and to provide evidence of evidence-based medicine for clinical application. Method: Databases were from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Academic Journal Full-text Database (CNKI) and Wanfang database. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) or clinical study literature on intranasal phototherapy for adult AR is available, and the deadline is March 2017. Based on the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, the related literatures were selected and the quality was evaluated by using the Cochrane inclusion bias assessment table. Meta-analysis was performed with Revman 5.3 software. For continuous outcomes, the weighted mean difference (WMD) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, forest maps and funnel plots were drew. For uncontinuous outcomes, the odds ratio (OR) and its 95%CI were calculated, and forest maps and funnel plots were drew. The efficacy included total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) and palate itching scores, and the safety was assessed by incidence rate of severe drying and mild drying of nasal mucosa. Result: A total of 12 articles were selected, including 5 RCT and 7 clinical studies, and there were 615 adult AR patients. The Meta-analysis shows that endonasal phototherapy significantly reduced the TNSS, RQLQ and palate itching scores, the incidence rate of mild drying of nasal mucosa was higher in comparison with pretreated values, and the difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05). The rate of severe drying of nasal mucosa was higher, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P >0.05). It also shows that endonasal phototherapy significantly reduced the TNSS, RQLQ and palate itching scores, and the rate of mild drying of nasal mucosa was higher in comparison with placebo and antihistamines groups, and the difference was statistically significant. The rate of severe drying of nasal mucosa was higher, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Endonasal phototherapy can improve the symptoms of TNSS, RQLQ and palate itching score in patients, and the safety is also confirmed.Patients who are not satisfied with symptom relief may choose to use it., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To observe the effect of Yiqi Wenyang Decoction on the infiltration and activation of NK cells in nasal mucosa of mouse model with allergic rhinitis (AR), and to explore the potential mechanism for effective intervention of AR with Yiqi Wenyang Decoction. Methods: Fourty-eight mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, low, medium and high dose of Yiqi Wenyang Decoction group and Cetirizine group, with 8 rats in each group. After modeling of AR, the model group was filled with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Yiqi Wenyang Decoction groups of each dose were given different concentrations of Yiqi Wenyang Decoction water extract, while the Cetirizine group was given aqueous solution of Cetirizine. The behavior, morphological changes of nasal mucosa and infiltration of NK cells in nasal mucosa were observed. The levels of IL-4 and INF-γ in nasal lavage fluid were measured. Besides, the drug safety was observed by acute toxicity test. Results: In the respect of behavioral scoring, middle and high dose of Yiqi Wenyang Decoction group were superior to the model group (number of sneezing: q value was 7.189, 8.748, respectively; number of scratching nose: q value was 12.074, 14.560, respectively; all P <0.05). In middle and high dose of Yiqi Wenyang Decoction group, the infiltration of NK cells and nasal lavage fluid IL-4 levels were lower than those in model group (IOD: q value was 10.073, 12.322, respectively; IOD/Area: q value was 10.954, 14.073, respectively; IL-4: q value was 4.705, 6.801, respectively; all P <0.05). There was no significant difference in nasal lavage fluid of INF-γ among each group ( Fv =1.166, P >0.05). In acute toxicity test, no obvious poisoning symptoms and death occurred in mice. Conclusion: Yiqi Wenyang Decoction can control the nasal symptom, reduce the local NK cell infiltration of nasal mucosa and inhibit the expression of the 2-type cytokines released by NK cells, which may be related with the potential mechanism of effective intervention of AR with Yiqi Wenyang Decoction.

Objective: To study the treatment efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii combined with Cetirizine Hydrochloride of children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and the influence of IFN-γ and interleukin-4 (IL-4) Level in serum. Method: Ninty cases of children were randomly divided into observation group and control group (both n=45).The control group with levocetirizine hydrochloride drops, 5 mL/time for 2-6 years old, 10 mL/time for >6 years old , qd oral. Group based on the combination of Saccharomyces boulardi, 0.25 g/time for <3 years old, qd, > 3 years old, 0.25 g, bid. Four weeks for a course of treatment, and set 30 cases for the health group. Result: The level of serum IFN-γ was significantly lower in the two groups than in the healthy group ( P < 0.01), while the level of IL-4 was significantly higher than that of the healthy group ( P < 0.01). After treatment, the levels of IFN-γ of both groups were up-regulated And the level of IL-4 were down-regulated , but the effect of the treatment group was more obvious ( P < 0.01). The total effective rate was 91.11% in the observation group, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (68.89%,χ2=6.94, P < 0.01). After treatment, the symptom scores of the two groups were lower than those before treatment, but the observation group was significantly lower than the control group ( P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the observation group was significantly better than the control group ( P < 0.01). Conclusion: The combination of Saccharomyces boulardi and levocetirine hydrochloride in the treatment of children with AR has obvious clinical efficacy, and its mechanism may be related to the correction of interferon IFN-γ and IL-4., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To observe the effect of "Fangfenggubenkeli" on IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokines in PBMC supernatant of allergic rhinitis' patients with lung depression and spleen deficiency. Method: One hundred patients were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group of 50 cases, was given to ancient side of the "Fangfenggubenkeli". The control group of 50 patients, was given to cetirizine hydrochloride, oral treatment. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ in the two groups were measured before and after treatment of 1 month. The changes of the laboratory indexes were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Result: The levels of IL-4 in the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment ( P < 0.01), and the levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher than those before treatment ( P < 0.01), there was a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The mechanism of "Fangfenggubenkeli" in patients with allergic rhinitis with lung depression may be related to the IFN-γ level, lower IL-4 level. Thereby Fangfenggubenkeli would improved the Th1/Th2 imbalance state as a whole., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To compare the differences in the therapeutic effects on allergic rhinitis between scraping therapy and cetirizine and observe the differences in the clinical therapeutic effects of scraping therapy on the disease of different differentiated patterns/syndromes., Methods: The included participants of allergic rhinitis were randomized into a western medication group and three scraping therapy groups, named a lung qi deficiency and cold group, a spleen qi deficiency group and a kidney yang deficiency group, 20 cases in each one. In the western medication group, cetirizine was prescribed for oral administration, 10 mg, once a day, totally for 4 weeks. In the scraping therapy groups, the scraping therapy was applied to the running courses of the large intestine meridian of hand- yangming , the governor vessel and the bladder meridian of foot- taiyang , focusing on Yingxiang (LI 20), Yintang (GV29), Hegu (LI 4) and Fengmen (BL 12). In the lung qi deficiency and cold group, the scraping focused on the lung meridian of hand- taiyin , Feishu (BL 13), Taiyuan (LU 9), Fengchi (GB 20) and Lieque (LU 7). In the spleen qi deficiency group, the scraping focused on the spleen meridian of foot- taiyin , Pishu (BL 20) and Zusanli (ST 36). In the kidney yang deficiency, the scraping focused on the kidney meridian of foot- shaoyin , Mingmen (GV 4) and Shenshu (BL 23). The scraping therapy was given once a week, 4 treatments as one session and 1 session required (4 weeks). Separately before treatment, after treatment and in 3-month follow-up visit, the total score of the main symptoms of allergic rhinitis (sneezing, runny nose, nasal obstruction and nasal itch) was observed and the clinical therapeutic effects were evaluated., Results: The total symptom scores in the patients of the 4 groups after treatment were all reduced as compared with those before treatment (all P <0.05). After treatment and in the follow-up visit, the total symptom scores of the 3 scraping therapy groups were lower than those in the western medication group (all P <0.05), and the score in the lung qi deficiency and cold group was lower than those in the spleen qi deficiency group and the kidney yang deficiency group (all P <0.05). After treatment and in the follow-up visit, the therapeutic effects in the 3 scraping therapy groups were better than those in the western medication group (all P<0.05)., Conclusion: The scraping therapy on the basis of the meridians and acupoints selection achieves the definite therapeutic effects on allergic rhinitis of different differentiated patterns/syndromes, which is better than cetirizine. This therapy achieves the much significant short-term and long-term therapeutic effects on allergic rhinitis differentiated as lung qi deficiency and cold.

Objective: To observe the auxiliary curative effect of combined clostridium and bifidobacterium capsules, live (also called Changlekang) in the treatment of allergic rhinitis by comparing IL-10, transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), the quality of life score and symptom score before and after oral Changlekang. Method: Twenty qualified patients in the study group and 20 qualified patients in the control group were enrolled.The study group was given changlekang, desloratadine citrate disodium tablets and mometasone furoate nasal spray for treatment. After 2 weeks of treatment, Changlekang was still given for maintenance therapy for 6 weeks, and no other two kinds of drugs. The control group was given the desloratadine citrate disodium tablets and mometasone furoate nasal spray for 2 weeks and then quited the clinical trials. The changes of symptom score, quality of life score, serum IL-10, serum TGF-β1 would be statistically analyzed during the treatment. Result: ①Before treatment, serum TGF-β1 and IL-10 of normal group was significantly different from the study group and the control group ( P < 0.001), and the study group and the control group's were significantly lower than the normal group.②With the increase of treatment time, serum IL-10, TGF-β1 levels of patients in the study group increased gradually. Four point method ocular symptoms score, VAS ocular symptoms score and total score of RQLQ decreased gradually; ③patients in the control group after 2 weeks'treatment, serum IL-10, TGF-β1 was higher than that before treatment ( P < 0.001), at the same time all symptom scores, total score of RQLQ were lower than those before treatment ( P < 0.001). ④After 2 weeks' treatment, patients in the study group, the serum IL-10 is higher than that of control group ( P < 0.001); ⑤Before treatment serum IL-10, TGF-β1 of AR patients might have little correlation with symptom scores, total score of RQLQ on linear ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: ①serum IL-10, TGF-β1 levels of AR patients may be lower thannormal, and IL-10, TGF-β1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AR. ②Changlekang may increase the production of serum IL-10, TGF-β1 in AR patients. ③AR patients with desloratadine citrate and mometasone furoate nasal spray treatment combined with Canglekang may promote higher serum IL-10 production than conventional two combination therapy, but there is no more significant improvement in symptoms score and quality of life score. ④Changlekang may improve ocular symptoms and the quality of life in AR patients. ⑤Before treatment serum IL-10, TGF-β1 of AR patients may have little correlation with symptom scores, total score of RQLQ, as a result the level of serum IL-10 and TGF-β1 can not be used to evaluate the severity of AR for the time being., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To analyze the drug-taking behavior of patients with allergic rhinitis, and the relationship with the severity of the symptoms. Method: A total of 1 621 sets of data in 66 patients with allergic rhinitis were enrolled in this study, who filled out the daily symptom score scale and daily medication score scale for 5 days or more. The symptoms include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, nasal congestion, eye itching/foreign body sensation/red eyes and watery eyes were scored. The medications include antihistamines, nasal glucocorticoid, oral glucocorticoid, β2 receptor agonists and inhaled glucocorticoid were scored. Result: In the 1 621 sets of data, the highest incidence of symptoms was sneezing, 50.77%, the highest incidence of moderate to severe symptoms was rhinorrhea, 10.06%. The drug-taking behavior was 827 times, and the drugtaking rate was 51.02%. Antihistamines had the highest use ratio, 73.64%, followed by nasal glucocorticoid, 49.33%. There was no direct relationship between the total symptom score and the drug-taking rate, nasal glucocorticoid use ratio. Compared with the group of continuous drug-taking less than 2 weeks, the total symptom score of the group of continuous drug-taking more than 2 weeks was significant low. Conclusion: The number and continuity of the drugtaking in patients with allergic rhinitis vary greatly. Patient education is needed., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) has been the most preferred reference for national guidelines. The ARIA 2010 revision is the first evidence-based clinical guideline in the field of allergies, which has great influence in the world. The ARIA 2016 revision continues the basic framework of the 2010 revision, which focuses on six controversial clinical issues in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.It aimed to provide clear informationand systematic treatment for patients, clinicians and health policy makers. The interpretation of the ARIA 2016 revision will help domestic otolaryngologist, respiratory doctors, and allergy practitioners understand the latest guidelines for AR drug treatment in the world., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To identify the relationship between nasal secretion eosinophilia and pulmonary function of patients with AR after treatment of intranasal budesonide. Method: Fifty patients with moderate to severe AR were selected, and compared to 50 normals, all had pulmonary function and nasal secretion of eosinophil number check, experimental group of AR received budesonide+loratadine treatment for 3 months, and then had lung function and nasal secretion eosinophil again, analysised the trends of change between two. Result: Eosinophils of AR patients was higher than its of control group ( P <0.05), lung function index MMEF and nasal secretion eosinophilia of 50 AR patients had a negative relationship( r =-0.945， P <0.05).Treated with eosinophils the number of nasal secretion eosinophilia of AR decreased 10 + 5.6, the difference compared to the before of the treatment was statistically significant( P <0.05), compared to the normal control group was significant( P <0.05). After the treatment of budesonide, the trends of change between nasal secretion eosinophils and pulmonary function was a positive correlation( r =0.803, P <0.01). Conclusion: The higher the number of eosinophils in nasal secretions of patients with AR, the more obvious the decline of lung function. After the treatment with budesonide, the more eosinophils decreased in patients with AR, the more obvious the improvement of pulmonary function., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of nasal glucocorticoid combined with second-generation antihistamines or leukotriene receptor antagonists on the treatment of moderate severe allergic rhinitis, and explore the optimal scheme of personalized treatment for AR patients. Method: Fiftyseven patients with persistent moderatesevere allergic rhinitis were randomly divided into three groups and treated by mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (group MOM), mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray combined with loratadine (group MOM+L), mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray combined with montelukast (group MOM+M) for 4 weeks. Four major clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis: nasal congestion, nose itching, sneezing and runny nose were evaluated by "symptom rating score" before treatment and after treatment for 4 weeks. Result: After treatment, the total nasal symptom scores of each group showed a decreasing tendency, and the differences between various time points were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). For the symptom of nasal congestion, the symptom score of MOM+M group was significantly lower than that of MOM group and MOM+L group at the 2nd and 4th week after treatment. For the symptoms of sneezing and nasal itching, MOM+L group had the lowest score at each time point after treatment and the difference was statistically significant compared with MOM group ( P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between MOM group and MOM+M group ( P > 0.05). For the symptom of runny nose, the score of MOM+L group was significantly lower than MOM group ( P < 0.05) at the 1st and 2nd week, MOM+M group was significantly lower than MOM group ( P < 0.05) at the 2nd and 4th week, while there was no significant difference between MOM+L group and MOM+M group ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Nasal glucocorticoid alone or combined with secondgeneration antihistamines or leukotriene receptor antagonists can effectively control nasal symptoms of moderatesevere allergic rhinitis, yet the effect of combination therapy is better. For nasal congestion, nasal glucocorticoid combined with leukotriene receptor antagonists have a better effect. For nasal itching and sneezing, the choice of nasal glucocorticoid combined with second-generation antihistamines may be more sensible. For runny nose, nasal glucocorticoid combined with second-generation antihistamines or leukotriene receptor antagonists have similar efficacy., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the changes of pulmonary function in patients with allergic rhinitis and the effect of nasal glucocorticoid on pulmonary function. Method: Ninety patients with Moderate and severe AR and 50 healthy control subjects were recruited.All participates accepted a pulmonary function test and make a statistical analysis.90 patients of AR were divided into two groups:A group(50) and B group(40).A group treated with nasal budesonide and loratadine,while B group treated with nasal normal saline and loratadine.After 3 months,all patients reviewed the lung function. Result: Comparing with control,FEV1.0/FVC,MMEF,FEF50% and FEF75% reduced significantly in AR group( P <0.01),after 3 months,the treatment of A group compared before:FEV1.0/FVC( P <0.05),MMEF,FEF50% and FEF75%( P <0.01) had statistical significance.Compared B group after the treatment:FEF75% ( P <0.05) was significant.After the treatment of group A compared with normal group:there was no significance. Conclusion: The reduced pulmonary function of allergic rhinitis paitents is mainly due to the small airway dysfunction.Budesonide is superior to loratadine to improve the pulmonary function., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy of intranasal antihistamine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis., Methods: The randomized controlled trials (RCT) about intranasal antihistamines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis between January 1985 and January 2014 were searched in OVID, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, WanFang Data and Cochrane Library. Two reviewers independently screened the literatures, extracted the data, and evaluated the methodological quality, then meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.1 software., Results: A total of thirteen RCTs were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that the efficacy of intranasal antihistamine group was superior to the placebo group in total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), the difference was significant[WMD = -1.96, 95%CI (-2.06;-1.85), P < 0.01], and individual nasal symptom scores (blocked nose, rhinorrhea, and sneezing) [WMD = -0.18, 95%CI (-0.28;-0.08); WMD = -0.45, 95%CI (-0.52;-0.38); WMD = -0.41, 95%CI (-0.58;-0.24), all P < 0.01], with significant differences. There was no significant difference between the intranasal antihistamine group and the corticosteroid group in TNSS [WMD = -1.51, 95%CI (-3.51;0.49), P = 0.14], but the intranasal antihistamines group was superior to the corticosteroid group in individual nasal symptom scores (blocked nose, rhinorrhea, and sneezing) [WMD = -0.23, 95%CI (-0.40;-0.06); WMD = -0.35, 95%CI (-0.65;-0.05); WMD = -0.25, 95%CI (-0.42;-0.08), all P < 0.05], with significant differences. The intranasal antihistamine group was superior to the oral antihistamines group in TNSS [WMD = -0.88, 95%CI (-1.51;-0.25), P < 0.01]., Conclusion: Intranasal antihistamine is effective in the control of nasal symptoms in AR patients.

Nineteen comprehensive hospital information system (HIS) data are collected. Cleaning up the database, then analysis the patients' information. Using the basic description method and association rules to analysis the data. Analysis the data come from HIS database, we found that in 2 110 patients, main five complications are Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis, upper respiratory tract infections, renal insufficiency, virus infection and glomerulonephritis (chronic), treatment of chemical drugs with sugar cortical hormone and anti infection drugs, such as intravenous input cephalosporin drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine with blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine, heat clearing and detoxifying medicine. Combination scheme with blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine joint glucocorticoid, followed by blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicine combined antiallergic drugs, heat-clearing and detoxifying medicine combined antiallergic drugs. Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine treatment in patients with Henoch Schonlein purpura.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-allergic effects of lysozyme/heat-treated Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 (LFK) and heat-treated Enterococcus faecium sp. TN-3 (TN) on experimental allergic rhinitis (AR)., Methods: A total of twenty-four BALB/c mice were divided into four groups randomly: (1) positive control group, (2) LFK-fed group, (3) TN-fed group, and (4) negative control group. To establish the murine AR model, intraperitoneal injection and nasal drip with ovalbumin (OVA) were performed. Saline was used instead of OVA for negative control. Probiotic preparations of LFK and TN were orally administrated for 42 days [60 mg (0.5 ml)/d] in LFK-fed and TN-fed mice, respectively. The positive and negative control mice received saline orally for 42 days. Nasal rubbing and sneezing were monitored on d 21, d 27, and d 35. After the final challenge, mice were sacrificed on d 42, and eosinophilic infiltration into the nasal mucosa was quantified (H&E stain). IFN-gamma, IL4 and OVA-specific IgE levels in the sera and splenocyte culture supernatants were determined by ELISA kits., Results: Nasal rubbing of LFK-fed mice was significantly reduced compared to the positive control group on day 27 (t = 2.95, P = 0.028). Both in the LFK-fed and TN-fed mice, nasal rubbing (t value was 3.75 and 3.06, P value was 0.005 and 0.011, respectively) and sneezing (t value was 2.56 and 3.35, P value was 0.038 and 0. 01, respectively) were significantly decreased compared to the positive control group on d 35. The H&E strain section of nasal tissue showed that eosinophil influx into the nasal mucosa decreased significantly both in the LFK-fed and TN-fed mice compared to the positive control group on day 42 (t value was 3.44 and 2.97, P value was 0.014 and 0.025, respectively); however, the LFK-fed mice and TN-fed mice had significant eosinophil influx into the nasal mucosa than that in the negative control group (t value was 2.54 and 3.39, P value was 0.044 and 0.015, respectively). There were no significant differences in the serum levels of IL-4 and OVA-specific IgE, as well as the levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in splenocyte culture supernatants between the LFK-fed group and positive control group on d 42 (all P > 0.05). Interestingly, the TN-fed mice had significantly higher serum levels of IFN-gamma compared to the LFK-fed mice [TN-fed mice: (27.07 +/- 3.83) pg/ml, LFK-fed mice: (14.83 +/- 0.99) pg/ml; Z = 2.49, P = 0.016], but not the negative control group [negative control group: (37.12 +/- 1.65) pg/ml; Z = 1.18, P = 0.343] on day 42. The serum levels of IL-4 were significantly lower in the TN-fed mice than those in the positive control group [TN-fed mice: (34.48 +/- 7.53) pg/ml, positive control group: (58.68 +/- 6.59) pg/ml; Z = 2.11, P = 0.035]; however, the levels were significantly higher in the TN-fed mice than those in the negative control group [negative control group: (20.22 +/- 1.75) pg/ml; Z = 2. 31, P = 0.021]. The TN-fed mice had significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma in splenocyte culture supernatants compared to the LFK-fed mice (Z = 2.72, P = 0.03) and the positive control group (Z = 2.30, P = 0.029), whilst the splenocyte culture supernatant levels of IL-4 (Z = 2.12, P = 0.034) and the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE (Z = 2.31, P = 0.021) were significantly lower in the TN-fed mice compared to the positive control mice., Conclusions: It is suggested that oral administration of probiotic LFK or TN may alleviate nasal symptoms and reduce nasal eosinophilia in the murine AR model. TN supplementation has obviously regulatory effects on the cytokine levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4, and significantly inhibitory effects on antigen-specific IgE levels.

While histamine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, H1-antihistamines, which have been using in the treatment of allergic diseases for more than 70 years, are considered as the cornerstone of the medication of allergic diseases. In this review, we discuss the history of histamine studies and anti-histamine discovery, the histamine receptors, as well as the mechanisms and the safety of H1-antihistamines.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of loratadine, a new generation of antihistaminics, in the treatment of childhood asthma., Methods: The papers related to loratadine treatment for childhood asthma were searched in the database of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrance, CNKI and CBMdisc (January 1990 to December 2010) electronically and manually. According to the Cochrane reviewer's handbook, the quality of the enrolled papers was assessed and a systematic review was performed., Results: A total of 179 papers were obtained. Eleven randomized controlled trials met the criteria and were included in this study. The 11 trials included 317 children with asthma: 159 cases in the loratadine treatment group and 158 cases in the control group. All included studies belonged to the B class according to the quality evaluation criteria. Meta analysis showed that the clinical symptoms were improved more, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 4 and 8 weeks posttreatment and the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) 8 weeks posttreatment were higher in the loratadine treatment group than in the control group. The treatment-related adverse effects, fatigue, tachycardia and palpitation, occurred less in the loratadine treatment group compared with the control group., Conclusions: Loratadine is safe and effective for the treatment of childhood asthma.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of nasal mometasone furoate on oral and nasal nitric oxide (NO) production in patients with allergic rhinitis., Method: Twenty-seven patients with moderate to severe symptoms of persistent allergic rhinitis were treated with mometasone furoate nasal spray (200 microg/d. qd) for 2 weeks. Nasal and oral exhaled nitric oxide concentrations, symptoms of rhinitis and quality of life were investigated before and after the treatment., Result: There was a significant improvement in nasal exhaled nitric oxide concentrations, symptoms of rhinitis and quality of life, but not in oral exhaled nitric oxide concentrations. Subjective improvements in symptoms and quality of life did not correlate significantly with objective measurements., Conclusion: Our study provides subjective and objective evidence on the efficacy of intranasal mometasone furoate in improving nasal symptoms and quality of life, as well as reducing nasal inflammation.

Allergic diseases have become global social health problems. The binding of IgE with its high affinity receptor FcepsilonRI plays a key step in I-type allergy. Recently, more and more key molecules on the IgE/FcepsilonRI signaling transduction pathway were to be the drug candidates against allergic diseases, with in-depth study of FcepsilonRI signal pathway gradually. The main drugs include molecule antibodies, peptides, vaccines, fusion proteins, small molecules, and other drugs related to IgE/FcepsilonRI. The recent progress in the study of mechanisms of representative drugs targeting on IgE/FcepsilonRI signaling pathway was reviewed in this article.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) used for 3 months on non-allergic rhinitis (NAR)., Methods: In this multicenter study, NAR patients were enrolled from eight hospitals and received MFNS 200 microgram once daily for 3 months. The patients were followed-up for three times (at baseline, month 1 and month 3) to record the symptom scores and nasal endoscopic appearances. At the same time, the adverse events frequency was recorded and analyzed., Results: A total of 188 NAR cases were enrolled in the study. The total nasal symptom score assessment descended significantly at month 1 (1.70 ± 0.75) and month 3 (0.95 ± 0.79) visits versus at baseline (2.67 ± 0.68, Z value were from -11.603 to -10.491, all P < 0.01). The individual symptoms, including nasal stuffiness, nasal discharge, nasal stuffiness-related dizziness or headache, hyposmia, sleep quality, daily life activity, work or study efficiency, mental status, and whole body fatigue, also showed less scores at month 1 and month 3 visits versus at baseline (Z value were from -11.313 to -6.802, all P < 0.01). At the same time, nasal mucosal appearances assessed by endoscopy had lower scores at month 1 (1.40 ± 0.62) and month 3 (0.75 ± 0.71) visits versus at baseline (2.27 ± 0.73, Z value were from -11.484 to -10.002, all P < 0.01). Additionally, adverse events were only observed in 5.3% cases with light rhinorrhagia and nasal dryness. No other side effect was found., Conclusions: A 3-months administration of intranasal mometasone can effectively and safely improve NAR patients' clinical symptom and nasal mucosal appearances.

Background and Objective: Oxaliplatin is one of the effective drugs for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Oxaliplatin-induced allergic reactions in European and American patients have been reported, but in China there are only a few case reports. This study investigated the incidence rate and characteristics of oxaliplatin-induced allergic reactions in Chinese patients with CRC., Methods: Clinical data of 109 patients with advanced CRC receiving oxaliplatin plus capecitabine (the XELOX regimen) as first-line therapy were collected and analyzed retrospectively., Results: Of 109 patients, 13 (11.9%) patients had hypersensitivity. In 546 cycles, 23 (4.2%) cycles involved hypersensitivity. Grade-I,-II, and -III reactions were seen in 13 cycles, 8 cycles, and 2 cycles, respectively, and no grade-IV reaction was observed. Allergic reactions usually occurred at the median time during the fifth cycle (range, the 1st-8th cycle) of oxaliplatin-containing therapy, and the cumulative oxaliplatin dose was 1200 mg (range, 400-1600 mg). Symptoms associated with anaphylaxis appeared 5-360 min (median, 180 min) after oxaliplatin infusion, and were relieved after withdrawing the oxaliplatin infusion and treating with antiallergic drugs. A total of 8 patients continued to receive oxaliplatin therapy after prophylactic administration of antiallergic drugs, such as steroids, and 4 patients did not report persistent allergic reactions. Compared with men, oxaliplatin-induced allergic reactions were more commonly seen in women patients (P<0.05), while age, body surface area, performance status, tumor location, and pathologic type showed no significant difference., Conclusion: Oxaliplatin-induced allergic reactions occurred in Chinese patients with CRC, and the incidence rate, occurrence time, degree of severity, and clinical outcome were consistent with literature published abroad.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of nasal mometasone furoate on moderate to severe allergic rhinitis., Methods: Patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis were enrolled and received mometasone furoate nasal spray 200 microg once daily for four weeks. Four hundreds and sixty-three patients completed the study. We weekly interviewed the patients to evaluate the symptoms, and the affection of disease on night sleep and daily life. Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (Mini-RQLQ) and Nocturnal Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (NRQLQ) were used to evaluate the quality of life., Results: The individual and total symptomatic scores of week 1, week 2 and week 4 decreased compared with baseline. The scores of Mini-RQLQ and NRQLQ of week 1, week 2 and week 4 decreased compared with baseline too. The scores of the next visit were significantly lower than those of the previous visit (P < 0.01)., Conclusions: A four-week administration of mometasone furoate nasal spray can effectively treat allergic rhinitis.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of histamine H1 receptor antagonist loratadine with Leukotriene receptor antagonist Ibudilast in steroid resistant allergic rhinitis in a randomized controlled clinical trial., Method: Thirty-five cases were treated by Ibudilast, and 34 cases by loratadine. Score system was used to compare the therapeutic effect of these two drugs on clinical symptoms and signs., Result: Ibudilast shows a better curative effect than loratadine in the improvement of the total scores on clinical symptom and signs(P<0.05). Scores of symptoms and signs in Ibudilast group after 3, 7, 14 days decreased significantly by means of square analysis of single factor (P<0.01). No complication was observed., Conclusion: Ibudilast can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms and signs of steroid resistant allergic rhinitis with confirmed efficacy and safety, thus is recommended in steroid resistant allergic rhinitis. Increased doses or prolonged treatment of steroid is inappropriate.

Objective: By means of the detection of the numbers of CD34(+) cells and eosinophils (EOS), and the level of IL-5 in peripheral blood from normal controls and patients with allergic rhinitis pre- or post-treatment, the role of EOS-stem cells paths for treatment effect in allergic rhinitis (AR) was studied so as to find the convenient and quick indicators which could be used to evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect and adjust the methods of the hormone therapy., Methods: There were 2 groups. (1) experimental group: 44 patients, including 24 males and 20 females with a age range of 7 to 68 years old. The patients received the treatment of fluticasone spurt for four weeks. (2) CONTROL GROUP: 30 cases, from normal health examination. The EOS numbers, CD4(+) cell numbers and the IL-5 level were examined in control group as well as before and after therapy in experimental group., Results: The IL-5 level and CD numbers before therapy in experimental group were (88.25 +/- 33.47) ng/L, (9.24 +/- 2.15)/10(5), significantly higher than that after therapy and experimental group which were (44.34 +/- 16.32) ng/L, (6.31 +/- 1.83)/10(5) and (31.24 +/- 8.43) ng/L, (3.47 +/- 1.32)/10(5) respectively. The IL-5 level was positively correlated with the CD34(+) number pre-and post treatment in experimental group (r = 0.64, P <0.01; (r = 0.61, P <0.01). The EOS number was positively correlated with the level of IL-5 (r = 0.64, P <0.01)., Conclusions: IL-5 and CD34(+) cells can be regarded as indicators to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The EOS, CD34(+) cells and the level of IL-5 in the peripheral blood are correlated with the pathogenesis of AR, suggesting that there is a related path between the local nasal tissue of AR patients and the marrow.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Rubus suavissimus S. Lee extract (RSE) on mice, and its influence on release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80 in vitro., Methods: To establish murine delayed-type-hypersensitive model induced by 2,4-dinitrofluotobenzene (DNFB) and sheep red blood cell (SRBC); murine type I allergic reaction induced by PCA, and then to observe the anti-allergic effect of RSE. HPLC-ECD methods were performed to detect the contents of histamine released from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by compound 48/80 in vitro., Results: Compared with the model group, RSE could ameliorate the ear swelling and capillary permeability in mice induced by DNFB and PCA. RSE also reduced the thickness of the mice hind paw induced by SRBC in significant dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, RSE obviously inhibited the release of histamine in rat peritoneal mast in vitro, a dose-dependent manner., Conclusion: RSE exerts potential anti-allergy effects and the mechanisms may be partly related to its inhibitory effect on the release of histamine from mast cells.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Aerius to seasonal allergic rhinitis., Method: Using randomized, controlled method, treatment group 40 cases, oral administration Aerius 5 mg/d for 12 days; control group 35 cases, oral administration Aerius 5 mg/d for 12 days, investigating their efficacy and safety., Result: The total effective rate of treatment group was 92.50%, while control group was 85.71%, there was significant difference between them (P<0.05). Significant improvements of seasonal allergic rhinitis nasal obstruction were seen in treatment group after using Aerius (P<0.05). The incidence of side effect of treatment group was 2.50%., Conclusion: Aerius is safe and can effectively reduction in nasal and nonnasal symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Objective: To compare the activity of antihistamines by the index of area under dose-response curve (AUDRC) obtained from histamine-induced wheal and flare reactions., Methods: Mizolastine 10 mg, loratadine 10 mg, and placebo were given to 90 healthy volunteers and 60 allergic patients in a double-blind and randomized manner. Histamine titration tests (histamine concentrations 54.3, 20.0, 7.3, and 2.7 mmol/L) were performed for each one before dosing and 2, 4, and 24 hours after dosing. The reactivity was evaluated by histamine-induced wheal and flare areas. The AUDRC values of the wheal and flare areas as a function of the natural logarithm transformed histamine concentration were calculated for each subject, and compared., Results: There was no significant difference of the wheal and flare areas between health volunteers and allergic patients. The AUDRC(27-54.3 mmol/l.) for wheal and flare of mizolastine was 115.7, 23.4, 7.7, 49.8 and 902.1, 40.9, 2.6, 46.9 ln (mmol/L) x mm2 at each time (before dosing and 2, 4, 24 hours after dosing) respectively. Compared with loratadine [116.2, 80.2, 49.7, 71.9 and 957.6, 495.3, 153.5, 205.9 ln (mmol/L) x mm2], mizolastine decreased AUDRC(2.7 - 54.3 mmol/L significantly (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Histamine-induced wheal and flare inhibition test is a reliable pharmacodynamic model for antihistamines, and AUDRC may be an useful index to predict antihistamines pharmacodynamic activity.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride sustained release capsule (Contac NT) in the relief of symptoms (such as nasal congestion, runny nose, nasal itching, sneezing, watery eyes, ocular itching and ear/palate itching) and signs (such as congested nasal mucosa and conchae, red eyes) in patients with Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis (SAR)., Methods: An open, multi-centre clinical trial was conducted. Contac NT (one capsule, twice a day, with an interval of 12 hours, successively for 7 days) was given to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis., Results: A total of 370 patients were eligible for efficacy analysis, 371 patients were eligible for safety analysis. The symptoms and signs improved significantly after medication, improvement of Day 1 to Day 7 in individual symptom and sign scores was highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). These results were clinically meaningful given that symptoms and signs were "much improved" in 70% and 68% of patients, respectively, "Total improved" rates for symptoms and signs were 89% and 80% respectively. There were 54 patients who reported 61 adverse events. The most frequent were mild to moderate drowsiness and dry mouth. There were no serious adverse events during the study., Conclusion: Compound pseudoephedrine hydrochloride sustained release capsule (Contac NT) was effective in controlling SAR symptoms and signs and well tolerated.

Objective: To probe into the curative effect and mechanism of action of the Houpu Mahuang oral liquid (HPMH) in treating bronchial asthma., Methods: The pulmonary function and level of serum IgE of the patients were determined before and after HPMH treatment. The anti-allergic reaction and relieving spasm effect of HPMH in animal were also observed., Results: HPMH is not only effective in improving clinical symptoms and pulmonary function (P < 0.05), so as to lower the abnormal raising of IgE (P < 0.01), but also has a notable inhibitory effect for passive allergic reaction of rat's skin, it can relieve spasm., Conclusions: HPMH is effective in relieving spasm, antiallergic reaction, it can improve the symptoms of bronchial asthma.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of Biminkang in treating allergic rhinitis., Methods: One hundred and sixty-four cases of allergic rhinitis were treated with the Chinese medicine Biminkang mixture mainly consisted of the Kazak folk herb Artemisia rupestis L. and in 52 cases of allergic rhinitis were treated as the control with the patent medicine Biyankang., Results: The total effective rates in both groups are 93.9% and 69.2% respectively. After stopping the medications, the recurrence rates were 46.8% and 87.1%. Biminkang was better than Biyankang in short or long term of effectiveness (P < 0.01). Pharmacological study demonstrated Biminkang played a significant role of resisting histamine, inhibiting allergic reaction I and stabilizing cell membrane of mastocyte., Conclusion: Biminkang mixture is an effective drug in treating allergic rhinitis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible anti-asthma role of Cetirizine. Forty asthmatics were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group had 30 patients. Among them were 10 patients with simple asthma, 5 patients complicated by mild emphysema, 6 patients complicated by moderate emphysema and 9 patients complicated by severe emphysema. Vit-C (control) group had 10 cases, including 2 cases of simple asthma, 6 cases complicated by mild emphysema and 2 cases complicated by moderate emphysema. All patients had a single oral dose of 5 mg Cetirizine or 0.1 g Vit-C blindly. Before and 0.5, 1 hour after their medicines, the resistance of airway (Raw), sGaw and MEFV were examined in all patients on 6200 Plethysmograph. The measured values showed a significant improvement of Raw and sGaw after administration of Cetirizine. In half an hour after Cetirizine, the Raw decreased by 20.408%, and sGaw increased by 28.249%. In one hour after Cetirizine, Raw further decreased by 24.34% and sGaw increased by 41.153% (P < 0.001). The FVC in MEFV increased by 4.96% (P < 0.02) in one hour after Cetirizine, but other parameters in MEFV curve (PEF, FEV1, MMEF) had no significant changes. All parameters in control group had no significant changes (P > 0.05). The results indicate that Cetirizine could decrease Raw in asthmatics, improve their lung ventilatory function. Cetirizine is a new H-receptor antagonist usually used as anti-inflammatory and allergy suppression medication. It is shown that Cetirizine is a promising anti-asthma agent in treating bronchial asthma.

4-Aminopyridine(4-AP) 1 mg.kg-1 sc at the scruff induced a licking response in mice. Antiallergic and antipruritic drugs, such as diphenhydramine HCl(20 mg.kg-1 ip), doxepin(12.5 mg.kg-1 ig), prednisone(10 mg.kg-1 ig), dexamethasone(10 mg.kg-1 ip), fluocinolone (applied to the surface of skin), Pi Yan Ping(applied to the surface of skin), disodium cromoglicate(400 mg.kg-1 ip), ketotifen(1 mg.kg-1 ip), etc. markedly inhibited the licking response elicited by 4-AP. The calcium antagonist nifedipine(500 mg.kg-1 lg) and the potassium channel opener minoxidil(400 mg.kg-1 ig) produced the same inhibitory effect. H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine(200 mg.kg-1 ip) and ranitidine(150 mg.kg-1 ip) showed no effect. Morphine HCl(10 mg.kg-1 ip) and diazepam(0.02 mg.kg-1 ip) exhibited antagonistic effect on the licking response induced by 4-AP, but phenobarbital(25 mg.kg-1 ip), pentobarbital(15 mg.kg-1 ip) and aspirin(300 mg.kg-1 ig) did not. These results indicate that many antiallergic or antipruritic drugs inhibited the licking response induced by 4-AP. The method of licking response elicited by 4-AP has the merit of simplicity and convenience and may be used for screening antiallergic and antipruritic drugs.