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Aiming at the low power factor and the pollution of power grid of conventional AC/DC converter, a Boost circuit, of which AC/DC converter was based on MSP430 was designed. The design, adopting monitors voltage and current signal, through the implementation of double closed loop operation MSP430, using the active power factor correction (APFC) technology to produce PWM wave, controlled on-off conversion circuit MOSFET, and at the same time realized the active power factor correction. The test data showed that this conversion circuit could output the stability voltage of 36 V. Load adjustment rate could reach 0. 334%,the lowest power factor adjustment could reach above 0. 96. It could meet the requirements of the performance index and had higher control precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and differential diagnosis of the metastases to the breast from non-mammary malignancies., Methods: Twenty-eight cases were collected from 2004 to 2012;microscopic pathologic examinations and immunohistochemistry (EnVision method) were performed., Results: (1) All except one patients were female, ranging from 16 to 77 years old (average 45.8 years). Twenty-six (92.9%) patients initially presented with the primary site lesions; while the other two (7.1%) patients initially presented with breast lesions. The mean interval from primary diagnosis to detection of metastatic breast lesions was 32 months (0-228 months). Fifteen patients (53.6%) had other metastases detected simultaneously or preceded the breast lesions. (2) Macroscopically, all the tumors were relatively circumscribed, with a mean diameter of 4.0 cm (0.6-12.0 cm). The histological types of the corresponding primary tumors were as follows: eight (28.6%) cases from lung adenocarcinoma, five (17.8%) from high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma, three (10.7%) from gastric adenocarcinoma, two (7.1%) from rectal adenocarcinoma, one (3.6%) from pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, one (3.6%) from prostatic carcinoma, four (14.3%) from melanoma, and four (14.3%) from mesenchymal malignant tumors (three rhabdomyosarcomas and one epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, MPNST). (3) Histologically, the metastatic tumors showed the morphologic characteristics of the primary tumors. Lymph-vascular invasion was observed in 19 cases. Immunohistochemical features of metastatic tumors were consistent with the primary tumors. Molecular markers for breast such as GCDFP15 and mammaglobin were negative. Metastatic tumors from lung adenocarcinoma expressed TTF-1 (8/8). Ovarian serous carcinoma metastases were positive for PAX8 (5/5) and WT1 (4/5). Gastric adenocarcinoma metastases were positive for CDX2 (3/3) and villin (1/3). Rectal adenocarcinoma metastases were positive for CDX2 (2/2). Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor metastasis was positive for Syn and CgA (both 1/1). Prostate carcinoma metastasis was positive for AR, PSA and P504S (all 1/1). Melanoma metastases were positive for HMB45 (2/3) and S-100 protein (3/3). Rhabdomyosarcoma metastases were positive for vimentin, desmin and myoD1 (all 3/3). MPNST metastasis was positive for S-100 protein (1/1). (4) Follow-up data was available in 17 patients, with median follow-up time 54 months. The median survival from diagnosis to breast metastasis was 24 months.Seven of 17 patients died., Conclusions: Metastases to the breast from non-mammary malignancies are rare and show pathologic features of primary tumors. It is usually presumed to be a primary breast carcinoma. Histopathologic features and clinical history in conjunction with the immunohistochemical results should be considered in differentiating a secondary mass from a primary breast carcinoma.

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotype and differential diagnosis of cystic hypersecretory lesion (CHL) of the breast., Methods: Clinicopathologic and follow-up data of six cases of breast CHL in 2010-2013 were collected and reviewed.Immunohistochemical and mucinous staining was performed., Results: All six patients were female, age ranged from 37 to 71 years (average 49.3 years). Three cases were cystic hypersecretory hyperplasia (CHH), the other three cases were cystic hypersecretory carcinoma (CHC). Clinically the lesions presented as either breast mass or mammographic calcification.Grossly, the cystic hypersecretory lesions were poorly circumscribed, with multiple colloid containing cysts on the cut surface. Microscopically, the remarkable feature was numerous enlarged cysts which contained densely eosinophilic homogeneous secretion similar to the colloid seen in thyroid follicles, and calcification was seen in the cyst in one case. The secretion was D-PAS and mucicarmine positive. The lining epithelium of the cysts was uniformly flat, cuboid or columnar, and arranged in a monolayer. The cells may be arranged in turfs, solid or micropapillary patterns in CHH.In cases with dysplasia, the epithelium showed cytological and structural atypia, but the usual morphology of atypical dutal hyperplasia such as arcades, rigid bridges or cribriform pattern was less common. The three CHC included two invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) and one ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).In CHL, there was immunoreactivity to S-100 protein, CK5/6 and CK14.Of the three CHCs, ER and PR were expressed in only one IDC.No HER2 expression was identified in the two invasive CHCs.One patient was lost to follow-up, and the rest were uneventful at 18 months., Conclusions: CHL of the breast is a rare pathological entity. Multiple colloid-filled cysts is a unique histological feature. The epithelium of CHL may show usual hyperplasia, dysplasia or carcinoma.

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic characteristics of mitotically active cellular fibroma (MACF) of the ovary., Methods: The clinicopathologic features of 11 cases of MACF from 2008 to 2012 years were retrospectively reviewed and immunohistochemic EnVision method was performed., Results: The age of patients ranged from 21 to 65 years (mean = 46 years). The maximum tumor diameter varied from 6 to 16 cm (mean = 9.8 cm). The tumors were densely cellular and composed of intersecting bundles of spindle cells, sometimes associated with storiform pattern. The mitotic count ranged from 4 to 20 per 10 high-power field (mean = 8.4). Atypical mitotic figures were not identified and coagulative tumor necrosis was not found. There was at most mild to moderate degree of nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemically, 8 cases showed positive stain for vimentin and 5 cases expressed diffusely or focally WT-1. In 6 cases, Ki-67 positive index ranged from 5%-30%, including 1 case (10%), and 1 case (30%) in which mitotic figures were 20/10 HPF. CK,AE1/AE3, CD117, CD34, CD99 and desmin were negative in the detected 5 cases. Reticular fiber staining in 2 cases showed dense reticular fibers enveloping individual tumor cells. Ten patients who followed-up range from 4 to 38 months were alive without evidence of recurrence or disease progression. One patient was alive with local recurrence 94 months after surgery., Conclusions: Cellular fibromatous neoplasm with mitotic count of ≥ 4/10 HPF but relatively bland nuclear features should be considered as MACF rather than ovarian fibrosarcoma. MACF is a group of ovarian tumor which carries a low malignant potential and occasional chance of recurrence.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features as well as the differential diagnoses of the solid variant of mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma with basaloid features., Methods: Clinical and pathological data were collected in four cases of the solid variant of mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma with basaloid features, and microscopic pathological examination and immunohistochemistry EnVision method were performed. The relevant literature was also reviewed., Results: The four patients were female, with age ranged from 46 - 65 years old (average 56 years) and the maximum tumor diameter ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 cm. Microscopically, the tumors exhibited a predominantly solid architecture with a myxoid or hyalinized stroma. The tumor cells showed moderate to marked nuclear atypia, and a basaloid appearance with scanty cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli, and ≥ 5 mitotic figures per 10 high power fields. Glandular space embedded within tumor islands could be noticed. These spaces were genuine glandular structures and the cells lining these true glandular lumens had more abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Pseudoglandular spaces of cribriform pattern or variable shape were also occasionally seen, and these cysts contained homogenous eosinophilic material. Focal necrosis was found. All cases were negative for ER, PR and HER2. Immunohistochemical staining for CK5/6, CK7 and CK14 was positive in the genuine glandular structures. All cases were positive for CD10, but also positive with varying intensity from weak to strong for vimentin and CD117. Staining for Ki-67 in three patients showed 10% - 50% positive., Conclusions: The solid variant of mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma with basaloid features is a histologically distinctive and also a rare subset of the mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Awareness of its pathological features can help with the diagnosis as well as differential diagnosis. More cases are still needed for accurately assessing the prognosis of this particular tumor.

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotype and differential diagnosis of plexiform angiomyxoid myofibroblastic tumor (PAMT) of the stomach., Methods: The clinical and pathologic findings of 3 cases of PAMT in the gastric antrum were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical study was carried out and the literature was reviewed., Results: The age of patients ranged from 31 to 47 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1:2. The clinical presentation included epigastric pain and distension. Endoscopically, the tumor mass protruded into the gastric cavity at the antrum and ranged from 4.5 cm to 8.0 cm in greatest dimension. One of the tumors studied was associated with surface ulceration. Histologically, the tumors were located in the gastric wall. They were composed of bland spindle cells and small vessels arranged in a plexiform or nodular pattern within a myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical study showed that the spindle cells were consistently positive for smooth muscle actin and muscle-specific actin. There was focal staining for h-caldesmon, desmin in case 3 and focal positive for epithelial membrane antigen, CAM5.2 in case 1. Further, CD10 and progesterone receptor were positive in case 3., Conclusions: PAMT represents a rare novel mesenchymal tumor of the stomach, with a propensity of gastric antral involvement. The distinctive pathologic features help to differentiate this entity from other benign and malignant tumors.

Objective: To evaluate the two-tier system for the grading of ovarian serous carcinomas, and to analyze Pax2, p53, Ki-67 protein expression and their prognostic values for low- and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas., Methods: A total of 38 cases of low-grade and 100 cases of high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas were selected based on the two-tier grading system. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Pax2, p53 and Ki-67 protein expression in all cases. Correlation of the two-tier system with immunohistochemical results and prognostic parameters were performed., Results: (1) The overall survival, disease-free survival and 5-year survival rates were significantly higher in the low-grade serous carcinoma cases than in the high-grade cases (P < 0.05). (2) Significant differences in protein expressions were found between the low- and high-grade serous carcinomas. The high-grade serous carcinomas had a significantly higher expression level of p53 (55.0% vs 13.2%, P < 0.05) and Ki-67 (42.1% vs 13.7%, P < 0.05), while low-grade carcinomas had a significantly higher expression level of Pax2 (65.8% vs 13.0%, P < 0.05). (3) Pax2 positive cases had a significantly better overall survival and 5-year survival rates than Pax2 negative cases (P < 0.05). The expressions of p53 and Ki-67 were found to have little correlation with overall survival and disease-free survival (P > 0.05)., Conclusions: The two-tier system for the grading of ovarian serous carcinomas has a good prognostic value. There are significantly differences in expressions of Pax2, p53 and Ki-67 between low- and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas. Compared with p53 and Ki-67, Pax2 is likely a better prognostic indicator for ovarian serous carcinoma.

The powder samples of Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped in LaOF nanocrystals were synthesized by using a hydrothermal-sintering technique. The characterization results of XRD and TE M suggests that t he structure of the nanocrystals is tetragonal,and its size is between 60-80 nm. Using 442 nm laser to pump the LaOF: Sm3+/Eu3+ nanocrystals samples, the energy transfer effect from Sm3+ ions to Eu3+ ions was completed, and the fluorescence emissions originating from the 5D0 level of Eu3+ were observed. The luminescence properties of the LaOF: Sm3+/Eu3+ nanocrystals system were analyzed with a spectroscopic method, and the mechanism and dynamic process of the energy transfer were explored. It was found that the efficiency of the energy transfer increase with the increase in the concentration of Eu3+ ions and the size of nanocrystals.

Objective: To compare the pharmacokinetics of curcumin extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae Longe and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum in rats., Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were administrated extracts of Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with 3P97 program., Results: The plasma concentration-time curves of curcumin that extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum were fitted with one-compartment model respectively. The AUC and Cmax of curcumin extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae Longae were much greater than of extracted from Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum., Conclusion: There were significantly difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of curcumin in Rhizoma Curcumae Longae and Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisum in rats.

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of interphase FISH in the routine clinicopathological practice and its values in the differential diagnosis of lymphomas., Methods: A total of 74 fresh tissue samples clinically suspicious of lymphoma were investigated by FISH using three probes including IgH/bcl-2, IgH/CCND1 and API2/MALT1, corresponding the translocation t(14;18), t(11;14) and t(11;18) respectively. The results of FISH were analyzed and compared with the histopathologic diagnosis., Results: Histological evaluation eventually confirmed that there were 62 cases of lymphoma and 12 cases of reactive lymphoid processes. The translocations were detected in 7 cases in 62 cases of lymphoma: 3 demonstrated t(14;18) including 2 cases of follicular lymphomas and 1 nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma. Four cases had t(11;14) including mantle cell lymphoma (2 cases), follicular lymphoma (1 case) and small cell lymphoma (1 case). A lymphoid hyperplasia case showed detectable t(14;18). All 25 cases of DLBCL showed no evidence of t(14;18). Amplification or loss of regional genes was seen more often in malignant than in the benign cases., Conclusion: Interphase FISH offers useful ancillary technology that plays an important role in differential diagnosis and classification of lymphoma.

Objective: To investigate the stability of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in different buffer solution., Method: To determine concentration of curcumin by HPLC when added curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin into the buffer solution the equation of degradation was established., Result: The sequence of stability are bisdemethoxycurcumin > or = demethoxycurcumin > or =curcumin at the same condition., Conclusion: The demethoxycurcumin can stabilize curcumin more strong than the others. The demethoxycurcumin is a nature stabilizing agent for curcumin.

Objective: To investigate effect of demethoxycurcumin on stability of curcumin., Methods: To add the demethoxycurcumin to pure curcumin, the change of curcumin was determined by HPLC and the dynamics of curcumin degradation was investigated., Result: The stability both obtained from alcohol and demethoxycurcumin improved the stabilization of curcumin, the demi-period of curcumin prolonged with the addition of demethoxycurcumin., Conclusion: The commixture of curcumin and demethoxycurcumin are more stable than pure curcumin at the same conditions. Stability of curcumin is improved by demethoxycurcumin,it is crude stabilizing agent.

Objective: To explore the value of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in the diagnosis and differentiated diagnosis of lymphoma and explain the immunophenotypic features and differences of malignant lymphoma., Methods: Seventy four fresh samples of suspicious lymphoma were collected from Nov. 2004 to Aug. 2006. Each sample was individually evaluated by FCI. The results were analyzed and compared with the histopathological diagnosis., Results: Among the 74 cases, the FCI data consisted with the final morphological diagnosis in 61 cases (82.4%). For the diagnosis of B and T non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), thymoma, carcinoma and benign lesions of lymph node, the concordance between FCI data and morphological diagnosis were 93.5%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 81.3%, respectively., Conclusion: Multi-parameter FCI analysis can provide important information and help for diagnosis of lymphoma. It is an assistant but necessary approach for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lymphoma.

Objective: To investigate the expression of fascin and cytokeratin 14 (CK14) in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the association of these two proteins with ESCC malignant progression and the possibility of application of these 2 proteins in the diagnosis of ESCC., Methods: A tissue microarray composed of the representative regions of ESCC and corresponding normal epithelium was constructed. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine the expression of fascin and CD14 in 116 specimens of ESCC and the normal tissues near the cancerous tissues. The relation of these two proteins with the invasive depth, node involvement, differentiated grade, pTNM stages was analyzed. Disease-free survival analysis was carried out using Kaplan-Meier method. The correlation of the two proteins was analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. ESCC cells of the lines EC9706, TE12, COLO-680N, KYSE510, KYSE450, KYSE410, KYSE180, KYSE150, KYSE140, KYSE70, KYSE30, and YES2 were cultured and underwent SDS-PAGE and Western blotting to examine the expression of fascin and CD14. And the correlation of the two proteins with the characteristics of the cell lines was analyzed too., Results: Fascin and CK14 were negative in the normal esophageal epithelia except in the basal cells. The positive rates of fascin and CK14 in the ESCC cells were 79.3% and 67.0% respectively. The positive rate of either fascin or CK14 was 86.2%. The expression rates of fascin and CK14 in well- and moderately-differentiated ESCCs were significantly higher than that in the poorly-differentiated ones (P = 0.054 and P < 0.01). The patients with positive expression of fascin and those with negative expression of CK14 had a poorer survival in comparison with those with negative fascin expression and those with positive CK14 expression respectively, however, without statistical significances (P = 0.8980 and P = 0.2610). The positive rates of fascin in the well-, moderately-, and poorly- differentiated ESCCs were 87.1%, 83.9%, and 62.1% respectively (P = 0.054). The positive rates of CK14 in the well-, moderately-, and poorly-differentiated ESCCs were; 87.1%, 76.4%, and 27.6% respectively (P < 0.01). The prognosis was not significantly correlated with the expression of both proteins (P = 0.8980 and P = 0.2610). There was an significantly positive correlation between the expression levels of these 2 proteins (r = 0.487, P < 0.01). Fascin was highly expressed in most of the ESCC lines, except in the slowly growing and weakly migrating TE12 line. High expression of CK14 was only seen in the line KYSE180., Conclusion: Fascin and CK14 may play important roles in the carcinogenesis and progression of ESCC. Combination of fascin and CK14 would be valuable markers in diagnosis of ESCC.

Objective: To investigate the expression of annexin I in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and carcinomas of other histological types in order to analyze the correlation between the expression of annexin I and carcinogenesis., Methods: First, a set of tissue microarray was established, which consisted of SCC from the esophagus (208 cases), lung, larynx, cervix, and external genital organs; adenocarcinomas from the lung, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, pancreas, breast, thyroid and kidney with 30 cases in each group, meanwhile, the corresponding normal tissue was also obtained for control. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of annexin I in different types of carcinomas and the corresponding normal controls from different organs. The correlation between the expression of annexin I and the clinicopathological feature was analyzed and compared, which included age, gender, differentiation grade and lymph node metastasis., Results: It was found that the expression of annexin I was decreased in esophageal SCC, when compared with normal esophageal squamous epithelia (P < 0.001), the similarity was also found in SCC of the lung, larynx and cervix. However, though negative in normal epidermis, annexin I expression was detected in some cases with SCC from external genital organs. Annexin I was found to be overexpressed in adenocarcinomas of the lung, stomach, colon and rectum, liver, pancreas, breast, thyroid and kidney, particularly very strong expression of annexin I was seen in lung adenocarcinoma, uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma and ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, it was found to be positive in all thyroid papillary carcinomas, but negative in all normal thyroid glands. However, annexin I expression was found to be negative in all hepatocellular carcinoma and normal hepatocytes; and it was only detected in myoepithelium of normal breast tissue, but not in ductal luminal cells, and rarely in infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma. In SCC, annexin I expression was stronger in well differentiated ones than that in the poorly differentiated ones. However, contrasting with SCC, in the adenocarcinomas from different organs, annexin I expression was much stronger in poorly differentiated ones than that in the well differentiate ones, especially in the adenocarcinomas from stomach, colon and rectum, pancreas, ovarian and kidney., Conclusion: Annexin I expression is quite different among different types of carcinomas, and is correlated with histopathological type and differentiation grade. Further study is needed to investigate its role in the carcinogenesis.

Objective: To investigate the expression of five apoptosis-related proteins, Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase 8, and mutant p53, in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissue, and analyze the association of these proteins with ESCC malignant progression., Methods: 116 ESCC specimens obtained during operation. Tissue microarray composed of the 116 specimens of cancerous tissues and corresponding paracancerous normal epithelium tissues was constructed. The expression of Fas, FasL, FADD, caspase 8, and mutant p53 was detected in the ESCC tissues and paracancerous normal epithelium tissues and analysis was conducted for the correlation between the expression of these proteins and the pathoclinical features and prognosis. involvement, differentiated grade, pTNM stages and disease-free survival., Results: The positive rate of Fas in the ESCC tissues was 41.4%, significantly lower than that in the normal squamous epithelium was 95.7%, P < 0.001). The positive rates of FasL and FADD in the ESCC tissues were 76.7% and 50.0%, both significantly higher than those in the normal squamous epithelium (39.7% and 7.8%, both P < 0.001). Caspase 8 was strongly positive in the whole normal esophageal epithelium tissue except basal and superbasal cells, but negative in ESCC. Mutant p53 protein was negative in the normal esophageal epithelium tissue, with only several cases positive in the basal cells, but was diffusely positive in ESCC tissues with a positive rate of 37.1%. The expression of Fas in the well and moderately differentiated ESCC tissues was significantly higher than in the poorly differentiated ones (P = 0.022). The patients with positive expression of FADD had lower disease-free survival rate (P = 0.0028). The expression of Fas, FasL, caspase 8, and mutant p53 was not related with disease-free survival rate (P > 0.05)., Conclusion: The apoptosis-related markers, such as Fas, FasL, FADD, caspase 8, and mutant p53 protein may play important roles in the development and progression of ESCC, and FADD can be used as a marker to predict the advance and prognosis of ESCC.

The transgenic wheat of improved resistance to the storage pest was production. We have introduced the cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene (CpTI) into cultured embryonic callus cells of immature embryos of wheat elite line by Agrobacterium-mediated method. Independent plantlets were obtained from the kanamycin-resistant calli after screening. PCR and real time PCR analysis, PCR-Southern and Southern blot hybridization indicated that there were 3 transgenic plants viz. transformed- I, II and III (T- I, T-II and T-III). The transformation frequencies were obviously affected by Agrobacterium concentration, the infection duration and transformation treatment. The segregations of CpTI in the transgenic wheat progenies were not easily to be elucidated, and some transgenic wheat lines (T- I and T-III) showed Mendelian segregations. The determinations of insect resistance to the stored grain insect of wheat viz. the grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) indicated that the 3 transgenic wheat progeny seeds moth-resistance was improved significantly. The seed moth-eaten ratio of T- I, T-II, T-III and nontransformed control was 19.8%, 21.9%, 32.9% and 58.3% respectively. 3 transgenic wheat T1 PCR-positive plants revealed that the 3 transgenic lines had excellent agronomic traits. They supplied good germplasm resource of insect-resistance for wheat genetic improvement.