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Sepsis is a common acute and critical illness, and its pathogenic mechanism is complex, often involving multiple organs and systems in the body. Various factors such as inflammatory response, immune dysfunction, and coagulation dysfunction are connected into an interconnected and mutually influencing network system, aggravating the severity of the disease. At present, the case fatality rate of sepsis is about 25%, which is a serious threat to human health. Establishing a stable and reliable experimental animal model of sepsis is an important means to understand the mechanism of host defense regulation in the early stage of infection, the mechanism of host response disorder in the stage of disease progression and to study the therapeutic effect of new therapeutic drugs. At present, there are many methods to establish animal models of sepsis, and there are many influencing factors. Therefore, this paper reviewed the preparation methods and influencing factors of animal models of sepsis, in order to provide some references for researchers to select suitable animal models.

Objective: To explore the immunomodulatory effect of genipin on T cell in sepsis mice and its potential mechanism. Methods: After cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice, 1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg genipin and phosphate buffer (PBS) were injected into tail vein at 0 h and 24 h, respectively. Mortality of mice was observed and recorded for 7 consecutive days. The mice were divided into Sham group (n=8), Genipin group (n=8), CLP group (n=8), CLP and Genipin group (n=14). Sham group was injected with PBS and Sham operation was performed. Genipin group was injected with 2.5 mg/kg genipin and sham operation was performed. CLP group was injected with PBS and operated. CLP and Genipin group was injected with 2.5 mg/kg Genipin and operated. The spleens were collected 26 hours after CLP. The total splenic lymphocyte count, CD4+, CD8+, cytokines and apoptotic proteins FADD, caspase-3 and caspase-8 were detected. Results: The survival rate of genipin mice treated with 2.5 mg/kg was higher than that of other mice. The total splenic lymphocyte count, CD4+, CD8+, interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ levels in CLP group were lower than those in Sham group and Genipin group, the above indexes in CLP group were higher than those in CLP group (P<0.05). The expression of apoptotic proteins FADD, caspase- 3, caspase-8, IL-4 and IL-10 levels in CLP group were higher than those in Sham group, Genipin group, the above indexes in CLP group were lower than those in CLP group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Genipin can improve the immune suppression in late sepsis by inhibiting T cell apoptosis, and it can improve the survival rate of septic mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To elucidate whether bakuchiol (BAK) could protect against septic encephalopathy in adult mice. Methods: In this study, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was introduced to establish the septic encephalopathy mouse model. BAK (10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administrated following CLP. The mice were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group, BAK group, CLP group and CLP+BAK group. The brain water content, blood-brain barrier permeability, apoptotic ratio, IL-1βand TNF-αexpression, MDA content, SOD activity and CAT activity in each group were measured. Results: Compared with the Sham group, the brain water content (increased by 21.20%), Evans blue content (increased by 237.05%), apoptotic ratio, MDA content, and IL-1βand TNF-α expression were significantly increased, while the activities of SOD and CAT were significantly decreased in the CLP group (P < 0.05). Compared with the CLP group, BAK treatment significantly decreased the brain water content (decreased by 10.94%), Evans blue content (decreased by 39.40%), apoptotic ratio, MDA content, and IL-1β and TNF-αexpression, and increased the activities of SOD and CAT (P < 0.05). Conclusion: BAK ameliorates septic encephalopathy mainly through inhibiting apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish an improved animal model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP). Methods Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group( n =24),intubation group( n =24),CLP group( n =24),and CLP+intubation group( n =24).The mortality rate,abdominal cavity condition,pathological changes and pathological scores of heart,lungs,liver,and kidneys of rats in each group were observed after modeling.Blood samples were obtained from the inferior vena cava for measuring the whole blood cells(WBC)and platelets(PLT)counts and analyzing serum interleukin(IL)-6,tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,serum troponin T(cTnT),creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),total bilirubin(TBIL),creatinine(CREA),and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)levels.Blood gas analysis of the aorta was also performed. Results The mortality rates 24 h after modeling were 0 in sham operation group and intubation group,20.8% in CLP group,and 54.2% in CLP+intubation group.Pathologically,swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration in the heart,lungs,liver,and kidneys were seen in the CLP+intubation group,inflammatory cell infiltration in a single organ was seen in most rats in the CLP group,and no obvious swelling and infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in the sham-operation group and intubation group.The myocardial histopathology score,lung tissue injury pathology score,and kidney tissue injury pathology score in both the sham-operation group and the intubation group were significantly lower than those in the CLP group and the CLP+intubation group(all P =0.000).TNF-α,PaO 2 ,CK-MB,cTnT,AST,TBIL,BUN,and CREA were significantly different between sham-operation group and intubation group/CLP group/CLP+intubation group and between intubation group and CLP group/CLP+intubation group(all P =0.000).The pH level was significantly different between sham operation group and intubation group/CLP group,between intubation group and CLP group/CLP+intubate group(all P =0.000). Conclusions Although both CLP and CLP+intubation can well mimic the pathophysiological mechanism of sepsis in rats,multiple organ dysfunction occurs in the latter.Thus,CLP+intubation can establish animal models of multiple organ dysfunction caused by sepsis induced by clinically effective abdominal infection.