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Objective: The aim was to investigate whether a bacterial flora exists in the eggs of healthy laying ducks (Ma breed), and if yes, whether the bacterial flora could be associated with those in the genital tract and cecum. Methods: Healthy laying ducks were dissected to collect genital tract and cecum tissues, as well as soft- and hard-shelled duck eggs, and cultivable bacteria were counted by plate count method, and the diversity and correlation of uncultured bacterial flora were analyzed by MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Results: The decreasing order of the total bacterial counts in the samples was cecum > genital tract > hard-shelled egg > soft-shelled egg. The bacterial gene sequences belonged to 56 phyla and 1 319 genera. The abundance and species evenness of bacteria in the cecum and genital tract were higher. The dominant genera included Bacteroides, Megamonas and Campylobacter. Species abundance and dominant concentration were higher in soft- and hard-shell eggs. Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter accounted for 19.01% and 10.01% of the total abundance, respectively. Gene function prediction showed that all samples had high abundance of metabolic and glycolytic functions. The gram-positive and anaerobic phenotypes in the cecum and genital tract were abundant. The pathogenicity and oxidative stress of bacteria in soft and hard shell eggs were significant. The dominant bacterial genera in the four samples were overlapped, and the overlap rates of egg content with the cecum and genital tract were 13.96% and 24.35%, respectively. In addition, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the genera in all samples were closely related to each other and shared homology with the significantly contributing genus Bacteroides in the cecum. Conclusion: Duck eggs are not formed in a sterile environment, the bacteria residing in the cecum and reproductive tract of healthy laying ducks can infect different egg structures during its formation and become a part of the internal flora in duck eggs. These results can provide a reference for further research on the characteristics and control of non-pathogenic bacteria in egg contents.

In order to explore the effects of feeding frequency on the growth and digestibility of Microp⁃ terus salmoides with fixed feeding rate that under satiation, five feeding frequencies (2 times/d, 3 times/d, 4 times/d, 5 times/d, 6 times/d) were evaluated in triplicate recirculating aquaculture systems for 56 days. The results show that: the specific growth rate of 3、4 and 5 times/d groups were significantly higher than that of 6 times/d group (P<0.05); the weight gain rate of 3 and 5 times/d groups were significantly higher than that of 6 times/d group (P<0.05); the feeding rate of the 5 times/d group was the highest; the protein efficiency of 2 and 3 times/d groups were significantly higher than that of 4 and 6 times/d groups (P< 0.05); the fatness of the 6 times/d group was significantly higher than that of the 3 times/d group (P< 0.05); the ratio of viscera to body in the 2 times/d group was significantly higher than that in the 3, 4 and 6 times/d groups (P<0.05). In stomach, the activity of AMS and LPS appeared in the 2 times/d group and 5 times/d group respectively (P<0.05). In py‐ loric caecum, the values of AMS activity and LPS activity appeared in the 6 times/d group and 5 times/d group respectively (P<0.05). In midgut, the activity of AMS and LPS appeared in the 5 times/d group and 3 times/d group respectively (P<0.05). In hepatopancreas, the activity of AMS and LPS appeared in the 4 times/d group and 2 times/d group respectively (P<0.05). The villus height of the foregut in the 3 times/d group was the largest (P<0.05), the villus width was significantly higher than that in the 4, 5 and 6 times/d groups (P<0.05), and the muscular layer thickness was significantly higher than that in the 2, 4 and 5 times/d groups (P<0.05); in midgut, the villus height and muscular layer thick‐ ness of the 2 times/d group were the largest (P<0.05), and the villus width of the 4 times/d group was sig‐ nificantly higher than that of the 3, 5 and 6 times/d groups (P<0.05); the maximum values of villus height, villus width and muscular thickness of the hindgut appeared in the 2 times/d group, 3 times/d and 6 times/d groups respectively (P<0.05). In the tissue sections of hepatopancreas, the cell contour and nuclear clarity of the 2 and 3 times/d groups were better than those of the high-frequency feeding groups. From the perspective of growth performance, digestion ability and tissue health of Micropterus salmoides, the appropriate feeding frequency for young Micropterus salmoides is 3 times/d in the circulat‐ ing water system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to establish a HPLC method for the determination of the content of active ingredients in Lianhuang granules, and to study the effect of Lianhuang granules on Salmonella in vitro and in vivo. The e2695 high performance liquid phase system was used to determine four active components in Lianhuang granules. The effect of Lianhuang granules on Salmonella in vitro and in vivo was studied by the method of perforation and the model ofSalmonella infection in chickens. The results showed that the linear relationship of gallic acid, aesculin, baicalin and and rographolide in Lianhuang granules was good within the determined mass concentration range. The R² was greater than 0.999, the recovery rate was between 97% and 103%, and the RSD value was less than 2.5%. The established HPLC method was simple, efficient and sensitive. Lianhuang granule was highly sensitive to Salmonella in vitro, and can improve the reduction of feed intake caused by Salmonella infection in vivo and repair the damage of Salmonella to liver and cecum. The study provides data support for the quality evaluation and clinical application of Lianhuang granule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to isolate and identify cellulose-degrading anaerobic bacteria from the cecum of horses. The samples were collected from horse cecum in Yili, Xinjiang, and the strains were isolated and purified under anaerobic conditions using CMC-Na primary screening medium, bacteria capable of degrading cellulose were screened by Congo red staining, and the enzymatic activity of re-screened strains was determined, followed by 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of the strains and construction of a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that a total of 12 anaerobic bacterial strains with cellulose degradation ability were screened from horse cecum, which were identified as Lactobacillus agilis, Enterococcus hirae, Providencia rettgeri, Morganella morganii and Enterococcus faecalis, with one strain of Lactobacillus agalactiae (F2-A4) showed the highest cellulase activity of 14.841 U/mL. The study indicates that the anaerobic strains screened in the study are expected to provide strain resources of candidate bacteria for the development and application of feed microbial additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding Bacillis natto on growth performance, immune function and intestinal flora of broilers. A total of 180 one-day-old Kebao broilers were randomly divided into two groups, with six replicates in each group and 15 broilers in each replicate. The broilers in control group were fed with a basal diet, and broilers in experimental group were fed with a basal diet +300 mg/kg Bacillus natto. The experiment lasted for 42 d. The results showed that compared with control group, the average daily gain of experimental group at 1~42 d of age was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the body weight at 42 d of age was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, serum IgM content of broilers in experimental group was increased by 37.63% and 38.85% at 21 and 42 d of age, respectively (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the content of IL-1β in jejunal mucosa of broilers in experimental group at 42 d of age was extremely decreased (P<0.01). The results of PCoA analysis showed that the flora structure of the experimental group was changed, and the proportion of Alistipes in experimental group was increased compared with control group (P>0.05). Enorma, norank&lowbar;f&lowbar;Flavobacteriaceae and Paludicola in experimental group were significantly increased (P<0.05). The study indicates that Bacillus natto can improve the structure of intestinal flora, enhance the richness and diversity of intestinal flora, enhance the immune function, thus improve the growth performance of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to isolate and screen high-quality lactic acid bacteria from caecal chyme of Hyline brown laying hens. In the experiment, the caecal chyme of healthy Hyline brown laying hens was collected, the content were put into sterile normal saline, filtered and diluted in multiples, the plate scribing separation method was used for scribing separation, repeated purification, and the suspected strains were selected for colony morphology observation, microscopic examination after Gram staining, 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis and identification, and 24 h growth and acid production curves were drawn. The results showed that two strains of bacteria were isolated from the caecal chyme of laying hens, namely Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus agilis strain, named JZ1 and JZ2. Both strains reached the growth plateau in 10 h. After 24 h of culture, the pH value of JZ1 was about 4.2 and JZ2 was about 5.3. The study indicates that JZ1 has the advantages of fast growth rate and strong acid production capacity. JZ1 is more resistant to acid (pH value 3.0), high temperature (45 °), low temperature (15 °) and salt (6.5% NaCl) than JZ2, which is more suitable to be used as a high-quality bacterial source in animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The experiment investigated the effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, nutrition apparent metabolic rate, blood indictors and cecum microbiota of pullets. [Methods]A total of 320 healthy 33-day-old Hy-line brown pullets were randomly divided into 5 groups(eight replicates per group, eight pullets per replicate). Pullets in the control group were fed a basic diet, while birds in the test groups were fed experimental diets in which the conventional soybean meal was replaced by fermented soybean meal at the levels of 2.5%,5.0%,7.5% and 10.0% respectively with equal energy and protein. This experiment lasted for 28 days. [Results] Different proportions of fermented soybean meal had no effect on the growth performance of pullets(P>0.05). The apparent metabolic rates of gross energy, dry matter and calcium were not affected by fermented soybean meal(P>0.05). However, the apparent metabolic rates of crude protein, crude ash, and total phosphorus were significantly higher in the 2.5% fermented soybean meal group than those in the control group(P<0.05). The serum alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly lower in 2.5% and 7.5% fermented soybean meal compared with 10.0% fermented soybean meal group(P<0.05). The serum alanine aminotransferase activity in 5% fermented soybean meal was significantly lower than that in the control group and 10.0% fermented soybean meal group(P<0.05). The serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly higher in the 2.5% fermented soybean meal group than those in the control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Prevotella 9 and Mucispirillum increased(P<0.05),while the relative abundance of Helicobacter and Parasutterella decreased(P<0.05)in 2.5% fermented soybean meal group. [Conclusions] The 2.5% fermented soybean meal had a positive effect on nutrient apparent metabolic rates and serum antioxidant indicators. However, the apparent metabolic rates of nutrients and serum antioxidant performance of pullets decreased linearly or quadratically with the increased levels of fermented soybean meal. In addition,2.5% fermented soybean meal increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria(Prevotella 9 and Blautia) and inhibited the colonization of pathogenic bacteria(Helicobacter and Parasutterella) in the cecum chyme of pullets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to observe the effec of Lactobacillus casei microecological preparation on performance, serum biochemical indexes and pathogenic microorganisms in cecum of laying hens. A total of 20 000 laying hens were randomly divided into four groups, with five replicates in each group and 1 000 laying hens in each replicate. Group A (control group), group B, group C and group D were supplemented with 0, 30, 60, 90 mg/kg Lactobacillus casei in basic diet. The pre-test period was 1 w, and the formal trial period was 8 w. The results showed that compared with control group, the average daily feed intake of laying hens in each test group increased significantly (P<0.05), the average daily egg weight of laying hens in group C and group D increased significantly (P<0.05), the laying rate of group D was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed egg ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the egg protein weight of group C and group D was significantly increased (P<0.05). The Hastelloy unit of eggs in each test group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum GSH-Px, SOD activity and T-AOC of laying hens in each test group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum IgG content of laying hens in group D was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the number of Escherichia coli in cecum of laying hens in group C and group D was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The number of Lactobacillus in cecum of laying hens in each test group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the number of Salmonella was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The dry matter digestibility of test group was significantly higher than that of control group (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that Lactobacillus casei can effectively improve the performance, antioxidant function and intestinal health of laying hens, and the suitable supplemental level is 90 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to grasp the structure function, diversity and regional and sex differences of the bacterial flora of the cecum of the mountain wild boars(Sus scrofa)in Guizhou, this paper reveals the specificity of its bacteria and the interaction of the host, the cecal bacterial flora of 12 Guizhou wild boars was analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Results A total of 59, 246 valid sequences were obtained, and 1, 256 OTUs were obtained by clustering with 97% similarity after optimization. The results showed as follows:(1)The cecal bacterial community of wild boars was abundant, and there was no significant difference in the bacterial community diversity between regions and sex groups, but there were some differences in specific bacterial community composition. (2)Copolymers were obtained from 278 genera of 18 phyla, the core flora includes six phyla, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The core flora includes 16 dominant genera, such as Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group. (3)LEfSe analysis showed that there were significant differences(P<0. 05)between Qiandongnan(QDN)and Qianbei(QB)groups, such as Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus and Alloprevotella. (4)PICRUSt gene predicted and analyzed that 44 metabolic pathways were enriched in cecum of wild boars, mainly carbohydrate metabolism pathway, followed by amino acid metabolism pathway. In conclusion, the cecal bacterial flora diversity of Guizhou wild boars is higher than that of Henan wild boars, Chongqing captive wild boar and Tibetan pigs, and the core bacterial flora is enriched in different regions and between genders. The results of the study were to explore how the intestinal flora of the wild boars had the basic information of the interaction of the host, disease prevention and immunization development, and thus promote the study of the physiological and biochemical, protection management and population ecology of the wild boars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility and intestinal health of Guangxi Sanhuang chickens that fed a wheat-palm meal diet. A total of 360 nine-week-old Guangxi Sanhuang chickens（half in male and famale） were selected, randomly divided into three groups, with three replicates in each group and 40 chickens in each replicate. Chickens in control group were fed with a basal diet, chickens in experimental group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed with basal diet supplemented with0.01% xylanase, 0.01% xylanase + 0.01% β-mannanase, respectively. The results showed that compare with control group, adding xylanase and β-mannanase in wheat-palm meal type diet significantly increased daily gain and daily feed intake（P<0.05）, significantly decreased feed to gain ratio（P<0.05）, significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dietary energy, crude protein, nitrogen free extract, dry matter and ether extract（P<0.05）, significantly decreased the viscosity of chyme in the whole intestine and the content of Escherichia coli. in cecum（P<0.05）, and significantly increased the content of Lactobacillus（P<0.05）. The study indicates that adding 0.01% xylanase or 0.01% xylanase +0.01% β-mannanase in wheat-palm meal diet of Guangxi Sanhuang chickens can improve nutrient apparent digestibility,growth performance and intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of early life lactoferrin (LF) intervention on the cecal microbiota, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the cecal digesta, and cytokines in the cecal mucosa in suckling piglets. It was better for us to understand the way that early life LF intervention affected the intestine of suckling piglets.[ Methods] A total of 6 litters (10 piglets per litter) neonatal piglets with similar average body weight (about 1.51 kg) were used in this study. The piglets were assigned to the control group and the LF group with the similar body weight in each litter to avoid maternal differences. Five piglets in each litter were orally administrated with LF solution three times a day to reach the level of 0.5 g • kg-1 • Another 5 piglets were orally administrated with the same dose of physiological saline (CON). The study mainly detected the changes of microbiota at the phylum and genus level in the cecal content, the levels of SCFA, and the level of cytokines in the cecal mucosa. [Results] Compared with the CON group, the early life LF intervention increased the diversities ( ACE and Chao1) of cecal microbiota. On day 8, LF increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum, and decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria phylum. At the same time, LF increased the abundance of Bacteroides, Butyricimonas and Ruminococcus, and decreased the abundance of Veillonella, Escherichia- Shigella and Pasteurella at the genus level. On day 21, LF decreased the abundance of Fusobacteria phylum, while increased the abundance Lactobacillus,Roseburia, Ruminococcus and Coprococcus and decreased the abundance of Fusobacterium at the genus level. Meanwhile, LF also increased the level of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFA in the cecum, and increased the level of interleukin- 1O( IL-10) and transforming growth factor-~( TGF-~), while decreased the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the cecal mucosa. [Conclusions] Early life LF intervention can modulate the microbial community of cecum, and increase the abundance beneficial bacteria and decrease the potential harmful bacteria. At the same time, LF can increase the level of SCFA and modulate the inflammatory response which contribute to the intestinal health of host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of compound probiotics supplementation on small intestinal morphology, tight junction(TJ)-related genes expression and cecum microflora composition in chicks. [Methods] One hundred and forty four one-day-old green-legged chicks were randomly assigned to three groups with six replicates of broiler chicks. There were control (CON), low-dose (50mg·d-1) probiotics (LP) and high dose (100 mg·d-1) probiotics (HP) groups, respectively. Probiotics were added by drinking water for two weeks from hatching. Feed intake and body weight were recorded during the whole experiment. Animals were slaughtered, and samples were collected at 14 days of age. Morphological structures and intestinal tight junction-related genes expression in small intestine were detected, and cecum microflora composition was analyzed by 16SrRNA sequencing. [Results] Compared to CON group, chickens in HP group showed a significant decrease of average daily feed intake(ADFI) and feed conversion ratio(FCR)from 1 to 7 days(P<0.01),and a tendency increase of feed intake from 7-14 days(P>0.05). Probiotics treatment significantly decreased crypt depth, increased villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the intestine. Compared to CON group, HP group showed higher level of zonula occludens-1 (ZO1) mRNA expression in the ileum and cecum, and occludin(OCLN)mRNA expression in ileum; LP group exhibited higher level of mucin 2(MUC2)mRNA expression in the cecum. 16S high-throughput sequencing results showed that probiotics had no significant effect on the diversity of cecal microflora; however, LP administration significantly increased( P<0.05) the abundance of the genus Sellimonas and lntestinimonas, and HP administration significantly increased( P<0.01) the abundance of family Akkermansiaceae by Metastat analysis. [ Conclusions] In conclusion, supplementation of probiotics during early development can promote the development of small intestinal villi, increase tight junction related genes expression level, and increase the colonization of beneficial bacteria in cecum, which will finally lead to a potential impact on promoting growth performance in broiler chicks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the impact of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells., Methods: (1) Animal experiment: sixteen male C57BL/6 mice were divided into sham operation group (Sham group) and CLP-induced sepsis model group (CLP group) by random number table method, with 8 mice in each group. After 5 days of operation, the jejunal tissues were taken for determination of leucine-rich-repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The translation of LGR5 was detected by Western blotting. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ki67) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. IAP level was detected by modified calcium cobalt staining and colorimetry. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Paneth cell marker molecule lysozyme 1 (LYZ1) and goblet cell marker molecule mucin 2 (MUC2). (2) Cell experiment: IEC6 cells in logarithmic growth stage were divided into blank control group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (LPS 5 μg/mL). Twenty-four hours after treatment, PCR and Western blotting were used to analyze the transcription and translation of LGR5. The proliferation of IEC6 cells were detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining. The transcription and translation of IAP were detected by PCR and colorimetric method respectively., Results: (1) Animal experiment: the immunohistochemical results showed that the positive rate of Ki67 staining in the jejunal tissue of CLP group was lower than that of Sham group [(41.7±2.5)% vs. (48.7±1.4)%, P = 0.01]. PCR and Western blotting results showed that there were no statistical differences in the mRNA and protein expressions of LGR5 in the jejunal tissue between the CLP group and Sham group (Lgr5 mRNA: 0.7±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.2, P = 0.11; LGR5/β-actin: 0.83±0.17 vs. 0.68±0.19, P = 0.24). The mRNA (0.4±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.1, P < 0.01) and protein (U/g: 47.3±6.0 vs. 73.1±15.3, P < 0.01) levels of IAP in the jejunal tissue were lower in CLP group. Immunofluorescence saining analysis showed that the expressions of LYZ1 and MUC2 in the CLP group were lower than those in the Sham group. (2) Cell experiment: PCR and Western blotting results showed that there was no significant difference in the expression of LGR5 between the LPS group and the blank control group (Lgr5 mRNA: 0.9±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.2, P = 0.33; LGR5/β-actin: 0.71±0.18 vs. 0.69±0.04, P = 0.81). The proliferation rate of IEC6 cells in the LPS group was lower than that in the blank control group, but there was no significant difference [positivity rate of EdU: (40.5±3.8)% vs. (46.5±3.6)%, P = 0.11]. The mRNA (0.5±0.1 vs. 1.0±0.2, P < 0.01) and protein (U/g: 15.0±4.0 vs. 41.2±10.4, P < 0.01) of IAP in the LPS group were lower than those in the blank control group., Conclusions: CLP-induced sepsis inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, impairing the self-renewal ability of intestinal epithelium.

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Objective: To investigate and compare the regulatory effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their conditioned medium (MSC-CM) on gut microbiota of septic mice., Methods: Twenty-eight six-to-eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), sepsis model group (CLP group), sepsis+MSC treatment group (CLP+MSC group) and sepsis+MSC-CM treatment group (CLP+MSC-CM group), with seven mice in each group. The septic mouse model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In Sham group, CLP were not performed, and other operations were the same as CLP group. Mice in the CLP+MSC group and CLP+MSC-CM group received 0.2 mL 1×10 6 MSC or 0.2 mL concentrated MSC-CM via intraperitoneal injection 6 hours after CLP, respectively. Sham group and CLP group were given 0.2 mL sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) via intraperitoneal injection. Histopathological changes were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and colon length. Levels of inflammatory factors in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Phenotype of peritoneal macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing., Results: Compared with Sham group, significant inflammatory injury in lung and colon was observed, and shorter colon was detected in CLP group (cm: 6.00±0.26 vs. 7.11±0.09), the level of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum was significantly increased (ng/L: 432.70±17.68 vs. 353.70±17.01), the proportion of F4/80 + peritoneal macrophages was increased [(68.25±3.41)% vs. (50.84±4.98)%], while the ratio of F4/80 + CD206 + anti-inflammatory peritoneal macrophages was decreased [(45.25±6.75)% vs. (66.66±3.36)%]. The α diversity sobs index of gut microbiota was downregulated significantly (118.50±23.25 vs. 255.70±6.87), the structure of species composition was altered, and the relative abundance of functional gut microbiota related to transcription, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and signal transduction were decreased significantly in CLP group (all P < 0.05). Compared with CLP group, upon MSC or MSC-CM treatment, the pathological injury in lung and colon was alleviated to varying extent, the length of colon was increased (cm: 6.53±0.27, 6.87±0.18 vs. 6.00±0.26), the level of IL-1β in serum was downregulated (ng/L: 382.10±16.93, 343.20±23.61 vs. 432.70±17.68), the ratio of F4/80 + peritoneal macrophages was decreased [(47.65±3.93)%, (48.68±2.51)% vs. (68.25±3.41)%], the ratio of F4/80 + CD206 + anti-inflammatory peritoneal macrophages was increased [(52.73±5.02)%, (66.38±4.73)% vs. (45.25±6.75)%], and the α diversity sobs index of gut microbiota was increased (182.50±16.35, 214.00±31.18 vs. 118.50±23.25), and the effects of MSC-CM were more significant (all P < 0.05). At the same time, species composition of gut microbiota was rebuilt, and a tendency of increase in relative abundance of functional gut microbiota was observed upon MSC and MSC-CM treatment., Conclusions: Both MSC and MSC-CM could alleviate inflammatory injury in tissues, and showed regulatory effects on gut microbiota in septic mouse model, moreover, MSC-CM exhibited superior advantages over MSC.

Objective: To investigate the changes of intestinal microecology in the early stage of sepsis rat model by 16S rDNA sequencing., Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group and sham operation group (Sham group), with 30 rats in each group. In the CLP group, sepsis rat model was reproduced by CLP method; the rats in the Sham group only underwent laparotomy without CLP. At 24 hours after the operation, the intestinal feces and serum samples of 8 rats in each group were collected. The survival rate of the rest rats was observed until the 7th day. The level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intestinal feces were sequenced by 16S rDNA sequencing technology. The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) data obtained after sequence comparison and clustering was used for α diversity and β diversity analysis, principal coordinate analysis and linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis (LEfSe) to observe the changes of intestinal microecology in early sepsis rats and excavate the marker flora., Results: At 24 hours after the reproduction of the model, the rats in the CLP group showed shortness of breath, scattered hair and other manifestations, and the level of serum TNF-α increased significantly as compared with that in the Sham group (ng/L: 43.95±9.05 vs. 11.08±3.27, P < 0.01). On the 7th day after modeling, the cumulative survival rate of the Sham group was 100%, while that of the CLP group was 31.82%. Diversity analysis showed that there was no significant difference in α diversity parameter between the Sham group and the CLP group (number of species: 520.00±52.15 vs. 492.25±86.61, Chao1 richness estimator: 707.25±65.69 vs. 668.93±96.50, Shannon index: 5.74±0.42 vs. 5.79±0.91, Simpson index: 0.93±0.03 vs. 0.94±0.05, all P > 0.05). However, the β diversity analysis showed that the difference between groups was greater than that within groups whether weighted according to OTU or not (abundance weighted matrix: R = 0.23, P = 0.04; abundance unweighted matrix: R = 0.32, P = 0.01). At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Candidatus&#95;sacchari in the CLP group increased significantly as compared with the Sham group [18.100% (15.271%, 26.665%) vs. 6.974% (2.854%, 9.764%), 0.125% (0.027%, 0.159%)% vs. 0.018% (0.008%, 0.021%), both P < 0.05]. At the genus level, the abundance of opportunistic pathogen including Helicobacter, Ruthenium, Streptococcus, Clostridium XVIII in the CLP group was significantly higher than that in the Sham group [5.090% (1.812%, 6.598%) vs. 0.083% (0.034%, 0.198%), 0.244% (0.116%, 0.330%) vs. 0.016% (0.008%, 0.029%), 0.006% (0.003%, 0.010%) vs. 0.001% (0%, 0.003%), 0.094% (0.035%, 0.430%) vs. 0.007% (0.003%, 0.030%), all P < 0.05], and the abundance of probiotics such as Alloprevotella and Romboustia was significantly lower than that in the Sham group [7.345% (3.662%, 11.546%) vs. 22.504% (14.403%, 26.928%), 0.113% (0.047%, 0.196%) vs. 1.229% (0.809%, 2.29%), both P < 0.01]. LEfSe analysis showed that the probiotics belonging to Firmicutes were significantly enriched in the Sham group, and Romboustia was the most significantly enriched species. Opportunistic pathogens such as Helicobacter, Streptococcus and Clostridium XVIII were significantly enriched in the CLP group, Helicobacter&#95;NGSU&#95; 2015 was the most significantly enriched species., Conclusions: In the early stage of sepsis, the intestinal microbiota structure of rats is significantly changed, which mainly shows that the abundance of Alloprevotella and other probiotics is significantly reduced, while that of Helicobacter and other opportunistic pathogens is significantly increased.

Objective: To investigate the possible mechanism of ultrasound therapy in the rat model of sepsis., Methods: Seventy-eight male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into Sham group (n = 12), septic model group (n = 22), ultrasound treatment group (n = 22), methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA) combined with ultrasound treatment group (n = 22). In the Sham group, only the abdomen was opened, the cecum was found to be free, without cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). In the septic model group, CLP was used to replicate the septic rat model. After operation, each group of rats were subcutaneously injected with preheated 37 centigrade normal saline. The rats in the ultrasound treatment group were treated with ultrasound [Philips IU22 L9-3 ultrasound instrument and 9 MHz probe were used to break the sequence in the spleen area once every 6 seconds, with 1 second for each time, the mechanical index (MI) was 0.72, and the treatment time was 10 minutes]. In the MLA combined with ultrasound treatment group, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) specific blocker MLA 4 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes before operation, and ultrasound treatment was performed 2 hours after operation. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β, IL-6) in serum of each group were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 24 hours after operation. The 10-day survival rate of each group was recorded, and the symptoms of each group were evaluated by clinical disease score (CDS). The histopathological changes of lung and colon were observed under light microscope., Results: Compared with the Sham group, the 10-day survival rate of rats in the septic model group was decreased significantly [40% (4/10) vs. 100% (6/6)], the CDS was (10.73±2.19 vs. 6.17±0.58) and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were increased significantly at 24 hours after operation [TNF-α (ng/L): 42.00±8.92 vs. 13.16±3.19, IL-6 (ng/L): 129.37±25.04 vs. 63.99±12.92, IL-1β (ng/L): 254.98±67.27 vs. 76.83±25.39, all P < 0.01]. Compared with the septic model group, the survival rate in the ultrasound treatment group was improved [70% (7/10) vs. 40% (4/10)], but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The CDS (7.64±2.68 vs. 10.73±2.19) and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were significantly reduced at 24 hours after operation [TNF-α (ng/L): 16.93±6.02 vs. 42.00±8.92, IL-6 (ng/L): 73.65±24.38 vs. 129.37±25.04, IL-1β (ng/L): 111.86±14.08 vs. 254.98±67.27, all P < 0.01]. Compared with the ultrasound treatment group, the survival rate in the MLA combined with ultrasound treatment group was reduced [60% (6/10) vs. 70% (7/10)], but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CDS was significantly increased (9.55±2.72 vs. 7.64±2.68), and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly increased at 24 hours after operation [TNF-α (ng/L): 34.61±7.89 vs. 16.93±6.02, IL-6 (ng/L): 112.92±10.42 vs. 73.65±24.38, IL-1β (ng/L): 212.57±32.16 vs. 111.86±14.08, all P < 0.01]. Microscopically, in the septic model group, the alveolar septum was thickened, a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated, normal pulmonary reticular structure disappeared, and pulmonary interstitium showed obvious hemorrhage and edema, meanwhile, the structure of colonic villi was obviously abnormal, with cells were edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the arrangement was disordered, so that the subepithelial space and the top of it fell off. After ultrasound treatment, the thickness of the alveolar interval in rats was similar to that in Sham group, without obvious inflammatory cell infiltration, and the pulmonary reticular structure was relatively intact. At the same time, the morphology of colonic villi was basically normal and orderly, the edema of cell was not obvious, and subcutaneous space and tip fall off were not obvious. After being antagonized by MLA, the rat lung tissue showed thickened alveolar septum, inflammatory cell infiltration, incomplete pulmonary network structure, hemorrhage and edema in the interstitium. The villi structure of the colon was faintly visible, with obvious cell edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the arrangement was abnormal., Conclusions: Ultrasound treatment improves the prognosis of septic rats, MLA can reverse the anti-inflammatory effect of ultrasound therapy by antagonizing α7nAChR, suggesting that the protective mechanism of ultrasound in sepsis may be related to activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by α7nAChR.

Objective: To investigate the value of sedation in colonoscopy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of colonoscopy procedures was performed in our institution. Inclusion criteria: (1) colonoscopy procedures were performed by well-trained gastrointestinal surgeons our institution; (2) medical records were complete and colonoscopy was documented properly by notes, videos, photographs, and traceable pathological reports. Those with incomplete records or performed in other institution were excluded. According to above criteria, clinical data of 49 057 cases of clinic and hospitalization receiving diagnostic or therapeutic colonoscopyat Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, Daping Hospital from July 2007 to February 2017 were collected. Among them, there were 24 638 (50.2%) males and 24 419 females, with mean age of (50.6±14.1) (4 to 98) years. Based on the application of sedation during colonoscopy, patients were divided into the sedation group (39 412 cases, 80.3%) and the non-sedation group (9 645 cases, 19.7%). Clinical characteristics of two groups were compared. Results: The sedation rate increased from 45.6% (369/810) to 94.8% (917/967) from 2007 to 2017. As compared to non-sedation group, a higher proportion of females [51.0% (20 095/39 412) vs. 44.8% (4 324/9 645), χ(2)=117.422, P <0.001] and younger median age (50.0 years vs. 51.0 years, Z =-4.774, P <0.001) were found in the sedation group, whose differences were statistically significant. In all the 9645 cases in the non-sedation group, about 5.5% (534) of them terminated the examination because of unbearable discomfort, including 244 (4.6%) males and 290 (6.7%) females (χ(2)=20.522, P <0.001). Among all the screening population who were ≥50 years old, there was no significant difference in the polyp detection rate (PDR) between the sedation group and the non-sedation group [26.7% (4 737/17 753) vs. 27.4% (1 093/3 984), χ(2)=0.937, P =0.330]. The cecal intubation rate (CIR) in the sedation group was significantly higher than that in the non-sedation group [(85.2% (14 422/16 933) vs. 76.1% (2 803/3 682), χ(2)=180.032, P< 0.001]. Five cases in the sedation group developed iatrogenic colonic perforation (ICP), with none in the non-sedation group. Conclusions: The application of sedation in colonoscopy is increasingly popular. Sedation can significantly improve CIR in colonoscopy, while it has no positive influence on PDR. Meanwhile, sedation increases the medical expense and may result in higher ICP rate.

Objective: To construct the adhesion model of abdominal wall-cecum injury and explore the prevention and treatment effect of modified xyloglucan (mXG) thermosensitive hydrogel on abdominal wall-cecal injury adhesion., Methods: SD rats were used to construct the abdominal wall-cecal injury adhesion model. Model mice were randomly divided into blank control group (Control), commercial chitosan membrane Control group (Film) and mXG thermosensitive hydrogel group (Hydrogel), each group contained 16 rats.In the Hydrogel group, 1 mL 4% ( m/V ) mXG solution was smeared on the wound surface of abdominal wall and the cecum, then closed the abdomen after gel was formed (3 min).In the Film group, 2 cm×3 cm chitosan anti-adhesion Film was applied onto the wound surface of the abdominal wall before abdominal closure.In the Control group, 1 mL normal saline was applied onto the wound surface of abdominal wall and the cecum before abdominal closure.On 7 and 14 d after the operation, rats'abdominal cavity was opened by surgery to examine and score the adhesion grade between the abdominal wall and the cecum, with double-blind design.Meanwhile, the adhesion tissue or wound tissue was taken and stained by HE, Masson and Van Gieson to histological evaluate the anti-adhesion effect.The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was determined by immunohistochemical staining as well. Another group of 12 SD rat models were subjected to mXG thermosensitive hydrogel intervention.At the 1 and 6 weeks postoperation, rats main organs such as heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were taken for histological examination with HE staining for the purpose of evaluation the toxicity of mXG in vivo., Results: Adhesion grade evaluation results showed that Film group rats occurred mild adhesion, Control group rats occurred severe adhesion, while in Hydrogel group hardly rats occured adhesion, and the differences were statistically significant( P < 0.05). Histological results showed that the Hydrogel group rats recovered well at 7 d after surgery.In healing wound tissue, no mutated tissue was observed, but a certain degree of inflammatory cell infiltration was still existed. At 14 d after surgery, the inflammation cells in the wound were significantly reduced, and the healing tissue containing only a small amount of collagen fibers under the neonatal mesothelial layer.But the other two groups showed different degrees of adhesion at the 7 and 14 d post surgery.Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the Hydrogel group were both weaker than those in the other groups, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). In vivo toxicity tests did not show significant changes in the structure of the organs of mXG gel intervention rats at different time points., Conclusion: mXG thermosensitive hydrogel plays a good role in physical isolation during the key period of adhesion formation and effectively prevent the occurrence of cecum-abdominal adhesion., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Science Edition).)

Objective: To evaluate the cardiac function of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induced sepsis rats with high-resolution ultrasound., Methods: According to the method of random number table, 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control group and sepsis 6, 12, 24, 30, 48 hours groups, with 8 rats in each group. The sepsis model was produced by CLP, and the rats in the normal control group were only anesthetized and resuscitated. The general situation after modeling in each group was observed, and the left ventricular function was assessed by high-resolution echocardiography at all the time points. The abdominal aorta blood of rats was collected, and the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The myocardial tissue was harvested, and the pathological changes in myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining., Results: The rats challenged to CLP displayed symptoms of sepsis, such as depression, ruffled fur, decreased diet and activity, and the symptoms became more obvious with the extension of time. High-resolution echocardiography could clearly show the structure of left ventricle in each group and obtain satisfactory M-mode echocardiography of left ventricle. The heart rate (HR) of rats in all sepsis groups was elevated with the increase in model time as measured by high-resolution ultrasound, and it was significantly higher than that in the normal control group at 12, 24, 30 hours (bpm: 359.66±23.33, 361.35±12.85, 392.67±11.33 vs. 306.24±29.79, all P < 0.05). Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) in sepsis rats were decreased with the increase in model time, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were increased first and then decreased, and SV and LVEF in sepsis 48 hours group were significantly lower than those in the normal control group [SV (μL): 78.43±17.52 vs. 122.61±15.88, LVEF: 0.763±0.018 vs. 0.902±0.011, both P < 0.05]. Left ventricular weight (LVW) in all sepsis groups was increased to different degrees as compared with that in the normal control group, as well as the left ventricular anterior and posterior wall thickness increased in diastole and systole. Compared with the normal control group, the left ventricular posterior wall thickness was increased significantly at the end of diastolic and systolic period in the sepsis 12 hours group, and the left ventricular anterior wall thickness was also increased significantly at the end of diastolic period in the sepsis 48 hours group. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and CK-MB in sepsis rats were increased first and then decreased with the extension of model making time. The above parameters in the sepsis 48 hours group were still significantly higher than those in the normal control group [TNF-α (ng/L): 61.59±3.99 vs. 16.87±4.89, IL-1β (ng/L): 255.03±13.23 vs. 119.59±10.43, CK-MB (μg/L): 1.27±0.15 vs. 0.52±0.15, all P < 0.05]. HE staining showed that the myocardial striations of the rats in the normal control group were clear and complete, with normal morphology and orderly arrangement of cardiac cells. However in the sepsis groups, myocardial cells were swollen, ruptured and necrotic, and inflammatory cells were infiltrated, with myocardial fibers ruptured and necrosis dissolved, and the above pathological manifestations gradually increased with the extension of the model making time., Conclusions: High-resolution ultrasound can evaluate the cardiac function of CLP induced sepsis rat model more comprehensive, and the consequence of evaluation index is consistent with the expression level of myocardial enzyme and histopathologic manifestations.

Objective: Although the clinical definitions of sepsis and recommended treatments are regularly updated, a systematic review has not been done for preclinical models. To address this deficit, a Wiggers-Bernard Conference on preclinical sepsis modeling reviewed the 260 most highly cited papers between 2003 and 2012 using sepsis models to create a series of recommendations. This Part II report provides recommendations for the types of infections and documentation of organ injury in preclinical sepsis models. Concerning the types of infections, the review showed that the cecal ligation and puncture model was used for 44% of the studies while 40% injected endotoxin. Recommendation #8 (numbered sequentially from Part I): endotoxin injection should not be considered as a model of sepsis; live bacteria or fungal strains derived from clinical isolates are more appropriate. Recommendation #9: microorganisms should replicate those typically found in human sepsis. Sepsis-3 states that sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, but the review of the papers showed limited attempts to document organ dysfunction. Recommendation #10: organ dysfunction definitions should be used in preclinical models. Recommendation #11: not all activities in an organ/system need to be abnormal to verify organ dysfunction. Recommendation #12: organ dysfunction should be measured in an objective manner using reproducible scoring systems. Recommendation #13: not all experiments must measure all parameters of organ dysfunction, but investigators should attempt to fully capture as much information as possible. These recommendations are proposed as "best practices" for animal models of sepsis.

Objective: To compare the difference of the diameters of superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and gastrocolic trunk (GCT) between patients with cecum-ascending colon cancer and normal individuals, and to assess the diagnostic value of the diameters of SMV and GCT in cecum-ascending colon cancer., Methods: Preoperative imaging data of 60 patients with primary cecum-ascending colon cancer confirmed by postoperative pathology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2014 to December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The diameters of SMV and GCT were measured on preoperative CT images. SMV was measured at about 2 cm below the junction of SMV and splenic vein. GCT was measured at 1 cm near the proximal junction of right colon vein, right gastroepiploic vein and anterior pancreaticoduodenal vein. Another 60 people receiving pelvic CT examination without organ illness were collected as control. The diameter differences of SMV and GCT between cancer group and control group were compared. The diagnostic value of the diameters of SMV and GCT in cecum-ascending colon cancer was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves., Results: Among 60 cases of cecum-ascending colon cancer, 36 were males and 24 were females with median age of 48 years (range 28-84); 13 were cecum cancer, 47 were ascending colon cancer; 11 had no lymph node and liver metastasis, 40 had lymph node metastasis, 9 had liver metastasis (all with lymph node metastasis). Compared to control group, the diameters of SMV and GCT in cancer group were significantly longer [SMV:(11.2±1.3) mm vs. (9.5±1.7) mm, t=6.04, P<0.001; GCT:(5.5±0.9) mm vs. (3.5±1.0) mm, t=11.51, P<0.001]. However, there were no statistically significant differences in diameters of SMV and GCT among hepatic metastasis, lymph node metastasis and no metastasis cancer groups (all P>0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of SMV diameter was 0.777, and the optimal cut-off point was 10.5 mm in the diagnosis of cecum-ascending colon cancer, with the sensitivity and specificity of 95.0%(57/60) and 46.7%(28/60) respectively. The area under the curve of GCT diameter was 0.923, and the optimal cut-off point was 4.5 mm in the diagnosis of cecum-ascending colon cancer, with sensitivity and specificity of 88.3%(53/60) and 85.0%(51/60) respectively., Conclusion: The dilation of the SMV and GCT may be used as warning factors for cecum-ascending colon cancer, especially the diameter of GCT.

Objective: To reveal the pathophysiological changes of sepsis, the plasma metabonomics of septic rats was determined and differential metabolites were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)., Methods: Male Spraguee-Dawley (SD) rats about 8 weeks were randomly divided into sham group (n = 18) and sepsis group (n = 24). Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to build sepsis model, while cecum was kept intact only in the sham group. 6 hours after the operation, rats were anesthetized, and blood was harvested through heart thoracotomy. Then the plasma metabonomics was detected by GC-MS and metabolic profile analysis was performed to find the relative differential metabolites., Results: Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that the metabolic profiling of the sepsis group was significantly different from the sham group. 259 kinds of metabolites were got by GC-MS, and 69 kinds of differential metabolites were found between sham group and sepsis group, in which 23 differential metabolites were related to amino acid metabolism. Compared with sham group, the contents of putrescine, N-glutamic acid, hydroxynorvaline, 3-cyanuric acid, D-alanyl-D-alanine and urea in the plasma of septic rats increased significantly, which ratios of sepsis/sham group were 10.876, 6.394, 2.800, 2.226, 1.323, 1.203, respectively (all P < 0.05). On the other hand, the contents of oxygen generation of proline, citrulline, glutamine, su-beta-hydroxy aspartic acid, citric acid, N-methyl-DL-alanine, serine, lysine, threonine, N-formyl-L-methionine, methionine, alanine, nicotinuric acid, N-methyl-L-glutamic acid, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, proline, L-glutamic acid in the plasma of septic rats decreased significantly, which ratios of sepsis/sham group were 0.858, 0.853, 0.834, 0.816, 0.816, 0.814, 0.813, 0.801, 0.793, 0.792, 0.774, 0.766, 0.748, 0.727, 0.716, 0.674, 0.603, respectively (all P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Through the GC-MS analysis of plasma metabonomics of septic rats, we found abnormal energy metabolism changes. The content of amino acid in plasma might be a method to evaluate the energy metabolism status of sepsis.

Objective: To evaluate the result of colorectal cancer screening for high-risk groups in Harbin, China from 2012 to 2015., Methods: According to the Project of National Colorectal Cancer Screening in Urban Area, epidemiological investigation and cancer risk evaluation established by National Cancer Center were performed among 40-69 years old residents in Harbin. Questionnaires were issued to assess high-risk groups for clinical screening, including colonoscope examination. The results of colorectal screening were evaluated in detail., Results: Project of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Urban Area was completed successfully from 2012 to 2015 in various districts of Harbin. The accomplishment of high-risk assessment included 3 017 people, while 2 996 people received the clinical screening, including 1 376 males and 1 629 females, from 40 to 69 (53.3±7.1) years old. Among 2 996 people, 1 158 cases of colorectal polyps(38.7%) were screened, including 36.6%(901/2 465) cases of age<60 and 48.4%(257/531) cases of age>60 years old with significant difference (χ 2 =19.19, P<0.01), and 47.6% (651/1 367) cases of male and 31.1%(507/1 629) cases of female with significant difference (χ 2 =85.33, P<0.01). Of 1 158 polyps patients, 141 received the pathological examination and 11 patients were diagnosed as colorectal cancer, accounting for 0.4% of overall screening people (11/2 996). All these 11 patients underwent operation by advice and the postoperative pathology results all indicated early adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, among 141 polyps patients, 97 cases of tubular adenoma were found, which were distributed as follows: 2 cases of cecum (2.1%), 14 cases of ascending colon(14.4%), 12 cases of transverse colon (12.4%), 15 cases of descending colon (15.5%), 35 cases of sigmoid colon (36.1%) and 19 cases of rectum(19.6%)., Conclusion: With the increase in age, the risk of colorectal polyps is significantly elevated. The males have higher incidence of colorectal polyps than the females. Adenoma mainly locates in the distal colon and rectum, especially in the sigmoid colon. Early screening for high-risk group can find out colorectal precancerosis and cancer, so the patients can receive early treatment.

Objective: To observe the effect of Trichinella spiralis and its worm-derived proteins on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice., Methods: Eighty male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into sham-operated group, CLP group, Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) pre-infection group (ML+CLP group), soluble muscle larvae proteins (SMP) treatment group (SMP+CLP group) and excretory-secretory proteins (MES) treatment group (MES+CLP group). In ML+CLP group, the mice were orally infected with 300 Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae at 28 days before CLP and those in the other groups were intraperitioneally injected with PBS or SMP (25 µg/mice) or MES (25µg/mice) 30 min after CLP. The general condition and 72-h survival after CLP of the mice were observed. The levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β were measured at 12 h after the operation, and the pathological changes of the liver and kidney were observed., Results: s Compared with the sham-operated mice, the mice in CLP group showed decreased 72-h survival, obviously increased ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and TGF-β with hepatic cords disorder, hepatocytes swelling, glomerulus shrinkage, and renal tubular cell edema. Compared with CLP group, the mice in ML+CLP group showed lowered levels of ALT, AST, Cr, TNF-α and IL-1β and increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β; in SMP+CLP group, the levels of ALT, AST, Cr, TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased and TGF-β increased. In MES+CLP group, the mice showed obviously increased 72-h survival with lowered levels of ALT, AST, BUN, Cr, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-β, and alleviated liver and kidney damages., Conclusion: Trichinella spiralis and its worm-derived proteins can decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase immunomodulatory cytokines, and MES has more potent effect to reduce structural and functional damages of the liver and kidney.

Objective: To investigate the effects of rosiglitazone on the structure of the kidney of rats in sepsis with acute kidney injury., Methods: Sepsis models were established using male Sprague-Dawley rats by cecal ligation puncture (CLP). 96 healthy rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: cecal ligation puncture and rosiglitazone group (group CLP+ ROSI), cecal ligation puncture group (group CLP), Sham and rosiglitazone group (group Sham+ ROSI), sham group (group Sham). Six rats were sacrificed at 0, 6, 12, 24 h after CLP respectively in each group. The general status of rats was observed and H&E staining was applied to detect renal pathological histology changes. Myeloperoxidase(MPO) was measured in kidney tissues. Expression of the ligand of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) were also determined by Western blot analysis., Results: The increased MPO activity of group CLP+ ROSI was significantly lower than that of group CLP at 12 h and 24 h[(4.07±0.16)vs(4.62±0.08); P12=0.01, P24=0.006]. The MPO activity of group CLP was significantly higher than that of group Sham at 6, 12 and 24 h[(4.62±0.08)vs(1.30±0.06); P6=0.00, P12=0.00, P24=0.00]. The MPO activity of group CLP+ ROSI was significantly higher than that of group Sham+ ROSI at 6, 12 and 24 h[(4.07±0.16)vs(1.27±0.06); P6=0.00, P12=0.00, P24=0.00]. Compared with group Sham and group Sham+ ROSI, in rats of group CLP and group CLP+ ROSI the symptoms of sepsis and organ dysfunction were observed. The symptoms of sepsis and organ dysfunction of group CLP+ ROSI were significantly reduced than that of group CLP. Expression of PPARγ and Bcl-2 were determined by Western blot analysis, the expression of PPARγ and Bcl-2 of group CLP+ ROSI was significantly lower than that of group CLP., Conclusion: Rosiglitazone, as the ligand of PPARγ, reduced the inflammatory response in sepsis, decreased the apoptosis of kidney cell, reduced kidney injury, and protected acute kidney injury in rats of sepsis.

Objective: The explore the mechanism responsible for diaphragmatic contractile and relaxation dysfunction in a rat model of sepsis., Methods: Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized equally into a sham-operated group and two model groups of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) for examination at 6 and 12 h following CLP (CLP-6 h and CLP-12 h groups). The parameters of diaphragm contractile and relaxation were measured, and the calcium uptake and release rates of the diaphragmatic sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the protein expressions of SERCA1, SERCA2 and RyR in the diaphragmatic muscles were determined., Results: The half-relaxation time of the diaphragm was extended in both the CLP-6 h and CLP-12 h groups with significantly reduced maximum tension declinerate and the peek uptake rate of SERCA (P<0.01). Diaphragmatic maximum twitch force development rate, the maximal twitch, tetanus tensions and the peek release rate of SR decreased only at 12h after CLP (P<0.01). The expression levels of SERCA1 protein decreased significantly in the diaphragmatic muscles at 12h following CLP (P<0.01) while SERCA2 expression level and SERCA activity showed no significant changes., Conclusion: In the acute stage of sepsis, both the contractile and relaxation functions of the diaphragm are impaired. Diaphragmatic relaxation dysfunction may result from reduced calcium uptake in the SR and a decreased level of SERCA1 in the diaphragmatic muscles.

Objective: To investigate the effect of fish oil on intestinal Paneth cells in mouse with abdominal infection., Methods: Fifty C57BL/6J mouse were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each): control group, sham group, infection group (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP), fish oil group (0.4 g/kg fish oil, intragastric administration every day, FO) and long chain triglyceride group (0.4 g/kg soybean oil, intragastric administration every day, LCT). The mouse were sacrificed and the terminal ileum was collected for lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and secreted phosphatidase A2 (sPLA2) analysis at the fourth day after operation. The changes of mouse body weight and intestinal mucosa pathology were observed., Results: The body weight, the mRNA levels of lysozyme, cryptdin 4 and sPLA2 and the protein level of lysozyme of Paneth cells in the infection group were reduced compared with the control group (0.78±0.34 vs. 1.83±0.11, 0.99±0.44 vs. 2.02±0.33, 0.92±0.25 vs. 1.50±0.27, 0.31±0.06 vs. 0.45±0.05, all P<0.05), meanwhile the intestinal villi collapse and breakage occurred obviously. Fish oil could up-regulate the mRNA and protein expression of lysozyme (1.23±0.27 vs. 0.78±0.34 and 0.62±0.23, 0.38±0.07 vs. 0.31±0.06 and 0.32±0.06, all P<0.05) and alleviate the mucosa injury compared with the infection group and LCT group., Conclusions: The function of intestinal Paneth cells is damaged apparently after cecal ligation and puncture. Fish oil can relieve this injury.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of preparation of a mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer by injecting tumor cell suspension into mesenteric triangle of the cecum., Methods: Twenty SPF 8-week old BALB/c mice (male:female = 1:1) were used in this study. The mouse caecum was exposed by laparostomy, and suspension of mouse colon adenocarcinoma CT26. WT cells was injected into the mesenteric triangle of cecum for preparation of a mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer., Results: Mouse orthotopic colon cancer was developed by injection of tumor cell suspension into mesenteric triangle of the cecum showing a successful rate of 100%, without intestinal obstruction, and the liver, spleen, diaphragm and mesenteric lymph nodes metastasis rates were high in all the 20 experimental mice., Conclusions: The establishment of mouse models of orthotopic colon cancer by injection of tumor cell suspension into the mesenteric triangle is a simple, rapid, and easy to master procedure, causing less damage to the colon wall, safe and with less trauma to the mice. This method may provide an ideal mouse model of orthotopic colon cancer for the study of pathogenesis as well as liver metastasis mechanisms of colon cancer.

Objective: To investigate the influence of rosiglitazone on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) of rats in sepsis with acute kidney injury., Methods: Sepsis models were established using male Sprague-Dawley rats by cecal ligation puncture (CLP). Ninety six healthy rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: cecal ligation puncture and rosiglitazone group (group CLP+ROSI), cecal ligation puncture group (group CLP), Sham and rosiglitazone group (group Sham+ROSI), Sham group (group Sham). Blood samples of 6 rats in each group were collected at postoperative 0, 6, 12, 24 h, to detect TNFα levels in serum. Observe and compare the mobility of rats in each group and the level of serum creatinine and H&E staining was applied to detect renal pathological histology changes. Statistics was analyzed by SPSS 13.0 software application of independent samples t test., Results: The creatinine level of Group CLP was increased with the extension of time, the creatinine level of group CLP was significantly higher than that of group Sham at 12 h and 24 h (P(12) = 0.047, P(24) = 0.001). The creatinine level of group CLP+ROSI was significantly higher than that of group Sham+ROSI at 12 h and 24 h (P(12) = 0.033, P(24) = 0.039). The increased creatinine level of group CLP +ROSI was significantly lower than that of group CLP at 12 h and 24 h (P(12) = 0.04, P(24) = 0.006). The TNFα concentration of group CLP was significantly higher than that of group Sham at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h (P < 0.05). The TNFα concentration of group CLP+ROSI was significantly higher than that of group Sham+ROSI at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h (P < 0.05). The increased TNFα concentration of group CLP+ROSI was significantly lower than that of group CLP at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h (P(6) = 0.01, P12 = 0.02, P(24) = 0.01). Compared with group Sham and group Sham+ROSI, in rats of group CLP and group CLP+ROSI the symptoms of sepsis and organ dysfunction were observed. The symptoms of sepsis and organ dysfunction of group CLP+ROSI were significantly reduced than that of group CLP., Conclusion: Rosiglitazone can inhibit the expression of TNFα in serum of septic rats, reduce the inflammatory reaction, reduce kidney injury, improve the renal function. Rosiglitazone on septic rats with acute kidney injury has a protective effect.

Objective: To investigate the influence of length of preserved ileocecum on the efficacy of laparoscopic subtotal colectomy antiperistaltic cecorectal anastomosis (LSCACRA) in treating slow transit constipation (STC)., Methods: Clinical data of 81 STC patients who received LSCACRA between April 2007 And December 2011 in the 150th Center Hospital of PLA were continuously collected. Patients were divided into two groups: 10 cm to 15 cm ascending colon preserved above ileocecal junction(10-15 cm group, n=41), and 2 cm to 3 cm ascending colon preserved above ileocecal junction (2-3 cm group, n=40). The Wexner constipation scale (WCS), Wexner incontinence scale(WIS), gastrointestinal quality of life index(GIQLI), abdominal pain intensity scale(NRS), abdominal pain frequency scale and abdominal bloating frequency scale in the two groups were determined and compared before and 6, 12, 24 months after operation., Results: No postoperative incontinence was found in all the patients. There were no significant differences in evacuation frequency between two groups at 6th and 12th month after surgery (all P>0.05). Two years after operation, barium enema emptying time examination revealed 2-3 cm group was (17.7±9.5) h, which was remarkably shorter than (21.2±20.7) h in 10-15 cm group (P=0.011). The WCS, GIQLI, NRS and abdominal pain frequency scale of two groups were improved obviously at 6th, 12th and 24th month after surgery (all P<0.01). Above parameters in 2-3 cm group were superior to 10-15 cm group (all P<0.01), but abdominal bloating frequency scale was not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). As compared with before operation, NRS in 2-3 cm group 6, 12, 24 months after operation reduced remarkably (all P<0.01), but did not improve obviously in 10-15 cm group (P>0.05)., Conclusion: The shorter length of ascending colon preserved above ileocecal junction can improve the efficacy of LSCACRA in the treatment of STC and the prognosis of patients. Two to three cm length of ascending colon preserved above the ileocecal junction should be recommended.

Objective: To explore the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic radical coloproctectomy and hepatectomy for resectalble colorectal cancer with liver metastases (CRCLM), and evaluate the survival outcomes of short-middle term for these patients., Methods: Totally 36 cases of CRCLM which were evaluated to undergo laparoscopic coloproctectomy and hepatectomy preoperatively, were enrolled from January 2009 to January 2014, including 28 synchronous and 8 metachronous CLM respectively. Laparoscopic colorectal resection and hepatectomies were performed in 35 cases, including 24 male and 11 female patients, with a mean age of (64 ± 12) years and a median age of 67 years (ranging from 35 to 80 years). Management strategies were made by a board of multi-disciplinary team. Intra-operative ultrasonography was used to detect the metastases in all cases. Overall survival and disease free survival were calculated by Kaplan-Meier curve., Results: Radical total colectomy, right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy, sigmoidectomy, and proctectomy and were performed in 1 case of familial adenomatous polyposis with transverse colon cancer, 5 cases of cecal or asending colon cancer, 1 case of descending colon cancer, 14 cases of sigmoid colon cancer, and 14 cases of rectal cancer respectively. Metastasectomy only, anatomic hepatectomy only, and metastasectomy plus anatomic hepatectomy were done in 21, 10 and 4 cases respectively. Totally 35 colorectal tumors and 62 liver lesions were removed. The mean blood loss of colorectal and liver surgery were (80 ± 32) and (212 ± 153) ml, the median blood loss was 70 ml and 150 ml respectively. Colorectal and hepatic specific complications were not observed in all cases except a case of biliary leakage following right hemihepatectomy. Relapses were observed in 15 cases during a mean follow-up of (26 ± 16) months (median follow-up of 22 months). Four cases died of late-stage cachexia. The 1- and 3-year cumulative overall survival rates were 92.9% and 79.4% respectively. The 1- and 3-year cumulative disease free survival rates were 61.1% and 49.4% respectively., Conclusions: Laparoscopic coloproctectomy and hepatectomy for resectable CRCLM in carefully selected cases is safe and feasible, which makes simultaneous surgery possible. The oncologic outcome of short-middle term is acceptable, and long-term survival is expected.

Objective: To investigate the effect of transfusion of necrotic cells on regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cell balance in septic mice., Methods: Thirty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomized into PBS group (n=5), sham-operated group (n=5), sepsis group (n=12), and necrotic cell transfusion group (n=12) and subjected to intraperitoneal PBS injection, sham operation by separating the cecum only, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and injection of 2 × 10⁷ necrotic cells 5 days before CLP, respectively. All the mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after CLP for analyzing the proportion of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺Treg cells and CD4⁺IL17A⁺Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, spleen and thymus by flow cytometry., Results: The percentage of Th17 cells and Treg/Th17 ratio in the spleen was significantly higher in CLP group than in the sham-operated group and PBS group (P<0.01). The percentage of Treg cells in the thymus was significantly lower in CLP group than in the sham-operated group (P<0.01). Pre-infusion of necrotic cells redressed the abnormality of Treg and Th17 cell percentages and Treg/Th17 imbalance in mice following CLP (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Pre-infusion of necrotic cells can reverse Treg/Th17 imbalance in septic mice.

Objective: To observe the pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa in rats with severe abdominal infection., Method: A total of 60 SD rats were divided randomly into control group and experimental group (n=30), and in the latter group, the rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) while those in the former had only laparotomy. The jejunum and ileum were sampled on postoperative days 1, 2 and 4 for optical and electron microscopic observations. The positivity rate of blood bacterial culture and plasma level of endotoxin were determined in the rats., Results: No abnormal changes were observed with either optical and electron microscope in the small intestinal mucous membrane of rats in the control group, but in rats of the experimental group, microscopic examination revealed interstitial edema, vascular engorgement and neutrophil infiltration in the small intestine mucous membrane and the submucosa, and electron microscopy demonstrated loose and disorderly arrangement of the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium. Plasma endotoxin level in rats in the experimental group was 5- to 12-fold higher than that in the control group. The positivity rates of blood bacterial culture were 20%, 30% and 10% on postoperative days 1, 2 and 4 respectively in the experimental group, but were all zero in the control group., Conclusion: Pathologic lesions in the intestinal mucosa occur during the early stage of severe abdominal infection in rats as the result of bacteria and endotoxin translocation.