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The main water source of a water purification plant in Tianjin is Yangtze River water from Mid-route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. On the basis of conventional processes, the plant has added pre-ozone, post-ozone and activated carbon enhancement processes to improve the quality of effluent. In this study, a small-scale experimental device was set up to investigate the effect of each process in enhancing of the conventional processes for treating Yangtze River water. The results indicated that the optimal dosages of flocculants PAC and FeCl3 were both 17 mg/L. The addition of pre- or post-ozone process to the conventional process could effectively enhance the removal of organic matter. The addition of activated carbon process could enhance the removal of turbidity and organic matter at the same time. The addition of post-ozone and activated carbon process could significantly enhance the removal of turbidity and organic matter. The optimum dosage for both pre- and post-ozone both were 1.0 mg/L. When the concentration of bromine ion in the raw water was up to 150 μ/L, the dosage of ozone in the conventional-post-ozone process and pre-ozone-conventional-post ozone process should be adjusted to ≤0.5 mg/L.

ObjectiveTo establish a rapid and nondestructive identification method for human body fluid stains and non-biological stains using three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy.MethodsThe collected three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum data of human saliva, 3% blood, coffee and Fanta® stains were processed with dimensionality reduction. After wavelet transform, spectral denoising and feature extraction, the classification formula was established. The Fisher discriminant was used for spectrum matching and recognition to establish the analysis method to distinguish stain types.ResultsAccording to the results of data training and comparison, all the recognition accuracies of Fanta®, coffee, saliva and blood were more than 91.39%. Among them, saliva reached 100% recognition accuracy.ConclusionThree-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy is a potential method for rapid and nondestructive identification of biological and non-biological stains.

Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen act as “nature’s recorder”. As a carrier for individual human information, human hair can be measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to translate into information about people’s dietary habits, health condition and life track. The basic principle behind establishing dietary lifestyle using isotopic profiles of human hair is the fact that the body’s only source of C, N is a person’s staple diet. It may have significant differences in carbon, nitrogen isotopic compositions of human hair that are living at different regions. The aim of the study was to analyze the discrepancy of 15N and 13C stable isotope ratios in human hair collected from different cities, and explore the relationship between carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and human groups, such as gender and age. The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the human hair of 247 local residents from 8 different cities were investigated by IRMS. The results showed that there were significant difference in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of human hair from different cities. The value of δ13C was negatively correlated with vegetable consumption per capita. The value of δ15N was positively correlated with meat consumption per capita, and might be increased by high intake of fish. The relationship between δ13C, δ15N and the factors of gender and age demonstrated that there were no significant difference between males and females, but the age of females showed a weakly negative correlation with δ13C. By comparing the data of this paper and other literatures, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in the hair of residents in China were different from other countries, which implied that there were various dietary habits in different countries.

Objective To observe and analyse the Amelogenin allelic loss in parent-child identification cases, and to explore the type and mechanism of Amelogenin allelic loss as well as its influence on gender identification and solutions. Methods After the detection by SiFaSTRTM 23plex DNA identification system, samples had the characteristics of the peak area of Amelogenin X was the same as the one of adjacent heterozygote or lower than one half of adjacent homozygote in females while Amelogenin X loss was observed in males were selected. X chromosome STR （X-STR） typing and Amelogenin X sequencing were performed. The samples with Amelogenin Y loss in males were confirmed by the detection of Y chromosome STR typing and sex-determining region of Y （SRY）. The type and rate of Amelogenin allelic loss were confirmed and calculated, and the mechanism and influence of this variation were also analysed. Results Amelogenin X allelic loss was observed in one male sample, the mutation in primer-binding region was confirmed by sequencing. The suspected Amelogenin X allelic loss was observed in four female samples, but the mutation in primer-binding region was confirmed by sequencing in only one sample. Amelogenin Y allelic loss was observed in seven male samples, SRY positive cases was detected in five of them, and two were SRY negative. Y-STR type was detected in four cases of the five SRY positive cases, which was not detected in the two SRY negative cases. The rate of Amelogenin allelic loss was about 0.029%. Conclusion Amelogenin X allelic loss does not affect the gender identification, but Amelogenin Y allelic loss may cause wrong gender identification. Thus, Y-STR or SRY should be detected for gender confirmation. When Y-STR genotypes are not detected in a “male” whose SRY detection is also negative, then the chromosome karyotype analysis and sex differentiation related genes test should be taken to further confirm the gender.

The aim of the experiment was to compare the nutrient content of the stem and leaf of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown at different sampling spots. The nutrients and mineral elements content of the stem and leaf of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown were determined according to the national method of nutrient composition determination of feed. The results showed that the dry matter content of the stem and leaf of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown was 88.82%~95.85%, the crude protein content was 9.91%~14.47%, the crude fiber content was 17.44%~25.89%, the crude fat content was 1.42%~4.98%, the crude ash content was 4.81%~12.41%, the non-nitrogen extract content was 43.35%~53.00%, the calcium content was 148.10-530.98 µg/g, the copper content was 0.60-7.17 µg/g, the iron content was 24.38~118.41 µg/g, the magnesium content was 29.04~34.27 µg/g, the manganese content was 2.48-6.97 µg/g, the potassium content was 102.21~2 306.46 µg/g, the sodium content was 19.42~88.92 µg/g, and the zinc content was 0.07-1.90 µg/g. The study indicates that the stem and leaf of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown are rich in nutrients and mineral elements and can be used as forage. Among them, the five samples from Chaganhu, Tao-nan Yongmao, Tongyu County, Baicheng Tao-bei District, and Qian 'an Minzi village all reach the standard of leguminous forage and can be used as leguminous forage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe and analyze the confirmed cases of paternity testing, and to explore the mutation rules of STR loci. Methods The mutant STR loci were screened from 20 723 confirmed cases of paternity testing by Goldeneye 20A system．The mutation rates, and the sources, fragment length, steps and increased or decreased repeat sequences of mutant alleles were counted for the analysis of the characteristics of mutation-related factors. Results A total of 548 mutations were found on 19 STR loci, and 557 mutation events were observed. The loci mutation rate was 0.07‰-2.23‰. The ratio of paternal to maternal mutant events was 3.06:1. One step mutation was the main mutation, and the number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences. The repeat sequences were more likely to decrease in two steps mutation and above. Mutation mainly occurred in the medium allele, and the number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences. In long allele mutations, the decreased repeat sequences were significantly more than the increased repeat sequences. The number of the increased repeat sequences was almost the same as the decreased repeat sequences in paternal mutation, while the decreased repeat sequences were more than the increased in maternal mutation. Conclusion There are significant differences in the mutation rate of each locus. When one or two loci do not conform to the genetic law, other detection system should be added, and PI value should be calculated combined with the information of the mutate STR loci in order to further clarify the identification opinions.

Objective To analyze the tooth movement distance and root resorption in rats under different orthodontic forces, to explore the effect of orthodontic force on the root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.Methods 64 male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats aged 10 months weighting 220-270 g in this study. 10 g and 30 g nickel-titanium closed-coil springs were applied mesially to the maxillary right first molars, while contralateral first molar was severed as a control. At day 3, 7, 14 and 28 after loading, the molars were extracted. The tooth movement distance and the volume on the surface area of root resorption were measured and scaned by Micro-CT.Results Tooth movement gradually increased after loading. For 10 g group, 30 g group showed farther tooth movement distance with time throughout 14 days (P = 0.039), but there was a reverse result at day 28 (P

[Objective] This study explored SSR loci associated with main economic characters of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa to provide basis for gene mining, excellent parent breeding and resource exploitation of Z. jujuba var. spinosa. [Method] The single fruit mass, fruit horizontal diameter, fruit vertical diameter, fruit-form index, single nutlet mass, nutlet horizontal diameter, nutlet vertical diameter, nucleation index, single kernel mass, kernel horizontal diameter, kernel vertical diameter, kernel-form index, kernel side diameter, dual kernel rate, edible rate, nutlet rate and kernel rate of 72 Z. jujuba var. spinosa germ-plasms in western Liaoning were investigated. SPSS 22. 0 software was used for statistical analysis of economic traits, 32 SSR markers were selected, and Structure 2. 3. 4 software was used to analyze the population structure of germplasms. Tassle 2. 0 software was used to analyze the linkage disequilibrium among 32 SSR markers. General linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) were used to analyze the association between economic traits and SSR markers, and the phenotypic effects of alleles at association sites were analyzed to obtain typical vector materials. [Result] The variation coefficients of the 17 economic traits of 72 Z. jujuba var. spinosa germplasms ranged from 7. 84% to 85. 75 %, indicating that the tested germplasms had rich phenotypic diversity. The 72 Z. jujuba var. spinosa germplasms were divided into 4 groups by population genetic structure analysis, indicating unique population genetic background. The level of linkage disequilibrium among 32 SSR markers was low. There were 166 pairs of unbalanced combinations, accounting for 33. 47% of the total number of combinations. In the correlation analysis, 21 SSR loci significantly associated with 17 major economic traits were detected by the GLM model (P<0.05), and the explained rate of variation was 15. 35% --69. 14%. The MLM model detected 17 SSR loci significantly associated with 16 economic traits and the explained rate of variation was 0.82% -- 75. 37%. The phenotypic effect values of each allelic fragment of 16 SSR association sites detected in the two models were analyzed, and 31 excellent allelic variations with maximum efficiency increase and reduction and 15 typical carrier materials were excavated. [Conclusion] Based on SSR correlation analysis, 16 SSR association site and 15 aggregated excellent alleles associated with 16 economic traits were selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing variety and quantity of chemicals entering into the environment, chemical risk assessment is meeting more and more challenges. The traditional risk assessment methods for chemicals mainly rely on animal experiments. However, the traditional method can not test and predict the chemical toxicity efficiently and the toxic mechanism is still lacking. Multi-omics technology is the joint application of a variety of highthroughput omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Multi-omics can analyze chemical toxicity more quickly and accurately and predict the potential risks of chemicals. With the comprehensive development of toxicological mechanism, the collection of biological information data and the continuous improvement of data processing software, multi-omics will play an increasingly important role in chemical risk assessment. In this paper, the main omics techniques applied in chemical risk assessment, research status and challenges are summarized to provide references for future research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has become the most attractive carbonaceous reinforcement because of its unique structure and excellent properties. This paper focuses on the dispersion method and preparation technique of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites. The effect of graphene addition in copper matrix composite on the properties and strengthening mechanism is summarized. Meanwhile, the main problems of graphene reinforced copper matrix composites are pointed out. Finally, the development tendency in the future is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the low-cost and non-polluting characteristics of hydrothermal process' novel zinc oxide nanoshuttles were prepared by zinc nitrate' hexamethylenetetramine and ammonia hydrothermal system. The formation of zinc oxide nanoshuttles was analyzed. Zinc oxide nanoshuttles were used to prepare indirectly heated gas sensors and tested for alcohol gas sensitivity by a Labview gas sensing data acquisition system. The operation temperature of this material was about 380 °C. Different gas tests showed that this material owned the highest sensitivity to ethanol than other gas at this temperature. The sensitivity for 5 x 10 ethanol was reached 40%. The sensitivity increased with the ethanol concentration increased. The sensitivity reached to 85% until the ethanol concentration reached 100 x 10-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology, many information systems have been implemented in the mine industry in recent decades. However, the usage of current information services is limited, which are only accessible to managers for making decision. The majority of miners can hardly access these information services timely in order to prevent hidden risks. To address this challenge, a framework for building the context-aware intelligent service system for coal mine industry is proposed. This system includes four major components; context information collecting, context information reasoning, service configuration and invocation. For the sake of meeting the demands of the end miners, the proposed system takes full advantage of the legacy information systems, realizes more comprehensive interoperability and provides more intelligent business service X composition. In the end, the process of building service systems and the effect of implementing context-aware services are elaborated through testing the system in a simulated environment and various potential problems are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of the state-building of modem muhination state, political parties develop functions of expression and integration. If this function is performed properly, this would contribute to state-building. Conversely, if the political parties over-express or integrate improper,this would not conducive to the unity and stability of the state. In those successful muhination states,the political parties show two characteristics:first,the political party itself becomes to recognize the reality of cultural diversity,and bring it into its policy platforms,and moreover,the ruling party should be more inclusive so as to consolidate its ruling positiom secondly,on aspects of path and policies of the multination state-building, political parties show a more cooperative attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study was conducted on the life table parameters of Aphis gossypii reared on five host plant species at (25±1) ° in laboratory. There existed significant differences in the durations of various developmental stages, adult longevity, mean offspring number per day, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, mean generation time, and population doubling time for the A. gossypii populations reared on the host plants. For the aphids on Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate, they needed the longest time (5. 84 days) to complete one generation, but for those on the other four plants, no significant differences were observed, with the time needed ranged from 5. 24 to 5. 45 days. The adult longevity was the longest (20. 04 days) on Cucumis sativus, but had no significant differences on the other four host plants, being from 14. 76 to 16. 03 days. The populations' survival curves on all test host plants were of Deevey I, i. e. , the death mainly occurred during late period. The survival rate on C. sativus was higher than those on the other four host plants. Based on the intrinsic rates of increase of A. gossypii, its host suitability was in the order of Cucumis melo var. saccharinus > Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate > Cucurbita moschata var. melonaeformis > Cucumis sativus > Cucurbita pepo var. medullosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an analysis of the sample of Shanghai and Shenzhen A shares in 2007, we conducted an empirical study on how the ownership structure influences the debt financing structure of China's listed companies. We have found : 1 ) the companies with state ownership are much easier to obtain long-term funding support from the bank, which is significantly related to their state-owned status rather than to the ratio of their state-owned shares ;2) when deciding to give funding support, the creditor bank pays attention to the value of the mortgage assets of the companies with state ownership though they may have low performances, and to the profitability and size of the companies of other types ; 3 ) the relationship between the shareholding ratio of major stock holders and current liabilities ratio presents itself as an inverted "U" curve, and the relationship between the shareholding ratio of major stock holders and the using of business credit financing as a "U" curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By fractioning natural organic matters (NOM) sourced from Songhua River with series of ultra membranes, the effect of each fraction on the degradation of BPA and NB by ozonation was investigated. It was found that the introduction of NOM fractions exept for NOM5K-10K and NOM3K-5K slightly decreased the removal efficiency of BPA which is highly reactive with ozone. On the contrary, for the refractory organic pollutant NB, NOM fractions, especially the fractions with high molecular weight (NOM> 10K, NOM5K -l0K, NOM3K-5K , and NOM1K -3K) , promoted its de radation due to the enhancement of chain reaction which is accompanied by the formation of hydroxyl radical, and the extent of promotion depended on the types and amounts of functional groups contained in NOM fractions. By fractioning natural organic matters (NOM) sourced from Songhua River with series of ultra membranes, the effect of each fraction on the degradation of BPA and NB by ozonation was investigated. It was found that the introduction of NOM fractions exept for NOM5K-10K and NOM3K-5K slightly decreased the removal efficiency of BPA which is highly reactive with ozone. On the contrary, for the refractory organic pollutant NB, NOM fractions, especially the fractions with high molecular weight (NOM> 10K, NOM5K -l0K, NOM3K-5K , and NOM1K -3K) , promoted its de radation due to the enhancement of chain reaction which is accompanied by the formation of hydroxyl radical, and the extent of promotion depended on the types and amounts of functional groups contained in NOM fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspension sampling Atomic Spectrometry is a developing green analytical method, due to the fact that there is a reduction in the sample pretreatment process and that the use of acid and alkali reagents is avoided, which would otherwised result in environmental pollution. The surface tension of suspension, including polyacrylic acid sodium, polyethylene oxide, sodium hexametaphoshpate and sodium citrate mixed with lead zinc mineral powder, was detected by a surface tension instrument. Simultaneously, the atomization efficiency was evaluated and optimized using atomizer in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). The atomization efficiency of the aqueous solution and dispersants was enhanced with the increasing surfactants. The atomization efficiency was achieved using the maximum at specific concentration of surfactants. Different surfactants have different variation tendencies. The suspension prepared by polyethylene oxide with 2 g/L surfactant has the highest atomization efficiency. However, the suspension prepared by sodium polyacrylate with 5 g/L surfactant has higher atomization efficiency, which can even reach 20%, indicating that the surfactants can improve the stability of suspension and atomization efficiency and could be applied during analysis by Atomic Spectroscopy.

Objective: To observe the effect of using hydrogen peroxide in periodic disinfection combining with continuous disinfection of dental unit waterlines and to provide references for the selection of waterway disinfection measures., Methods: A total of 4 dental units in a hospital of stomatology were selected through convenience sampling. The dental unit waterlines received periodic disinfection once every 4 weeks in addition to continuous disinfection (When the dental units were not used for more than 3 days, an additional periodic disinfection would be performed.). Periodic disinfection referred to filling up the waterlines with a disinfectant solution (1.4% hydrogen peroxide) by using the waterline disinfection device that came with the dental unit, immersing for 24 hours, and then emptying out the disinfectant solution. Continuous disinfection referred to using hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 0.014% as dental treatment water and using it to flush the waterlines for 2 minutes before any dental treatment in the morning and to flush the waterlines for 30 seconds after each dental treatment. The study lasted for 25 weeks, with periodic disinfection being performed for 7 times and continuous disinfection carried out for the rest of the dental treatment time. During the 25 weeks, water samples were collected from air/water syringes and high-speed handpieces. Then, the water samples were incubated and the bacterial concentration and the qualification rates were calculated accordingly. When the bacterial concentration≤100 CFU/ mL, the water samples were considered to be qualified. Waterline tubes of 1 cm were collected before and after the 25 weeks of disinfection with hydrogen peroxide. Biofilms in the waterline tube were observed under scanning electron microscope., Results: A total of 352 water samples were collected. Eight water samples were collected before disinfection with hydrogen peroxide, with the median of bacterial concentration being 3140 CFU/mL. On the first day of disinfection with hydrogen peroxide, the median bacterial concentration in dental treatment water was 7.5 CFU/mL. There was a significant difference between the bacterial concentration of the water samples before the disinfection and that after the disinfection ( P =0.012). A total of 344 water samples were collected after the disinfection, with the median bacterial concentrations for air/water syringes and high-speed handpieces being 11 CFU/mL and 11CFU/mL and the qualified rates being 83.7% and 82.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in bacterial concentration or the qualification rates. During week 1 through week 9 of the disinfection, the qualification rates of the dental treatment water always exceeded 80% in 8 weeks, with week 3 being the exception. In the two four-week disinfection periods of week 14 through week 17 and week 18 through week 21, the qualification rate was maintained at above 80% for only the first two weeks and started to decrease from the third week. Biofilm morphology was observed under scanning electron microscope. Before the disinfection, the biofilm was found to be a dense structure and the mixture of a large number of bacteria. After 25 weeks of the disinfection, the biofilm structure appeared to be loose and did not show consistent characteristics of a large number of bacteria retained., Conclusion: Periodic disinfection combined with continuous disinfection using hydrogen peroxide can effectively control contamination in dental unit waterlines. But the cycles of periodic disinfection and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide for continuous disinfection should be further discussed according to the actual clinical situation., Competing Interests: 利益冲突　所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突, (© 2024《四川大学学报（医学版）》编辑部 版权所有Copyright ©2024 Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of acupoint injection combined with Vitalstim electrical stimulation for post-stroke dysphagia., Methods: A total of 98 patients with dysphagia after first stroke were randomized into an acupoint injection group (35 cases, 2 cases dropped off), an electrical stimulation group (31 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a combination group (32 cases, 3 cases dropped off). Injection of mecobalamin into Tunyan point, Vitalstim electrical stimulation and the combination of injection of mecobalamin into Tunyan point and Vitalstim electrical stimulation were applied respectively in the 3 groups, once a day, 10 times as one course, 2 courses were required. Before and after treatment, the tongue muscle thickness and video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) score were observed in the 3 groups., Results: After treatment, the tongue muscle thickness was decreased ( P <0.05), the VFSS scores were increased ( P <0.05) compared with before treatment in the 3 groups, and the variation of tongue muscle thickness and VFSS score in the combination group was greater than the acupoint injection group and the electrical stimulation group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: Both acupoint injection of mecobalamin and Vitalstim electrical stimulation have therapeutic effect on dysphagia after stroke, and the two have synergistic effect.

The aim of this paper was to explore the key genes and pathogenesis of ischemic stroke(IS) by bioinformatics, and predict the potential traditional Chinese medicines for IS. Based on the gene-chip raw data set of GSE22255 from National Center of Biotechnology Information(NCBI), the article enrolled in 20 patients with ischemic stroke and 20 sex-and age-matched controls, and differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were screened based on R language software. The DAVID tool and R language software were used to perform gene ontology(GO) biological process enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and gnomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. The DEGs were imported into STRING to construct a protein-protein interaction network, and the Molecular Complexity Module(MCODE) plug-in of Cytoscape software was used to visualize and analyze the key functional modules. Moreover, the core genes and the medical ontology information retrieval platform(Coremine Medical) were mapped to each other to screen the traditional Chinese medicines and construct drug-active ingredient-target network. Compared with healthy controls, 14 DEGs were obtained, of which 12 genes were up-regulated and 2 genes were down-regulated. DEGs were mainly involved in immune response, inflammatory process, signal transduction, and cell proliferation regulation. The interleukin-17(IL-17), nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor and other signaling pathways were involved in KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The key modules of the DEGs-encoding protein interaction network mainly focused on 7 genes of TNF, JUN, recombinant immediate early response 3(IER3), recombinant early growth response protein 1(EGR1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8(CXCL8) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2(CXCL2), which were involved in biological processes widely such as neuroinflammation and immunity. TNF and JUN were the key nodes in this module, which might become potential biological markers for diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of IS. The potential traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of IS includes Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Croci Stigma, Scutellariae Radix, and Cannabis Fructus. The occurrence of stroke was the result of multiple factors. Dysregulation of genes and pathways related to immune regulation and inflammation may be the key link for the development of IS. This study provided research direction and theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of IS and searching for potential drug targets.

Enantiomers are ubiquitous in nature, and they are especially important in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Although the enantiomers of chiral drugs have identical chemical structures, they differ notably in their pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and other biological activities. The same is true for amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones, as the chiral separation of these three drugs is representative of drugs. Gas chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are widely used for the chiral separation of these three kinds of drugs. There are some similarities among the three methods for the chiral separation of amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones: n -trifluoroacetyl-L-prolinyl chloride and (+) R -α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid are the two typical chiral derivatization reagents used in GC. In HPLC, three kinds of chiral stationary phases are used: proteins, polysaccharides, and macrocyclic antibiotics. Cyclodextrin and its derivatives are most commonly used in CE. However, these three methods have inherent shortcomings. In the case of GC, impurities produced during chiral derivatization may interfere with the analysis, and high reaction temperatures affect the efficiency of chiral separation. HPLC has limited application scope and is expensive. In CE, there has no established process to determine the appropriate chiral selector. In recent years, research into application of the chiral separation of the above-mentioned three kinds of drugs has its own characteristics in forensic toxicology. The chiral separation of amphetamine drugs is mostly used to infer the prototype and synthesis route of drugs on the market. The chiral separation of ketamine involves a variety of biological samples. For cathinones, chiral separation methods emphasize their wide applicability. In this review, 66 reports published in professional local and overseas magazines during the past decade are collated. The characteristics of the enantiomers of amphetamines, ketamine, and cathinones as well as the mechanism of chiral recognition are briefly introduced. The commonness of the research and the application of chiral separation in forensic toxicology are reviewed. This paper proposes that the chiral separation of drugs can be further investigated from the following three aspects: 1) the use of computer technology to establish a molecular model for exploring the mechanism of chiral recognition; 2) developing new technologies for chiral separation and carrying out commercial research on the supercritical fluid method; 3) applying chiral separation to judicial practice, pharmaceutical research and development, and other practical fields.

Rape is an important green manure crop in China. It could increase soil fertility, but might have allelopathic effect on subsequent crops. We examined the effects of rape water-extract (at 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 g·mL -1 concentrations) on seed germination, seedling growth, physiology and biochemistry of three crops including oat ( Avena sativa ), corn ( Zea mays ), and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ). The results showed that water extract of rape did not affect seed germination rate of three crops. Oat had a trend of "low promotion and high inhibition", while sunflower had a trend of inhibition. High concentration of rape water extract inhibited root and stem length of oat seedling, corn seedling stem length and sunflower seedling root length, while low concentration treatment promoted root and stem length of corn seedling. The highest protein contents in oats and sunflower presented at the treatment of 0.05 g·mL -1 , and that of corn at the treatment of 0.025 g·mL -1 , which were significantly higher than that of control. The proline contents in sunflower decreased significantly in different treatments, while the proline content of corn was significantly higher than that of control at 0.05 g·mL -1 . POD activity of corn was at a maximum at 0.05 g·mL -1 , and that of sunflower was at 0.025 g·mL -1 , which were significantly higher than control. There was no significant difference between control and other concentration treatments. The SOD activity of oat was significantly decreased at 0.025 g·mL -1 . There was no significant difference in CAT activity between the three crops and the control. The MDA content in sunflower seedlings increased significantly at 0.1 g·mL -1 , while that in corn seedlings was significantly lower than control. Our results indicated that the allelopathic inhibitory effect of rape water extract was the strongest on sunflower, followed by corn and oat.

Objective To describe the microbiological characteristics of Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis )CGMCC 12426 and determine and analyze its complete genome sequences.Methods B. subtilis strain CGMCC 12426 genomic DNA sequencing was performed on a single molecule real-time sequencing(SMRT)platform and the annotation was completed in the NCBI Prokaryotic Genomic Annotation Pipeline(pGAP).Results The complete genomic sequences of the released B. subtilis CGMCC 12426 consisted of a 4 138 265-bp circular chromosome and a 74 165-bp plasmid,which resulted in the prediction of 4581 genes including 4222 coding sequences,87 tRNAs,and 30 rRNAs(which included 5S rRNA,16S rRNA,and 23S rRNA).Conclusion The genome sequencing provided a basis for further investigations on the genetic background of B. subtilis and on the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms.

This study was performed to develop an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to detect and quantify morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in putrefied blood for forensic toxicological purposes. A modified QuEChERS method was implemented as follows:extraction of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine from putrefied blood was performed with an acetonitrile-water (4:1, v/v) mixture, and 30 mg NaCl and 60 mg anhydrous MgSO 4 were subsequently added as salting out agents to induce phase separation. The supernatant was cleaned by adding 25 mg primary secondary amine sorbent (PSA) and 25 mg anhydrous MgSO 4 . Separation of the target compounds was performed using a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C 18 column by UPLC over a 4 min gradient elution where 0.01% (v/v) ammonium hydroxide buffer (A) and acetonitrile (B) were used as the mobile phase. MS/MS was used in positive electrospray ionization (ESI + ) mode and multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was performed to detect the target drugs. This method achieved satisfactory recoveries ( R ) for morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine with mean recovery values ranging from 81.84% to 103.44% and 81.03% to 104.46% respectively. The developed method also provided efficient purification of the sample from endogenous interferences with matrix effect (ME) ranging from 83.04% to 107.61%. The method was validated and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1 and 5 μg/L, respectively, for both compounds and the precision with RSD ranged from 1% to 12%. This method proved to be quick, sensitive, rugged, and suitable for the analysis of illegal drugs in putrefied whole blood.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of applying molecular chaperones to the soluble expression of e23sFv/His fusion proteins., Methods: The molecular chaperone plasmid pGro7 or pKJE7 was transformed into BL21 (DE3) competent cells together with the prokaryotic expression vector harboring His-tagged e23sFv. The soluble expression of e23sFv/His proteins was induced at 16 °C. The yield and antigen-binding activity of the soluble products were compared with those of the insoluble products conventionally purified from inclusion bodies., Results: Both the overall yield and the purification ratio of soluble e23sFv/His proteins were relatively lower. The binding affinity of the soluble products to immobilized HER2 was not superior to that of the insoluble products from inclusion bodies., Conclusion: The molecular chaperone plasmids pGro7 and pKJE7 partially facilitate the soluble expression of e23sFv/His proteins, but both the yield and the purification ratio are still limited.

An effective decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) degrading strain was isolated and identified as Enterococcus casseliflavus based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The optimal conditions for strain growth were pH 7 and culture time of 48 h, respectively. E. casseliflavus has a good ability to degrade BDE-209. The biodegradation rate of 1 mg.L-1 BDE-209 by 1 g.L-1 E. casseliflavus reached the highest of 56. 7% after 4 days degradation with 5 mg.L-1 glucose as the additional carbon source. During the degradation process of BDE-209, SDS-PAGE demonstrated that some new extracellular proteins were induced under 2 mg.L-1 and 5 mg.L-1 BDE-209. As for the intracellular proteins, the quantity of protein expression varied, and some proteins even disappeared compared with the blank control. Two-dimensional electrophoresis steps for protein analysis detected 31 different protein points, demonstrating that during the degradation process, the conformation of some proteins which were related with degradation was changed, and resulted in the variation of type and content of the proteins.

A strain which could utilize BaP as a sole carbon and energy source and efficiently degrade benzo[a] pyrene (BaP) was isolated from the contaminated sediments of Guiyu, Guangdong province, China. The strain was identified as Brevibacillus brevis based on physiological and biochemical experiments together with 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The experimental results showed that the biodegradation rate of BaP by B. brevis in 7 days was 51.35%. The study also demonstrated that pH, temperature, bacterial dosage, initial concentration of BaP and processing time were important factors for BaP degradation. B. brevis could tolerate wide pH and temperature ranges, from 2 to 12 degrees C and 25 to 40 degrees C, respectively. The optimum condition for BaP degradation was pH 7 and 25 degrees C. With the increase of B. brevis inoculation amount, the degradation efficacy displayed an initial increasing trend and then came to a plateau. And the increase of BaP concentration led to the enhancement of BaP degradation. Addition of salicylic, succinate and phthalate showed no obvious positive effect on BaP biodegradation. After degradation of BaP, the surface of B. brevis was wrinkled, and became depressed and deformed over time.

A comparative study was conducted on the life table parameters of Aphis gossypii reared on five host plant species at (25 +/- 1) degrees C in laboratory. There existed significant differences in the durations of various developmental stages, adult longevity, mean offspring number per day, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, mean generation time, and population doubling time for the A. gossypii populations reared on the host plants. For the aphids on Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate, they needed the longest time (5.84 days) to complete one generation, but for those on the other four plants, no significant differences were observed, with the time needed ranged from 5.24 to 5.45 days. The adult longevity was the longest (20.04 days) on Cucumis sativus, but had no significant differences on the other four host plants, being from 14.76 to 16.03 days. The populations' survival curves on all test host plants were of Deevey I, i. e., the death mainly occurred during late period. The survival rate on C. sativus was higher than those on the other four host plants. Based on the intrinsic rates of increase of A. gossypii, its host suitability was in the order of Cucumis melo var. saccharinus > Lagenaria siceraria var. turbinate > Cucurbita moschata var. melonaeformis > Cucumis sativus > Cucurbita pepo var. medullosa.

Objective: To infect human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) with lentivirus carrying green fluorescence protein (GFP) and observe its effect on octamer binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) expression., Methods: Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human umbilical cord by tissue adherence method were cultured and detected for the the surface markers by flow cytometry. HUCMSCs were infected with lentivirus carrying GFP at different multiplicity of infection (MOI). GFP expression efficiency was observed using the fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry to obtain optimal MOI value. The experiment included non-transfection group and the GFP transfection group. The effect of GFP lentivirus on cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT. Oct4 expression in hUCMSCs cultured in vitro continuously for 2 and 8 weeks was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining., Results: HUCMSCs displayed fusiform shape as fibroblasts in vitro. Flow cytometry revealed that the third-passage cells highly expressed CD29, CD105 and CD90, and lowly expressed CD34 and CD45. At 96 h after infection with GFP lentivirus (MOI=20), GFP positive rate of hUCMSCs was more than 75%, the highest level. MTT showed nearly no change in cell proliferation in the transfected group in comparison with the non-transfection group (P>0.05). The relative expression of Oct4 detected by qRT-PCR in cells cultured for 2 and 8 weeks were 0.9075±0.0124 and 0.8600±0.0135, respectively. Immunofluorescence staining showed that Oct4 expression was localized in the nucleus of cells., Conclusion: Lentivirus-mediated GFP gene can be expressed in hUCMSCs and has no significant effect on the expression of Oct4.

Objective: To analyze the various factors affecting the economic burden of disease in patients with epilepsy., Methods: This research used a multi-stage random sampling method, comprehensive intervention and without intervention of the epilepsy project group conducted a field survey of health examination among patients with epilepsy of 874 (422 cases in intervention group and 452 cases in control group) in Mengzhou, Xiuwu, Yancheng, Yuanhui, Wuyang, Linying, Shaoling, Xinye and Fangcheng. DALY indicators combined with human capital approach was used to measure the economic burden of disease in patients from two aspects of the direct economic burden and indirect economic burden., Results: The age of comprehensive intervention group was (43.7 ± 8.5) years old, and it was (44.4 ± 7.2) years old in no intervention control group. The age difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.365). The direct economic burden per capita of the survey was 1019.6 yuan per year, while epilepsy drugs 434.2 yuan per year, 485.2 and 66.4 yuan per year in the intervention group, while 1518.5 and 777.5 yuan per year in the control group. Each object in this study lost (16.67 ± 10.01) DALY, with 8.58 DALY in intervention group and 24.23 DALY in no intervention control group. The per capita indirect economic burden of the intervention and control groups were 68 115.2, 401 036.5 yuan, the per capita total economic burden of disease were 68 600.5, 408 755.0 yuan. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that disease duration year of ≥ 37, 30 - 36, 20 - 29, 10 - 19, OR (95%CI) were 4.44 (2.37 - 8.33), 3.32 (1.85 - 5.94), 3.25 (1.90 - 5.56), 2.53 (1.46 - 4.41). If patients with longer duration, the more serious the patient's disease burden. Medication compliance (in order to comply with a good group control) OR (95%CI) was 3.37 (2.34 - 4.83), medication in the single form (serving multi-drug groups for control) OR (95%CI) 0.41 (0.29 - 0.59). Serving a single agent and good compliance of economic burden of disease were lighter., Conclusion: Epilepsy caused serious economic damage. Longer duration, medication adherence poor and serving more than medicine by heavier economic burden of disease; comprehensive intervention could reduce the economic burden of disease of patients with epilepsy.

Objective: To discuss the cost-utility regarding the effect of comprehensive intervention program on epilepsy., Methods: 874 cases with epilepsy were investigated in 9 pilot sites in Henan province. Cost of epilepsy comprehensive intervention was calculated based on the research projects of epilepsy prevention and management of rural areas. Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) and quality adjusted life year (QALY) were used as utility index for cost-utility analysis., Results: Of the 874 cases, 8.58 DALY was lost and 27.95 QALY was obtained per capita in the intervention group (422 cases). The costs per QALY and DALY obtained were 2454.10 and 7995.40 Yuan, respectively. Relative to the non-intervention control group (452 cases), the costs for QALY obtained by the intervention group had reduced. The investment would reduce 21 735.10 Yuan when each additional DALY was saved., Conclusion: Epilepsy caused serious economic burden to the society, families and the patients themselves. Comprehensive intervention program could reduce the economic burden of the disease thus yielding high cost-benefit. This program was deserved to be promoted.

Phrynocephalus przewalskii is one kind of lizards inhabiting inclusively in the desert that has controversial viewpoints on its phylogeny. Based on mitochondrial ND2 gene of 119 samples from 12 geographic populations, we analyzed the effects of environmental factors on the variation of genetic diversity, as well as its relationship to P. versicolor. The results showed that these populations clustered into three major lineages, with P. versicolor embedded within one lineage. The twelve populations had great genetic diversity variation, which was tightly linked with local altitude, annual precipitation, and variation of annual precipitation. High latitudes, increased annual precipitation and great variation in annual precipitations may all have resulted in the decrease of genetic diversity. It thus assumed that altitude can change the genetic diversity of different geographic populations of P. przewalskii resulting from the effects of different local annual precipitation.

In the present paper, the authors review the development of researches on acupuncture therapy with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in recent 5 years in both China and foreign countries. The current researches mainly involve 1) specificity of efficacies of acupoints, 2) mechanisms of acupuncture intervention underlying improvement of various clinical conditions or illnesses, 3) individual difference of the subjects, and 4) sustained efficacies of acupuncture. In the early stage, researches on acupuncture therapy mostly focus on the immediate efficacy and the specificity of efficacies of acupoints. Along with the actuality of sustained effect of acupuncture, new test design paradigms agreeable with clinical practice are necessary in the future. In addition, more attentions about the stability of the tested results should be paid.

Objective: To propose the seed quality standard of Belamcanda chinensis., Method: The seed purity, 1000-grain weight, water content, vitality, germination rate of seed of B. chinensis from different producing areas were measured, and seed characteristics were observed. Cluster analysis was used to analyze to data., Result: The first level seed was lustrously dark and thoroughly rounded, seed purity was above 98%, 1000-grain weight was above 28.00 g, water content was lower than 12.8%, vitality was over 90%, germination rate was over 85%. The second level seed was dark and relatively rounded, seed purity was above 92%, 1000-grainweight was above 20.00 g, water content was below 12.8%, vitality was between 70%-90%, germination rate was between 65%-85%, the third level seed was puce, seed purity was above 86%, 1000-grain weight was above 20.00 g, water content was below 12.80%, vitality was over 50%, germination rate was above 40%., Conclusion: The seed purity of B. chinensis was almost above 90%, and 1000-grain weight was between 15.27 and 30.76 g. The vitality and the germination rate of B. chinensis seeds from different sources varied obviously.

Objective: To investigate the differences of cognitive function and brain volume between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy controls., Methods: Multi-dimensional neuropsychological tests were employed to evaluated cognitive function in 21 type 2 DM patients and 19 healthy controls, and voxel-based morphometry method was applied to measure volume of whole and regional gray matter in brain of these subjects., Results: Compared to healthy controls [(7.3 +/- 1.4), (22.7 +/- 1.2), (9.5 +/- 2.5) respectively], significantly impaired performance of Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT)-Delay Recall, [(5.7 +/- 1.8)] AVLT-Recognition [(20.8 +/- 2.6)] and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) [(8.0 +/- 1.1)] and extensive atrophy of gray matter (after corrected by total intracranial volume) were observed in type 2 DM patients (P < 0.05). In addition, whole gray matter/Total Intracranial Volume (TIV) was significantly negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.352, P = 0.013). And negative correlations existed between whole gray matter vs HbA1c (r = -0.309, P = 0.026); the performance of AVLT-Delay Recall and AVLT-Recognition vs BMI (r = -0.398, P = 0.011; r = -0.4, P = 0.011)and HbA1c (r = -0.354, P = 0.025; r = -0.323, P = 0.042) and CDT vs HbA1c (r = -0.322, P = 0.043)., Conclusion: Multi-cognitive impairment was associated with the reduced volume of whole and regional gray matter in brain of type 2 DM patients, which indicated that "accelerated brain ageing" might present in type 2 DM patients.

Five different sample solvents (trifluoroacetic acid, tetrahydrofuran, formic acid, acetonitrile, 60% acetonitrile /5% trifluoroacetic acid) and two kinds of sample preparation methods were chosen for characterizing the structure, mole mass and mass distribution of insoluble polymer of polyamide-6, T (PA6T) by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). It was shown that the spectra with wide mole mass and high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio were obtained, when using 60% acetonitrile /5% trifluoroacetic acid as solvent, and solvent sample preparation with one step droplet method was better than non-solvent sample preparation. The main chain structure of PA6T polymerized in ionic liquid was analyzed, which was linear without the presence of cyclic polymer. Three structures of end groups were obtained, carboxyl group or amino group at both ends or carboxyl group at one end and amino group at the other. The mean mole mass and mass distribution were obtained by MALDI-TOF MS and size-exclude chromatography (SEC). It was shown that the mean mole mass by MALDI-TOF MS is lower than that by SEC and the mass distribution was narrower than that by SEC method, which resulted from the default of low mass fraction when calculated by exploring data and high mass fraction hardly detected for the difficulty of ionization. MALDI-TOF MS is a suitable method for the characterization of the structure and mole mass of insoluble poly(aromatic amide).

Objective: To study the effects of cytoskeleton reorganization inhibition with LIMK2 RNAi upon the mechanosensitivity of c-fos gene in osteoblast., Methods: Mouse primary osteoblast was treated with LIMK2 specific siRNA (RNAi Group), negative control siRNA (NC Group), and then were loaded or unloaded by fluid shear stress. Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were used to detect the c-fos expression levels and statistics analysis was performed., Results: When the cytoskeleton reorganization was inhibited with RNAi only, the c-fos mRNA (0.0108 +/- 0.0074 and 0.0042 +/- 0.0018, t = -1.86, P > 0.05) and protein (121 +/- 7 and 119 +/- 6, t = -1.272, P > 0.05) expression levels of each unloaded group had no significant difference; Fluid shear stress could up-regulate the c-fos mRNA (0.2203 +/- 0.1532 vs 0.0042 +/- 0.0018, t = -707.35, P < 0.05)and protein (178 +/- 12 vs 119 +/- 6, t = -30.761, P < 0.05) expression; After the cytoskeleton reorganization was inhibited with RNAi, the c-fos mRNA (0.5280 +/- 0.0879 vs 0.2203 +/- 0.1532, t = -1007.00, P < 0.05) and protein (224 +/- 46 vs 178 +/- 12, t = -6.853, P < 0.05) expression induced by fluid shear stress had significant difference. Cytoskeleton reorganization inhibition with RNAi had synergistic effect upon the expression of c-fos mRNA (F = 84.388, P < 0.05) and protein (F = 42.409, P < 0.05) induced by fluid shear stress., Conclusion: Using RNAi against LIMK2 to inhibit the cytoskeleton reorganization can promote the expression of c-fos gene and thus enhance the mechanosensitivity of c-fos gene in osteoblast.

Objective: To investigate the effect of cytoskeleton integrity on the expression of c-fos gene in osteoblasts induced by fluid shear stress., Methods: BALB/c mouse primary osteoblasts were divided into four groups (according to fluid shear stress loaded or not and cytochalasin D used or not). The Tagman probe real-time PCR and immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expression levels of c-fos mRNA, c-fos protein and cytoskeleton, respectively. The data were analysed using two-way ANOVA., Results: In control group and cytochalasin D group, fluid shear stress could significantly increase the expression levels of c-fos mRNA (0.1637 +/- 0.0303 and 0.0104 +/- 0.0070, respectively) and protein (177.14 +/- 9.37 and 150.95 +/- 6.17, respectively) in osteoblasts, compared with the unloaded osteoblasts of the control group and the cytochalasin D group (0.0057 +/- 0.0021 and 0.0032 +/- 0.0014, respectively for c-fos mRNA, and 117.96 +/- 4.11 and 119.77 +/- 5.19, respectively for protein, P < 0.05). Induced by the fluid shear stress, the expression levels of c-fos mRNA and protein in cytochalasin D group were lower than control group, and the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The cytoskeleton integrity in osteoblasts was essential to the expression of c-fos gene induced by fluid shear stress.

A sequential digest was used to examine the speciation of particulate-associated heavy metals in multi-media environment of surface dust and rainfall-runoff system. Within the Shanghai central district, different environment medium in four sites were sampled including street dust, runoff suspended particles, gully pot sediment and river sediment during April 2006. The result shows that in the study area, heavy metal concentrations of surface dusts are significantly higher than the Shanghai soil background values and the nonpoint runoff pollution of Pb, Cr and Ni are serious while Cd, Cu and Zn pollution degree relatively light. In the multi-media transport process, the order of heavy metal bioavailability is Zn > Ni > Cd> Cu > Pb > Cr. For Cr, Zn and Cu, the dominated chemical forms of the four different environmental media remain the same phase of residual, carbonates and organic fractions respectively. For Ni, the main fraction of surface dust is associated with residual form, while the other three media become associated with carbonate fractions. For Cd, the surface dust is mainly associated with carbonates, while runoff particles mainly with labile fractions. The dominated chemical form of Pb also changes from Fe/Mn oxides phase to organic phase. The runoff particles contain the highest percentage of the labile fraction (F1 + F2), and the mean value of transporting ratio of the runoff suspended particles equals to 1.74, indicating that in urban runoff water, the high bioavailability of the heavy metals and the potential toxicity effect deserves our attention greatly. In gutter inlet and rivers deposit components, the low percentages of the labile fraction and the higher content of residual fraction reduce the environmental risk of the heavy metals and act as the sink of these elements.

Objective: To prepare carboxymethyl-chitosan/hyaluronic acid/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CHP) blend membrane, evaluate its physicochemical properties and intraocular biocompatibility and to investigate its feasibility to be applied to glaucoma filtering surgery., Methods: CHP blend membrane was prepared using solution casting method after blending carboxymethyl-chitosan, HA and poly(vinyl alcohol) in a proportion of 5 : 4 : 1 (M/M). Its water absorption rate, swelling rate, permeability, and mechanical properties were detected. Subconjunctival fibroblasts separated from subconjunctival tissue of New Zealand white rabbits were cultured, and the cells at passage 4 were cultured on cell culture plate with or without the CHP blend membrane, serving as the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Effect of the CHP blend membrane on the subconjunctival fibroblasts was tested by MTT method 24, 48, and 72 hours after culture. Six New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups (n = 3 rabbits per group), and the CHP blend membrane and SK gel were implanted into the rabbits' subconjunctival space and anterior chamber in the experimental group and the control group, respectively. Slit lamp observation and binocular reaction record were conducted 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 20, 30, 45, and 60 days after operation. Corneal tissue harvested from the experimental group was observed using scanning electron microscope 15 days after operation to study ophthalmic biocompatibility and biodegradability., Results: The water absorption rate and the swelling rate of the CHP blend membrane was 83.8% +/- 1.3% and 3.59 +/- 0.50, respectively. The tensile strength of the dry and the wet CHP blend membrane was (20.59 +/- 1.73) and (0.51 +/- 0.13) MPa, respectively. The breaking elongation rate of the dry and the wet CHP blend membrane was 10.69% +/- 1.16% and 53.15% +/- 2.46%, respectively. The CHP blend membrane had good permeability to NaCl and L-tyrosine. Absorbance (A) value of the experimental group 24, 48, and 72 hours after breeding was 0.207 +/- 0.083, 0.174 +/- 0.080, and 0.181 +/- 0.048, respectively, while the A value of the control group was 0.284 +/- 0.011, 0.272 +/- 0.083, and 0.307 +/- 0.056, respectively. Significant difference was evident between two groups (P < 0.05). In the experimental group, a small amount of floccus was exuded around the implanted membrane 1 day after operation; the floccus was absorbed on the third day, and there was no obvious inflammatory reaction occurring on the eleventh day. Most of the membrane degraded on the sixtieth day. Scanning electron microscope observation showed that the hexagonal morphology of the corneal endothelial cells was intact, and no degradation particles adhered to the surface. In the control group, the implantation of SK gel into anterior chamber was unsuccessful because the SK gel was quite soft and easily broken. In the experimental group, mild hyperemia emerged around the implanted membrane 1 day after the subconjunctival implantation of the membrane, and it became normal on the ninth day. No corneal edema and inflammatory reaction of anterior chamber occurred till the sixtieth day. The results in the control group and the experiment group were similar., Conclusion: Due to its good physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, the CHP blend membrane has potential applications in glaucoma filtering surgery.

Objective: This study was carried out to isolate and characterize an agarase from a marine bacterium Agarivorans albus QM38., Methods: SDS-PAGE grade agarase was obtained from the fermentation broth after removing the bacteria by centrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-sepharose fast flow anion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration. Enzyme's molecular weight was determined with SDS-PAGE. The catalysates of the isolated enzyme were determined withmass spectrography., Results: Agarase A was isolated. The molecular weight of agarase A was 127.80 kDa. More characterizations of agarase A were studied and the results showed that the optimal reaction condition for agarase A was at 35 degrees C, pH 7.6, and agar concentration of 0.9% (w/v), while most of the metal ions inhibited the activity of it. The catalysates of agarase A were mainly tetrose and hexose., Conclusion: Agarase A was purified from the medium. It could hydrolyze jellied agar and yield simple catalysates. Its molecular weight is different from all the agarases reported so far.