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Objective To investigate the osteogenic effect of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the repair of the alveolar cleft. Methods Fifty-nine patients with unilateral alveolar cleft who visited Capital Medical University School of Stomatology from January 2016 to May 2021 were included. They were divided into three groups according to the different bone repair materials: autologous bone, β-TCP and BMP-2 +β-TCP. The preoperative and postoperative CBCT data of the patients were imported into Mimics 21.0 software. The preoperative volume of the bone defect and the new volume of bone formation were calculated by the three-dimensional reconstruction method. The osteogenesis rate was calculated to evaluate the osteogenesis effect. Results The wounds in the three groups healed well after the operation, without implant material discharge, infection, dehiscence, rejection or other symptoms. Twelve months after the operation, CBCT scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction images of the three groups of patients showed the formation of new bone bridges in the alveolar ridge fissure area. The image density of the new bone tissue was not significantly different from that of normal bone tissue, and the continuity of the maxilla was restored to varying degrees. The bone rate of autogenous bone was 65.00% ± 16.66%, β- TCP group and BMP-2+ β- The bone composition rate of TCP was 69.82% ± 17.60%, 71.35% ± 17.51%, respectively, and there was no significant difference compared with the autogenous bone group (P = 0.382, P = 0.244). The β-TCP and BMP-2+ β-TCP groups had no significant differences in bone rate (P = 0.789). Conclusion β-TCP could be used to replace autologous bone for alveolar cleft repair. The addition of BMP-2 to β-TCP did not significantly improve the osteogenesis rate.

Objective To explore the classification and changes of macrophage subsets in liver transplant rejection. Methods Rat liver transplantation model were established and divided into immune tolerance group (B-B), where the liver of BN rat donors was transplanted to BN rat recipients, and immune rejection group (L-B), in which the liver of Lewis rat donors was transplanted to BN rat recipients. Single-cell RNA sequencing and highthroughput RNA sequencing were used to distinguish the macrophage subsets of rat liver transplantation, and to find differential gene in rejection reactions. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the changes and distribution of protein expression and cell subsets. Results CD68 positive macrophages were higher in the rejection group than that in the tolerance group (P < 0.05), and macrophages could be divided into 9 subsets. During the rejection reaction, the CXC chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) in the 8th subsets of macrophages was significantly increased, while the gene for white blood cell differentiation antigen 74 (CD74) in the 5th subsets was significantly increased (P < 0.05). CD74 ranked first in the differential gene synthesis of macrophages during rejection, followed by CXCL9. Compared with the tolerance group, a large number of CD74 positive macrophages were observed in the hepatic portal area of the rejection group, and the infiltration of CD74 positive macrophages in the hepatic sinuses was also significantly increased (P < 0.05), while a large number of CXCL9 positive macrophages were observed in the hepatic portal area and hepatic sinuses of the rejection group, especially in the portal area (P < 0.05), and CD14 positive cells were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions The CD74 positive macrophage subsets and CXCL9 positive macrophage subsets may be key subgroups in promoting liver transplant rejection, improving the mechanism of macrophage action in liver transplant rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]