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Objective To summarize and evaluate the characteristics of current recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) animal models at home and abroad, and to provide reference and guidance for the standardized preparation of RSA models.Methods"Recurrent spontaneous abortion" and "animal model" were used as co-keywords in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed and Web of Science databases to search the RSA animal experimental literature, covering the period up to January 20, 2024, and a total of 1 411 articles were collected. The analysis focused on construction methods and essential elements of RSA animal models, the modeling process and result evaluation, as well as the application of these models in pharmacological and pharmacodynamic research. An Excel table was established for systematic analysis and discussion. Results A total of 138 experimental studies were obtained after screening. In constructing RSA animal models, immunological models were the most widely used in Western medicine (96.92%), with the Clark model being the main one (92.31%). In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) models, 70.00% were kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination models, 20.00% were kidney deficiency and blood stasis models, and 10.00% were deficiency-heat syndrome models. Most animals were selected at 6-8 weeks (33.86%) and 8 weeks (32.28%) of age. The majority of animals were paired for mating at 18:00 on the day of cage pairing. In 81.03% of literatures, vaginal plugs were checked once the following morning, with 8:00 being the most common time (17.02%). The most commonly used drug administration cycle was 14 days of continuous gavage after pregnancy. Among the tested drugs, Western drugs were mainly protein-based (29.17%), while TCM drugs were mainly TCM decoction (81.11%). The most frequently used methods for detecting indicators included visual observation of embryos (22.54%), western blot (15.96%), PCR (13.58%), ELISA (12.91%), HE staining (10.80%) and immunohistochemistry (9.39%). Conclusion The etiology of RSA is complex, and corresponding animal models should be established based on different etiologies. Clark model is commonly used in the construction of Western medicine model, while the kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination model is predominant in TCM. RSA animal model is widely used in related research, but systematic evaluation needs to be strengthened.

AIM: To investigate the effects of subchronic aluminum exposure on the expression of silent information regulator (Sirtl), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keapl), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and microRNA-128-3p (miR-128-3p) in the hippocampus of rats. Additionally, we aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-128-3p and the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy 6-week-old SPF male SD rats, weighing (190±20) g, were randomly divided into four groups based on body weight: control group, low-dose (10 µmol/kg)group, medium-dose (20 µmol/kg) group, and high-dose (40 µmol/ kg) group, with 8 rats in each group. The rat exposure model was established by intraperitoneal injection of maltol aluminum. The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory ability of the rats. Western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein expression of Sirt1, Keap1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampus, while RT-qPCR was used to measure the expression of miR-128-3p in the hippocampus. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cerebral cortex was detected using fluorescence staining in frozen sections. RESULTS: (1) In the positioning cruise experiment, the escape latency of the aluminum exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days (P<0.05). On day 6, the number of times the rats crossed the platform and the platform quadrant in the high-dose group was reduced compared to the control and low-dose groups (P<0.01). (2) The expression levels of Sirt1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampal tissues of all groups decreased gradually with increasing maltol aluminum exposure dose. The expression level of Keap1 increased gradually with increasing maltol aluminum exposure dose. The expression level of miR-128-3p in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). (3) The content of glutathione peroxidase in the hippocampus of rats decreased with increasing exposure dose, while ROS levels gradually increased. CONCLUSION: Subchronic aluminum exposure can increase the expression of miR-128-3p in the rat hippocampus and suppress the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. This inhibition prevents the activation of the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, leading to a reduced antioxidant capacity. The imbalance in the antioxidant system in rats results in oxidative damage to nerve cells and a subsequent decline in cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]