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In aerated underbalanced drilling, the attenuation of the mud pluses emitting by the underground measure-while-drilling (MWD) equipment is at a high degree, and monitoring and controlling on well trajectory cannot be measured by ground receptor. By establishing the mathematical modelling of the MWD signal transmission and analyzing the reasons of restricting the signal transmission, two solutions were proposed and was followed by field test which involve adjusting the installation site of the MWD ground sensor and transforming gas injection manner. The results show that the installation site of the MWD has no influence on the signal receiving, transforming gas injection manner through fully mixing gas and liquid could slightly improve the signal transmission and enhance the effective measurement distance of MWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymyxin B, which is a last-line antibiotic for extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, became available in China in Dec. 2017. As dose adjustments are based solely on clinical experience of risk toxicity, treatment failure, and emergence of resistance, there is an urgent clinical need to perform therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to optimize the use of polymyxin B. It is thus necessary to standardize operating procedures to ensure the accuracy of TDM and provide evidence for their rational use. We report a consensus on TDM guidelines for polymyxin B, as endorsed by the Infection and Chemotherapy Committee of the Shanghai Medical Association and the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Committee of the Chinese Pharmacological Society. The consensus panel was composed of clinicians, pharmacists, and microbiologists from different provinces in China and Australia who made recommendations regarding target concentrations, sample collection, reporting, and explanation of TDM results. The guidelines provide the first-ever consensus on conducting TDM of polymyxin B, and are intended to guide optimal clinical use.